Aplicación de la Teoria de los Policubos en el diseño arquitectónico Casos análogos
COCINA-MÁQUINAS
2.4 VIVIENDAS EXPERIMENTALES TORREJÓN DE ARDOZ 1973-
UNIT 2 POPULATION
world population is projected on the basis of assumed trends in fertility and mortality.
Globally, fertility is assumed to decline to 2.02 births per woman (below replacement) by 2050; it is population momentum arising from a young age structure that will cause global population to continue to grow beyond 2050.
3.2 World Population Trends
It took hundreds of thousands of years for the world population to grow to 1 billion – then in just another 200 years or so, it grew sevenfold. In 2011, the global population reached the 7 billion mark, and today, it stands at about 7.7 billion, and it's expected to grow to around 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050, and 10.9 billion in 2100.
This dramatic growth has been driven largely by increasing numbers of people surviving to reproductive age, and has been accompanied by major changes in fertility rates, increasing urbanization and accelerating migration. These trends will have far-reaching implications for generations to come.
The recent past has seen enormous changes in fertility rates and life expectancy. In the early 1970s, women had on average 4.5 children each;
by 2015, total fertility for the world had fallen to below 2.5 children per woman. Meanwhile, average global lifespans have risen, from 64.6 years in the early 1990s to 72.6 years in 2019.
In addition, the world is seeing high levels of urbanization and accelerating migration. 2007 was the first year in which more people lived in urban areas than in rural areas, and by 2050 about 66 per cent of the world population will be living in cities.
These megatrends have far-reaching implications. They affect economic development, employment, income distribution, poverty and social protections. They also affect efforts to ensure universal access to health care, education, housing, sanitation, water, food and energy. To more sustainably address the needs of individuals, policymakers must understand how many people are living on the planet, where they are, how old they are, and how many people will come after them.
4.0 CONCLUSION
The world is experiencing an exponential population growth especially in
that was never experience in history, with changes in fertility rate, high rate of urbanization and migration.
5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt about world population and the changing pattern in the world population.
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Define a population
2. What is population explosion
3. Examine the trend of world population 7.0 REFERENCE/FURTHER READING
Sherbinin , A., Carr, D., Cassels, S., and Jiang, L. (2007) Population and Environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources.
32:345–73
UNIT 3 FACTORS INFLUENCING POPULATION GROWTH
CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objective 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Factors Influencing Population Growth 4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 Reference/Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION
The reasons for the current world population pattern are both numerous and complex. The explanation for the uneven distribution of population lies in a mixture of physical and human factors. The physical factors include climate, soil, relief, vegetation, water supplies and mineral resources. The human factors include economic factors, communications, social factors, and historical factors. Factors having a positive impact lead to densely populated areas while factors having a negative impact lead to sparsely populated areas.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
At the end of this unit, the learners you should be able to:
understand the factors influencing population growth.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Factors Influencing Population Growth
The factors that influenced population distribution are presented into physical and human.
Physical
These are physical factors which influence world population distribution 1. Climate: This is the most important of the physical factors
affecting world population distribution which causes some regions to have high and low density people. This can be divided into favorable and unfavorable climatic conditions. Therefore, harsh
or too cold areas. Favorable climates are attracting high population density.
2. Soil: These are among the physical factors which influence agriculture and settlement. Densely populated areas are common in areas with deep, mature, humus-filled soils (e.g. East Asia).
Areas with fertile soils favor dense population. Areas with infertile soils have low population density.
3. Vegetation: Vegetation influence population distribution in many parts of the World by either encouraging or deterring it. The Forest region of West Africa did encourage population concentration while the desert areas never encouraged population growth.
4. Relief: This is another physical factor that determines the present world population distribution. Densely populated areas are common in lowlands and flat or gently undulating terrain such as plains or plateaus (e.g. Nile Delta, Ganges Delta and the North European Plain). Sparsely populated areas are common in mountainous areas with steep slopes, rugged terrain and exposure to cold, wet and windy climates which restrict accessibility, settlement, cultivation and manufacturing (e.g. the Himalayas, Alps, Southern Andes and Tibetan Plateau).
5. Water Supplies: The presence or absence of water is a physical factor affecting population distribution. Agriculture, industry and the entire human livelihood depend upon an ample supply of freshwater. Densely populated areas are located in areas with reliable water supply due to availability of rivers or lakes, reliable and evenly distributed rainfall and where there is wealth and technology to build reservoirs and wells or lay pipelines (to provide water for domestic, industrial and agricultural uses).
6. Mineral Resources: The presence or absence of mineral deposits is a notable physical factor influencing population distribution at the present day. Densely populated areas are common in areas having or formerly having large mineral deposits or fuel supplies which may lead to development of industry and employment generation (e.g. North-East of U.S.A., South-East Canada and North-West Europe). Sparsely populated areas are common in areas devoid of mineral deposits (e.g. Paraguay, some islands of Japan and some parts of the African Sahel).
Human Factors
These are human factors which influence world population distribution: -1. Historical Factors: Past influences greatly affect present population distribution such as slave trade and inter-tribal wars account for low population, while cultural factors encourage high population by attracting people not to move out.
2. Economic Factors: The type and scale of economic activities have considerable influence on population distribution. Densely
populated areas are located in regions with intensive farming, good infrastructure, good export trade, intensive industries and varied economic structure (with agriculture, industry and services providing employment). Sparse population is also common in areas with subsistence economies, extensive farming (e.g. shifting cultivation), poor infrastructure, limited export trade and limited employment. Examples of such sparsely populated areas include Sahara Desert, Namib Desert and the Tundra.
3. Political Factors: Government policy plays part in the growth of population. Examples include in 1917 during the Russian revolution Russians were forcibly moved eastwards to open up and develop Siberia, the creation of the state of Israel in 1948 lead to an influx of Jews, and the efforts of Brazilian government in opening up the Amazon basin. Densely populated areas are due to political stability (e.g. China), political maturity (e.g. NE U.S.A.) and creation of new cities by the government (e.g. Brasilia).
Sparsely populated areas are due to political instability (e.g. Congo DR).
4. Social Factors: These are human factors which influence world population distribution. Traditions and religious beliefs lead to population growth. Polygamy in Muslim countries, ancestor worship in China and early marriage among the Hindus encourage the growth of population. Traditions and religious beliefs that encourage low birth rates cause sparse population (e.g. Canada).
5. Communications: It is important in facilitating trade and accessibility. Densely populated areas are encouraged by the availability of canals, railways, roads, airports and natural sea or river ports (e.g. Singapore, U. S.A., North European Plain, and U.K.). Sparsely populated areas are common in areas where it is difficult to construct and maintain transport systems. Examples include mountains (e.g. Himalayas), deserts (e.g. the Sahara) and forests (e.g. the Congo rainforest). Landlocked countries also encourage sparse population (e.g. Zimbabwe, Mali, Lesotho and Niger).
4.0 CONCLUSION
Population distribution in the world are highly influenced by either natural or human factors. These two major factors determine areas of dense or sparsely population density depending on the circumstances.
5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt about factors determining human population
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Examine the concept of population.
2. Discuss the human factors influencing population growth.
3. In what ways those physical factors influence population growth?
7.0 REFERENCE/FURTHER READING
Effeh, E. J. (2009) Population Geography. In Effeh, E. J (ed). Perspective of Geography. Tamaza Publishing Co. Ltd. Zaria
UNIT 4 RESOURCES CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Nature of Resources 3.2 Types of Resources
3.3 The Implications of uneven Distribution of Resources 4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION
MAN’S quest for survival has resulted in rapid expansion of economic activities. The process of economic and social development, and the implied generation of economic wealth are undoubtedly both natural and environmental- They are resource intensive. Resources on the other hand refer to commodities that are free gift from nature, that can be under or above the earth’s surface such as minerals, soil, water, plants, animals and air. Resources are not evenly distributed hence are found in abundance in some places while they are scarce in some other places, common examples of natural resources include air, sunlight, water, soil, stone, plants, animals, mineral resources and fossil fuels.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, the learners you should be able to understand the:
concept a resources
identify the types of resources.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Nature of Resources
A resource is any element or material that is in man’s environment, and can be used to benefit him. It may be considered as the means to maintain any given population or it could mean anything which could be utilized by man for the process of deployment. It is pertinent to note that the meaning of a resource is therefore relative (its position in space) and
3.2 Types of Resources
It could be in the form of human and natural, which vary overtime and space. Also, resources refer to the sum of total of wealth or sources of wealth of a person or country. Resources can be classified into two main categories:
1. Natural Resources 2. Human Resources.
Natural Resources: Are those resources which are not and cannot be provided by Man but only by nature. Also, Natural resources are those substances that occur naturally and are utilized by man. They include the natural vegetation, rivers, hills and valleys. Natural Resource are also said to be physical or bio-physical in nature. The physical resource in this case refers to resources that are re-occurring such as the relief of an area, drainage, as well as naturally occurring mineral resources. On the other hand, biological resources are those resources that possess life, they include flora and fauna. Finally, resources are said to be renewable or nonrenewable.
The renewable resources are those resources whose supply are said to be inexhaustible; and as such will continue to be available. On the other hand, non-renewable resources are those whose supply seems to be exhaustible (finite in nature). This rather means that they are either fixed in terms of quantity or that there is tendency for them to be reduced in quantity as the amount of extraction increase. They include minerals, minerals, fossil fuels. Non-renewable are the most exploited of resources;
and their availability to a large extent determines the wealth and economic development, and the technological capability of any nation.
There exists a classification of resources based mainly on the sources from which they are derived. Based on this classification the major types of resources are the atmospheric resources (including gaseous substances in the atmosphere such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen etc), water resources (including water occurring in streams, rivers, oceans seas and lakes as well as fish and aquatic life useful to man), land resources (substances and materials existing on land), forest resources (including forest trees, fruits, animals, woods etc), and mineral resources (including chemical substances found under the ground of economic importance such as petroleum, coal, gold, tin, limestone, uranium, copper, iron-ore etc)
Human Resources: These are those that cannot be touched or felt, rather they are found in human ingenuity of the population. But this is perhaps the most important type of resource for the effective functioning and
coordination of a country. Human resource are those resources needed for the adequate utilization of natural resources.
3.3 The Implications of uneven Distribution of Resources
1. Individual countries hardly have a combination of all resources, some are found in difficult locations for example under water or in sparsely populated hot or cold barren lands e.g. diamond in Namibia.
2. Where man’s uses of resources is not controlled, it leads to the destruction of the earth’s surface whichis dangerous to human life.
3. Some resources are known but remain untapped due to difficulty of access. The Siberian coal and iron ore are examples.
4. Some resources might become or have become political weapons of the future e.g. Uranium
5. Some poor developing nations may have been exploited by richer developed countries who want their resources. These resources are often exported as primary products, which are less valuable in their raw state e.g. rubber, cocoa
6. Over exploitation of some resources that are scare in some other places have led to environmental degradation in such areas e.g.
deforestation in the Zaire basin.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Resources varied from one country to the other this makes some nations to be richer than one another. Therefore, resources serve as powerful tool in economic development of countries by utilizing natural and human resources.
5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt about resources, their uneven distribution and the different types of resources.
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT 1. Attempt a definition of resources
2. Write an essay on “resources as source of development in a country”
3. List and explain the different types of resources.
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
Danjuma, M.K. (2009) Resources of Developing Regions Outside Africa.
In Effeh, E. J (ed). Perspective of Geography. Tamaza Publishing Co. Ltd. Zaria
Usman, A.K. B. (2009) Man and Environment. In Effeh, E. J (ed).
Perspective of Geography. Tamaza Publishing Co. Ltd. Zaria
UNIT 5 CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objective 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Sustainable Resource Management 4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 Reference/Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Global population has doubled and global economic activity has grown fourfold since the 1970s, raising living standards and human well-being in many parts of the world. The growing population and expanding global economy were fuelled by a fast-growing material supply and extraction of primary materials, increasing pressure on natural resources. There is need to conserve the resources for future use.
These are measures adopted to preserve and to prevent loss, waste and damages. It therefore encourages careful and rational use of resources.
Conservation can be done in order to preserve the natural resource.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
At the end of this unit, the learners should be able to:
understand sustainable resources management.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Sustainable Resource Management
Sustainable resource management means both (a) ensuring that consumption does not exceed levels of sustainable supply and (b) ensuring that the Earth’s systems are able to perform their natural functions (i.e. preventing disruptions like in the case of GHGs affecting the ability of the atmosphere to “regulate” the Earth’s temperature). It requires monitoring and management of resources at various levels of production. The aim of sustainable resource management is to ensure the long-term material basis of societies in a way that neither resource
Also, there is need for natural resources conservation through preventing deterioration (preservation) and repairing damage (restoration). These procedures are complementary but it is worth nothing that restoration comes where there are inefficient or lack of preventive measures.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Resource conservation is about sustainable resource management in order to use the resource now and also to be use in the future especially as the world population continue to grow.
5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt about sustainable resources management.
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. Attempt a definition of sustainable resource management 2. Discuss the importance of sustainable resource management 7.0 REFERENCE/FURTHER READING
Ibrahim, A. I (2002) Introduction to Environmental Problems and Management. Waadallah Environmental Consults (WADEC).
Kano.
MODULE 5 RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND RURAL POLICIES IN NIGERIA 1900 TO DATE
Unit 1 Development needs of rural societies Unit 2 Problems of Rural Development
Unit 3 Community Development and Roles of NGOs in Rural Areas
Unit 4 Urbanization of rural societies Unit 5 Rural Policies and Planning
UNIT 1 DEVELOPMENT NEEDS OF RURAL SOCIETIES CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objective 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Meaning of Rural Development 4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Development in rural societies is viewed as an economic growth of the country side, where livelihood of the rural dwellers changes through it various sectors, be it rural agriculture, water, electricity, health, education, rural credit, jobs, technology and so on.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
At the end of this unit, the learners you should be able to:
understand with the concept a rural development
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Meaning of Rural Development
The term ‘rural development’ is of major concern, particularly when one is focused upon promoting effective growth and development of the country.
Rural development is a strategy to enable a specific group of individuals to acquire opportunities for themselves for the purpose of sustaining better livelihoods for themselves and their families. The concept of rural development referred to the overall development of rural communities concentrating in their political, economic, health, education, social sectors etc .
Therefore, development deals with poverty alleviation, through increased productivity, income distribution and upliftment of human dignity through self fulfilment. It is a multi-dimensional and a comprehensive concept, which takes into consideration, number of aspects, these include, agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage industries, farming practices, system of education, training centres, health care and medical facilities, environmental conditions, housing accommodation, infrastructure, technology, skills development opportunities for the individuals, administration and management practices, employment opportunities and human resource development.
The development of rural communities is the ultimate outcome of the transactions between physical, technological, economic, socio-cultural and institutional factors. The approaches and the strategies need to be designed to bring about improvements, primarily in the living conditions of the individuals, belonging to deprived, marginalized and socio-economically backward sections of the society. To promote the development of rural areas, it is necessary to represent an intersection between agricultural, social, managerial, behavioural and engineering sciences.
4.0 CONCLUSION
There is need for full understanding of rural areas, which are in a backward and underdeveloped state and which need to be developed. The development of rural areas is key to national development and economic growth. The people need to be empowered and benefit from government services, this may reduce the rate of rural-urban migration.
5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt about rural development.
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. With specific examples, discuss why rural areas need to be developed.
2. Examine the contribution of rural development to national development.
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
UNIT 2 PROBLEMS OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objective 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Problems of Rural Development 4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION
For a very long period of time, much concentration by either government, private sector or non-governmental organization has been accorded to urban areas, leaving the rural areas to be vulnerable to many problems that are not given due concentration. This has affected the growth and development of the rural areas to be extremely backward. In this unit, you will learn about different types of problems that are related to rural areas.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
At the end of this unit, the learners should be able to:
understand some problems of rural areas.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Problems of Rural Development
For a long time, priority has been given to urban development at the expense of agriculture and the rural economy, so widening the gap between urban and rural areas. The problems are but not limited to poverty, lack of capital, malnutrition, illiteracy, lack of industries, poor infrastructure, health challenges, unemployment, technologically backwardness, natural disasters, insecurity, crime and violence. Other problems include corruption, inadequate social amenities, lack of agricultural inputs, environmental problems and lack of rural planning.
Hence, the rural areas are extremely backward compared to urban areas leading to the problem of rural-urban migration.
4.0 CONCLUSION
The understanding of the different types of problems affecting rural areas would make the relevant agencies plan and come out with possible solutions affecting the rural areas. Therefore, there is no rural area that can do away with issues affecting the area.
5.0 SUMMARY
In this unit, you have learnt about rural problems.
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT
1. Critically analyze the problems affecting your rural area.
2. Discuss the view ‘that there is no rural area without a problem’
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
UNIT 3 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND ROLES OF NGOS IN RURAL AREAS
CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objective 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Role of NGOs 4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION
The term "nongovernmental organization" refers to organizations (i) not based on government; and (ii) not created to earn profit (Enyioko, 2012).
NGO supplement government work to ensure rural transformation. The nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are providing services in the areas of health, education, poverty eradication, rural credit, community development for the betterment of the rural poor. Non-Governmental Organization has been generally defined as voluntary, autonomous, non-profit organizations or groups of citizens established to address various problems and disadvantages in the society. Majority of NGOs are relatively independent: NGOs do not depend on any Government or other organizations and they are relatively independent. They cooperate with other NGOs and government to serve the poor for the development of the rural areas. Most of the NGOS sources of finance are sometimes from governments support, foreign donors, private donors and other NGOs.
Apart from these sources they also mobilize funds through creating assets and income generation activities at a meager level. Based on the availability of funds, they choose the activities.
2.0 OBJECTIVE
At the end of this unit, the learners should be able to:
understand the role of Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in rural areas.