I. INTRODUCCION
7. TRATAMIENTO
1)Lecturer at Study Program of Architecture Engineering Faculty of Engineering, University of Pembangunan Panca Budi,
Medan, Indonesia
E-mail:[email protected]
Abstract. Environmental awareness is increasing when people feel the impact of the ecological backlash, which is included the environmental impact of development in urban area. The design and planning of a city has a big role on the influence of the quality of environment in the urban area. Some evidence has shown that the degradation of the urban environment is accelerated by the unsupportive of planning and design. In contradiction to that, a good and healthy environment of a city can be realized because of the intervention of the planners and designers. Thus, the new paradigm in urban planning and design has been developed, in which it is primarily intended to create a friendly city. Eco-centrism paradigm does not apply only in the context of micro (buildings), but also in the context of Mezzo (neighborhoods) and macro context (city). Eco- centrism paradigm is the holistic view of ecology, that has been shifted the paradigm of Anthropos-centrism. Architecture is no longer just an emphasized of the term ‘how does it looks’ and ‘how does it works’ which is very Anthropos-centrism. It has been developed into how does it relates to the web of life that is holistic in an ecosystem. General assumptions assume that the architecture is more damaging the nature instead of the repair (the case of prohibiting to built a building at water catchment areas, riverbanks or steep slopes) is expected to shift the development of Eco-centrism paradigm. An understanding of ecological holistic is an understanding of a system, that architecture will tend to destroy the web of life if it is not to be part of the system. Through this understanding of planning and design is not intended to answer the question of how to maintain ecosystem from the change and the human influence, but how to unite human activities with ecosystem as little as possible through the use of resources and the reduce of environmental damage. The results of the planning and design is not only to make people happy or to make people comfortable, but it should make people think and act as the achievement of a friendly city.
Keywords: Eco-centrism, holistic, friendly city. I. INTRODUCTION
It is the nature of a human to have a faith that today is better than yesterday. What is considered enough today will be less tomorrow. Human has planned maximum efforts in order to achieve the ideal life. To live a comfortable life, both physically and psychologically, in all the circumstances are ideal life forms that human has planned including the life aspired of ideal urban community. Moving from the idea not to feel hot and noisy inside a room, eat and drink healthily without fear of being contaminated with anything, the kids can chase each other with joy at the park, drive to work without the congestion, the disability can access facilities in the city safely and independent. Most actively proven if the workers can enhance the creativity of their business without fear of "to be disciplined". All the groups of community freely interact and socialize their thought, to the tourists who come to visit and satisfied by a variety of different amazing attractions in the city. That is several of the living conditions which ideally imagined by urban communities as a form of a friendly city.
To realize the ideal purpose in life, humans often excessively exploit existing environmental resources. Massive exploitation which is only intended to meet today's needs without ignoring the needs of tomorrow. It can be ascertained that it will turned into something completely unintended. Environmental resources are not something unlimited.
Carrying capacity of the environment in urban areas and surrounding becomes important to note because the city is basically behaving as an ecosystem. As a system, the city which is the human built environment, always correlated, interrelated and interdependent with the natural environment. When the city system crippled human began to turn to its natural environment.
What is wrong with the environment?
Increasing environmental awareness directly when humans began to feel the impact of ecological backlash, particularly environmental impact in urban areas. Every individual is a waste producer, it is normal. It is amazing when people who live in the city with all the hustle bustle is no longer concerned with the waste that is produced. Garbage all over the city, it happened in Surabaya in October 2001. Society was shocked, for a city who have won several environmental award in the older regime, become ragged for having to deal with the waste problem that is no longer simple. This phenomenon is an example of ecological backlash impact that is directly felt by the people of Surabaya. Since the incident, Surabaya has become increasingly distant from the concept of a friendly city. Trash is only one of many components of the environment in the city that need attention. Just because a disregard for trash, Surabaya became unfriendly destination not even a place to live with happiness and to be proud by the people.
Most of planners and urban designers have a big hand in influencing the quality of the environment in urban areas.
Some evidence suggests, city environmental degradation may be accelerated with the planning and design that does not support. Conversely, a good environment and healthy city can be realized because of the intervention of the planners and designers. As the accumulation of vast and complex inhabit functions over time, planning and design of the city is not an easy thing to think about and to be done. The city with excessive population density makes it difficult to be manage is one phenomenon that prevails today. Metropolis population has always been in excessive physical and psychological pressure, causing social problems on a large scale at a later stage. Consequences of environmental pressure due to incorrect sequence of problems of environmental management that exceed the limits of carrying capacity.
In relation to the growth of environmental awareness, in the planning and design of a city has developed a new paradigm, which is primarily intended to create a friendly city. Eco-centrism Paradigm that does not just apply in the context of micro (building), but also in the context of Mezzo (neighborhoods), and the macro context (city) [1], represents a new paradigm that promises enlightenment in the process of urban planning and design.
II. DISCUSSION
The New Paradigm?
The term of ecology has first introduced by Haeckel in 1869. Ecology defined by Haeckel [2] as:
“the study of the interactions of organisms, populations, and biological species (including humans) with their living and nonliving environment; the composition change and stability of geographically localized groups of species, and the flow energy and matter within such groups of species (ecosystem)”
The keyword from the definition of ecology that there is interaction in between environmental component which is an ecosystem. Eco-centrism paradigm has rooted in understanding of ecosystem. The term of ecology and ecosystem has been known since the 19th century, then a question raised “why eco-centrism is considered as a new paradigm?”
Like waves in the ocean, rolling waves of the ocean ripples that ultimately surprising to those who were sunbathing on the beach when the waves come suck everything in its path. As a concept, Eco-centrism paradigm is an eco-centrism based on understanding the ecology and ecosystems have been developed for a long time, and reached a peak when the live humans began to feel the impact of ecological backlash. Many people talk about it, from various backgrounds and in various occasions. Urban planning and design world started to adopt the concept.
In eco-centrism paradigm, a friendly city is a city where people can enjoy the city life in a safe and comfortable way as well as the visitors. Before, the planning and designing of cities tended to only pay attention to the economic aspects, functionality, and aesthetics, rarely think about the ecological impact, and disregard the environmental aspects. Today is the time for urban planning and design conducted in
environmentally concept.
What and Why?
Ecological holistic approach as the central theme ecosystem thinking which is adopted by eco-centrism paradigm, has shifted the Anthropos-centrism paradigm. However, even if this ecological approach has been applied, in some cases remain oriented towards human interests, not on natural prosperity. Partly due to the strong understanding that architectural masterpiece is something static and dead in the natural living environment.
In eco-centrism paradigm, nature is seen as an integrated whole and interdependent absolute in a system. The understanding of ecological holistic in eco-centrism paradigm embraces an understanding of the system, so the architecture is considered destructive the web of life if there is no attempt to make the architecture as part of the system. Architectural work is not isolated and fragmented within the boundary walls, fences, as well as the administrative border with the ecosystem. As part of the system, architecture interacts with other environmental components in an ecosystem and among ecosystems.
Such a view is a spiritual and religious conscience that recognizes that all beings is a subsystem of a large system. Therefore, it is time for architectural work also serves as a subsystem of life in nature is also alive, resulting in a harmonious relationship. The properties of the system awake when no subsystems are analyzed in isolation, however studied in contextual thought appropriate linkages in the system. The consequence of this approach is pursued influential in the design process, design decisions, and system design.
Based on the same view, as the habitat, the municipal system is the process once the product, in the form of a structural network mutual crochet hooks with each other. To avoid damage, the architectural masterpiece of this one must be part of the web of life that linkage in a symbiotic mutualism. Linkages are mutually empowering not just each other presents.
The architecture of the city is no longer just emphasized how does it looks and how does it works very Anthropos- centrism, but the emphasis architecture of the city has developed into how does it relates to the web of life that is holistic in an ecosystem. General assumptions assume that architectural works more damaging nature of the natural repair (case of prohibiting the building was built in the water catchment areas, riverbanks or steep slopes) is expected to shift to development paradigms eco-centrism.
Eco-Centrism and FriendlyCity
Within the micro-scale architecture, site as part of an ecosystem can be fenced (artificial man-made boundaries), then the only known natural boundary ecosystems (natural boundaries). If the analysis is an activity adjustment building site that will be placed in a site with the site itself, then it should be a component of the ecosystem building. Eco- centrism paradigm underlying the holistic study of the components and processes that occur in an ecosystem.
Behavior responsive to the site and construction of a traditional approach to architecture studies. In eco-centrism paradigm, the response has been developed not only on the scale of the site but on a wider scale, namely in one cycle of
mutual relations environment interaction. The dynamics of change, relationships and interdependencies are always present in an ecosystem or an ecosystem. Characteristics of these environmental systems require a total view or generalizations as well as in planning and designing integrated friendly city.
Through a holistic understanding of ecological, urban planning and design environmentally friendly is not intended to defend the city from changing ecosystems, but how to synergize the human activities with the urban ecosystem, so the use of resources and environmental damage can be minimized. Nevertheless, the ecological approach in urban planning and design are not solely oriented on the ecological sustainability of the city, but also involves other dimensions, such as social aspects broader. The results of the planning and design that not only make people happy or make people comfortable, but it should make people think and act as a friendly outcomes city [3].
Implementation and Expectation
Cities like mosaic pattern of alternating between the controlled and uncontrolled, between the planned and grows spontaneously, and between the organized and unorganized. The difference between one city to another city is located on the proportion and composition of the two sections, so says [4]. Meanwhile, in the city, the interplay between humans and their natural environment has also established social system. Design paradigm eco-centrism trying to anticipate, to eliminate and minimize all impacts of product design system. So that planners and urban designers are expected to be able to anticipate, to eliminate and minimize the impact of system parts of the city and social systems that are not controlled, grows spontaneously, and not organized.
Among piece eco-centrism an implementation paradigm is the vegetation began to find its place in the city as people feel vapidity in design. Vegetation is no longer limited only as a supplement, the vegetation is required to improve the quality of design and the environment. Vegetation as aesthetic components, steering, shading, shadowing effects, reducing the pollution load, and reduce the radiation is in the expansion of the role of vegetation in the design.
Architects often design with short-term horizons and less attention to the interests of the future. To that end, the architect must look at the problem of architecture with other disciplines glasses. This concept is in line with eco-centrism paradigm that is based on environmental science. Environmental science is an integration of various disciplines. The ecosystem approach or a comprehensive holistic perspective, that means all the components and relationships must be studied in depth. Comprehensive which is intended to be integrated or study done on components and relationships that has wide coverage by looking at the opportunities that exist, and are integrated.
Here are delivered a few things to note in the eco-- centrism paradigm [3]. Site analysis done on the components of the specific ecosystem or the analysis of a case by case basis. Used a contextual approach, because the site boundary is not always synonymous with ecosystem boundaries. This approach is important because it related to the scale of the impact of activities. The first and second concept should be synergized with the concept of environmental ecology and life
cycle design concepts, including the holistic approach or the total system.
Thought necessary energy conservation design, material, and ecosystems with attention to the environmental carrying capacity in anticipation of a waste product.
If previously in architectural education teaches environmental engineering methods through an engineering, aesthetics, and socio-humanities [5] then in the future, as now the full complexity of the necessary expansion of the third approach. The aesthetic sensibilities must be balanced with social sensitivity and development ratio to understand architecture as a component of a broader ecosystem. Design architecture is not just environmental engineering effort to create a built environment. Instead, the architectural work should be able to contribute to the environment. Therefore, it is time for a paradigm eco-centrism implemented also in the educational system architecture as a print planner and urban designer with environmental sensitivity. Implementation eco- centrism paradigm in the educational system architecture is not just an effort to socialize the opinion should be discussed among lecturers and students or between lecturers and professors, and students with a student in the learning process of planning and designing a city friendly. Implementation eco- centrism paradigm in the learning process should cover all stages of the learning process. Gradual learning process includes the step acquisition of knowledge, then proceed with the implementation of learning objectives rehearsal stage, and final stage is the feedback [6].
Eco-centrism paradigm in the learning process, the role of a teacher must be changed, a professor not only serve as a source of knowledge providers (center instructor instruction), but more than that a teacher should act as a facilitator, resource persons and consultants. Thus, environmentally sound curriculum can be prepared based on free-thinking for the future realization of the aspired, not a curriculum developed by the tendency of the national curriculum.
III. CONCLUSION
Given the magnitude of the role of planners and urban designers in affecting environmental quality in urban areas requires the implementation eco-centrism paradigm in all stages of the learning process of architectural education system. Through this introduction, students of architecture and architects in their work is no longer only emphasizes how does it looks or how does it works very Anthropos-centrism, but the emphasis architecture has been developed to be how does it relates to the web of life that is holistic in an ecosystem. The results of the planning and design that not only make people happy or make people comfortable, but it should make people think and act as a city friendly achievement. Therefore, understanding the nuances of eco- centrism paradigm, should cover all the teaching materials in higher education architecture in Indonesia.
REFERENCES
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