instead 1,000 tjatjahs of land, Mangkubumi could in no
way get satisfaction from the king,
and so on the 19 May
17^+6 he left Surakarta and went to Sukawati, where he
joined forces with Mas Said and Martapura, The Dutch
supported Pakubuwana 11 against the rebels. This war
continued for nine years and Mangkubumi and his allies were
able to inflict several defeats on the Dutch,
In 17^+9
Pakubuwana 11 died and he was succeeded by his son
Pakubuwana 111,
In a controversial agreement with van
Hohendorff, the governor of the North Coast Province,
Pakubuwana II on his deathbed gave over Mataram to the
1
Raden mas Said had rebelled because Pakubuwana XI, under
the influence of an earlier patih Danureja, had banished
his father Pangeran Mangkunegara to Ceylon, Mangkuregara
was a younger brother of Pakubuwana II and of Mangkubumi,
2
Martapura, the bupati of Grobogan, had simply rebelled
against the authority of Pakubuwana II.
A
Javanese measure of area.
3
p r o t e c t i o n of the C o m p a n y , ^ By 1754 the D u t c h had r e a l i z e d h o w e v e r that they w e r e c l o s e to d e f e a t and
d e t e r m i n e d i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h P a k u b u w a n a 1 1 1 to come to
2
t e r m s w i t h M a n g k u b u m i by d i v i d i n g the k i n g d o m . T h u s by the t r e a t y of Gianti, c o n c l u d e d on 13 F e b r u a r y 1755a the k i n g d o m o f M a t a r a m wa s d i v i d e d into two h a l v e s . P a k u b u w a n a X X I r e t a i n e d the c a p i t a l S u r a k a r t a and his d o m a i n i n c l u d e d the e a s t e r n p o r t i o n s of the k i n g d o m , M a n g k u b u m i r e c e i v e d the s o u t h e r n and w e s t e r n p o r t i o n s and he set up a new
3
c a p i t a l w h i c h he c a l l e d N g a J o g j a k a r t a A d i n i n g r a t .' M a s 1
T h e J a v a n e s e and D u t c h texts o f this a g r e e m e n t are to be f o u n d in S o e k a n t o , o p . cit., p p . 1 7 8 - 8 1 . T h e a g r e e m e n t w as ’c o n t r o v e r s i a l ’ , b e ca u s e it w a s t a k e n by some to m e a n that M a t a r a m had b e e n g i v e n o u t r i g h t to the D u t c h . T h i s w a s not
in fact the case. It was p l a c e d u n d e r D u t c h p r o t e c t i o n , in the same w a y that the C r o w n P r i n c e w a s p l a c e d u n d e r their p r o t e c t i o n . It is i n t e r e s t i n g to note that the l e g a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e status o f M a t a r a m did not c h a n g e as a r e s u l t of this a g r e e m e n t . J o g j a and S u r a k a r t a w e r e not
i n c o r p o r a t e d i n the d i r e c t l y g o v e r n e d t e r r i t o r i e s , and r e t a i n e d t h eir t e r r i t o r i a l i d e n t i t y and i n d e p e n d e n t g o v e r n m e n t „ T h e p r e s e n c e of r e s i d e n t s in the two
p r i n c i p a l i t i e s s u gg e s t s that t h e y were u n d e r the p r o t e c t i o n of the N e t h e r l a n d s , and not p o s s e s s i o n s as some have c l a i m e d f r o m a r e a d i n g o f this a g r e e m e n t (see G.J. R e s i n k , I n d o n e s i a ’s H i s t o r y b e t w e e n the M y t h s , o p . c i t « ) . 2 T h e same o f f e r of a n i n d e p e n d e n t t e r r i t o r y to g o v e r n was m a d e to D i p a n e g a r a w h e n he me t w i t h G e n e r a l de K o c k in M a g e l a n g in M a r c h 1830. De K o c k d i s c u s s e d w i t h D i p a n e g a r a h o w m u c h t e r r i t o r y he wa n t e d , and p r o m i s e d that he w o uld be a n i n d e p e n d e n t p r i n c e like the M a n g k u n e g a r a and the P a k u A l a m , D i p a n e g a r a is r e p o r t e d to h a v e r e f u s e d , c l a i m i n g that he w a n t e d to be r e c o g n i z e d as H e a d of the I s l a m i c r e l i g i o n i n Java. See P.H. v a n der K emp, ’D i p a n e g a r a e e n
G e s c h i e d k u n d i g e H a m l e t t y p e ’ , op<,cit, s p p . 426-7* 3 *
N g a j o g j a k a r t a , the o r i g i n a l f o r m of the n a m e of
M a n g k u b u m i ’s c a p i t a l (it is to be f o u n d in T j a k r a n e g a r a ’s babad) is p r o b a b l y a J a v a n e s e c o r r u p t i o n of the S a n s k r i t A y o d h y a « the m y t h i c a l c a p i t a l of R a m a , the h e r o of the R a m a y a n a , T h u s M a n g k u b u m i ’s c a p i t a l wa s l i n k e d w i t h the i l l u s t r i o u s c a p i t a l of Rama.