Un acercamiento a los beneficios del masaje infantil.

Based on the components of the People Centred Model defined by UNISDR – PPEW (2005) and a thorough analysis of the different methodologies presented above, detailed Tables of Capability assessment Tool which can be adopted as EWS and warning methods have been created as shown in Table 2-3.

This Table is the result of combining and structuring suggestions and methodological steps from multiple references above mentioned, in particular Londono, (2011); Golnaraghi, (2012); CDEM, Capability Assessment Report, (2010); Palliyaguru, (2010); Training workshop on

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Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems Final Report, (2010);UN/ISDRChecklist, (2006);Glantz, (2009); Nuruzzaman, (2010); Fearnley, (2012) and Fakhruddin, (2014), which have all been made reference to in this chapter.

The aim of the Table is to group and organize the multiple tasks necessary for the development of a EWS, showing the complexity of the kind of systems which will be required for people and most types of hazards. The elements in this Table will be referred to as required in subsequent chapters of this research.

Table 2- 3: Key Performance Indicators for EWS

EWS

COMPONENTS

EWS Principles Key Performance Indicators

Risk knowledge Preparedness Response Planning Roles

Responsibilities Resource Adequacy

 Identify all actors and organizations involved at different territorial levels

 Define responsibilities for each actor/organization in every single part of the process, and if possible, define a coordinator of each phase of EWS

 Create a network for sharing data, information and lessons learnt from previous experiences.

 Analyze legal frameworks, standards and policy regarding risk assessment and risk management

 Determine a baseline about the quantitative and qualitative status of the community before the establishment of the EWS. This is essential in order to measure

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progress

 Public information manager is appointed and resourced to be able to do the job

 Information on hazards and risks is readily available to the public

 Hazards, vulnerabilities and risks are identified and documented

 Public education programmed on hazards and risks is planned, coordinated and given priority by the organisation

 Learn from other warning systems can improve the general education of the public.

Monitoring, and forecasting

Operational Capacity Political Support

 Highlight to senior government and political leaders the economic benefits of early warning.

 Selection of appropriate monitoring parameters (according to specific hazards)

 Received data routinely processed and made available in meaningful formats in real time, or near-real time

 Involve the community in the monitoring by defining a network of volunteers who observe monitoring devices and then deliver this information to the crisis intervention centre or monitoring

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responsible

 Elaborate forecasting models with sound scientific basis: local and regional

 Technical advisory Groups are utilised

 Hazards, vulnerabilities and risks are monitored on an ongoing basis

 Improved coordination of regional data collection and monitoring (e.g gauges, buoys).

 Response to the forecast Dissemination and Communication Warning Messages Warning Dissemination Mechanisms

 Establish vertical and horizontal communication networks among all stakeholders, promoting the mutual consultation which is essential for an effective and sustainable system

 The preparedness message is disseminated using multiple methods

 Content of the message:

 WHY: Current and forecasted situation, possible consequences of the event

 WHEN: Expected time of potentially harmful event occurrence and time of evacuation

 WHERE: Places/areas at risk and safe places

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 WHAT: Suggested actions to take

 local language and English (more languages when possible) to facilitate that the message be understood by the transient population

 Warning alerts and messages should be geographically-specific to ensure warnings are targeted only to those at risk

 Warning alerts and risk communication messages should be locally tailored, developed on the basis of an assessment of information needs of multiple social groups at risk (diverse cultural, social, gender, linguistic and educational backgrounds)

 Definition of a dissemination method/s tailored to the needs of individual communities or end users

 Communication technology used should assure that the warning reaches all those at risk, including seasonal populations and remote locations.

 System established to verify that warnings have reached the intended recipients. Communication must be interactive, two- way between transmitters and recipients to allow to verify that warnings have been received

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 Inform the community when the threat has ended emitting a message of return to normal conditions

 Test coverage, timing and clarity of the warning at least once a year

 Use of local mass media to disseminate information and improve public awareness

 Communication with partner agencies is able to be maintained in an emergency

 Integrated warning and response systems.

 Standardization of protocols for warning dissemination (colours formats)

 Decision taking (why took that decision?) Response Capability Risk Information Integration Training Feedback and Improvement

 To predict community responses to a warning it is fundamental to assess the levels of perceived risk, information needs levels of trust and preparedness. This could be performed with surveys, such as questionnaires and interviews, preferably combining close ended questions, face to face interviews and direct observation in the field.

 Use the results of the risk assessment and the assessment of needs, preparedness and response capability to improve the emergency plan so it is targeted to the individual needs of the vulnerable

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communities

 Disaster preparedness and response plans must be updated

 Emergency plans should be regularly tested

 Work with the schools and existing social, religious and cultural associations to reach a larger audience

 Include public awareness and risks education programs into the school curricula from primary schools to university

 Emplace visible signs that indicate the location of the strategic emergency zones, such as meeting points, shelters, evacuation routes, etc.

 Develop regular and systematic training and drilling programs for emergency personnel and population, preferably before the hazard season (e.g. rainy- season), to test the effectiveness of the early warning dissemination processes and the response

 False alarms should be minimized and must be honestly and openly explained every time they occurred

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feedback and communication among all stakeholders including a constant interaction with social and natural scientists and academic institutions

 Professional development strategy and programmes are developed according to organisational needs

 Logistics processes are in place to manage resources effectively in an emergency

 Lifeline utilities are coordinated in response

 Community engagement in training and education /awareness programmers.

Table 2-3 outlines the four components of EWS identified in Section 2.2 and the corresponding principles to each components which were identified from examining case studies from seven countries, which implemented best practice in EWS. The table shows the indicators for determining the impact and to the extent to which each component is implemented. The performance indicators in Table 2-3 emphasise how evidence of each EWS component can be identified in a system, their level of effectiveness or deficiency if not present. The table also shows that every component of EWS have performance indicators that link with community that can be affected by the impact of natural hazards.

The reference to community in Table 2-3 is crucial for developing disaster resilience which is the main reason for a framework that emphasises or one that makes community a focal point for each EWS component. For instance, resilience have been explained by Wisner et al (2004) and Pelling (2003) from a sustainable livelihood dimension emphasising the crucial role of adjustment and preparation especially preparing for adverse effect of natural hazards as

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examined in this research. Wisner et al (2004) explained resilience as the ability of a household to secure livelihood through human capital (skills, knowledge, health etc.), social capital (networks, groups, and institutions), physical capital (infrastructure, equipment), financial capital (savings, credit) and natural capital (natural resources, land water).

Pelling (2003) however, explained resilience as the societal ability to adjust to the environmental conditions which a community is exposed to. He further emphasised that the importance of this perspective of resilience is to ensure that adequate preparation is in place in relation to the hazard the community is exposed to. Therefore, this narrative table is key in forging ahead in this research especially in helping to evaluate the current deployment of EWS in Abu Dhabi and Fujairah.