Variables internas del déficit auditivo

Previously, in vivo poultry studies have demonstrated that plant-derived extracts

containing polyphenols influence growth performance and gut morphology, antioxidant,

antimicrobial and meat quality indices (Table 1.9). These studies demonstrate that dietary

polyphenols are being digested and absorbed by the poultry monogastric digestion system

and distributed and retained in the organs and muscle tissues to elicit a response in poultry

meat. The efficacy of in vivo supplementation depends greatly on many factors such as type

of phenolic compounds included in the diet, concentration, duration of feeding and other

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Table 1.9 Effect of dietary supplementation of plant-derived extracts on selected poultry parameters.

Extract Duration and dose Effect on growth performance, antioxidant status and meat quality Reference

Grape by-products Grape seed (GS) extract

Chickens fed: low GS extract (25,900 mg/kg), low GS extract + methionine (1,500 mg/kg), high GS extract (51,800 mg/kg) and high GS extract + methionine (1,500 mg/kg) for 28 days.

- Reduce weight gain. - Impair growth.

- Methionine: ineffective to counteract the effect of tannin on growth.

(Lau and King 2003)

Grape pomace (GP)

Broilers fed: 5,000, 15,000 and 30,000 mg/kg GP and α-tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg) for 42 days.

- No effect on feed efficiency.

- No effect on growth performance and protein and amino acids digestibility.

- Improve oxidative stability of raw chicken breast and thigh meats (7 days storage), less effective than vitamin E.

- Further analyses show GP (30,000 mg/kg): 1) No effect on antioxidant activity of serum. 2) Increases antioxidant activity in diet and excreta.

(Goñi et al. 2007)

GS extract Broilers fed: 100 and 200 mg/kg GS extract, 300 mg/kg synthetic antioxidant (BHT, EQ and BHA) and 200 mg/kg tocopherols for 42 days.

- GS extract (100 mg/kg): no inhibitory activity in raw and defrosted chicken breast patties.

- GS extract (200 mg/kg):

1) Reduces lipid oxidation in raw (10 days storage) and defrosted chicken breast patties (frozen for 8 months) (11 days storage) similar effect to synthetic antioxidant. 2) The effect in defrosted chicken patties comparable to those fed with tocopherols.

(Smet et al. 2008)

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Extract Duration and dose Effect on growth performance, antioxidant status, gut profile and meat quality Reference Grape pomace

concentrate (GPC)

Broilers fed: 15,000, 30,000 and 60,000 mg/kg GPC and α-tocopheryl acetate (200 mg/kg) for 42 days.

- No impairment on growth performance, digestive organs size and protein digestibility.

- Inhibition of lipid oxidation in raw chicken breast fillets (7 days storage). - Protective effect is equal to vitamin E.

(Brenes et al. 2008) Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) Experiment 1 - 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg GSPE supplemented to broilers infected with

Eimeria tenella for 15 days.

Experiment 2

- 12 mg/kg GSPE supplemented to broilers infected with E. tenella for 21 days.

Experiment 1

- All levels decrease mortality and increase weight gain after infection. - Protective effect in dose-dependent manner.

- 10 to 20 mg/kg: lowest mortalities and greatest growth gains. Experiment 2 (GSPE (12 mg/kg)

- Reduce mortalities and lesion scores - Improve weight gains

- Low concentration GSPE: restores the balance of antioxidant/oxidant system exerted by oxidative stress due to infection.

(Wang et al. 2008a)

GPC and GS extract

Broilers fed: 60,000 mg/kg GPC and 7,200 mg/kg GS extract for 21 days.

- In ileal: increase Enterococcus populations and decrease Clostridium populations - In cecal digesta: higher population of E. coli, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and

Clostridium spp.

- Modify gut morphology and intestinal microflora and increase intestinal bacteria biodiversity.

(Viveros et al. 2011)

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Extract Duration and dose Effect on growth performance, antioxidant and antimicrobial status and

meat quality

Reference

Olive by-products

Olive leaf (OL) extract

Turkeys supplemented: 10,000 mg/kg OL extract and 150 and 300 mg/kg α- tocopheryl acetate for 98 days.

- Improves oxidative and microbial stability of raw turkey breast fillets (12 days storage).

- Better effect than control and 150 mg/kg α-tocopheryl acetate diets.

(Botsoglou et al. 2010) Olive extract (contain polyphenols and hydroxytyrosol).

Chickens supplemented: 6 and 12 mg per bird per day for 42 days (drinking water).

- No enhancement on feed consumption, body weight and feed conversion. - No lipid oxidation inhibition in fresh turkey thigh patties, cooked thigh patties

and cooked-salted (1%) thigh patties (3 days storage).

(King et al. 2014)

Olive oil mill waste water (OMWW) ~ tyrosol & hydroxytyrosol.

Broilers fed: 40,000 mg/kg OMWW permeate and 40,000 mg/kg OMWW retentate for 37 days.

Effect in plasma and tissue:

- Reduce oxidative damage of biological molecules (protein and lipid oxidation). - Increase antioxidant mechanism (catalase activity, glutathione (GSH) and total

antioxidant capacity level).

(Gerasopoulos

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Extract Duration and dose Effect on growth performance, antioxidant and antimicrobial status and gut

profile

Reference

Sweet chestnut by-products

Sweet chestnut wood (SCW) extract

Chickens fed: 1,500, 2,000 and 2,500 mg/kg SCW extract for 42 days.

- All levels:

1) No effect on proximate composition of raw chicken breast and thigh. 2) No inhibitory activity in raw breast homogenate system.

- SCW extract (2,000 mg/kg) improves growth.

(Schiavone et

al. 2008)

SCW extract Chickens fed: 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg SCW extract for 42 days.

- 250 and 500 mg/kg SCW extract:

1) No effect body weight and feed conversion.

2) Well-developed tissue structure and functioning jejunal wall. - 1,000 mg/kg SCW extract:

1) Reduce body weight.

2) Reduce E. coli and coliform bacteria in small intestine (day 28). 3) Disturb intestinal wall morphology and function.

(Jamroz et al. 2009)

SCW extract Broilers fed: 250, 500, 750 and 1,000 mg/kg SCW extract for 42 days.

- No effect on mortality.

- Improve body weight gain and feed conversion. - Promote drier litters.

(Hooge et al. 2012)

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Extract Duration and dose Effect on antioxidant status Reference

SCW extract Chickens fed: 3,000 mg/kg SCW extract and 3,000 mg/kg SCW extract + 68 IU of α-tocopherol/kg for 25 days.

- Both treatments did not affect antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant status. - SCW extract reduced DNA damage.

- Combination of SCWE and α-tocopherol: 1) Reduces plasma MDA.

2) Increases α-tocopherol in blood plasma, liver and breast muscle.

(Voljč et al. 2013)

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1.5.2 Smart packaging technologies for quality and shelf-life extension of foods