El artículo en la enseñanza de ELE / Estudiantes de origen chino

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(1)El artículo en la enseñanza de ELE Estudiantes de origen chino Shen Jie. ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX (www.tdx.cat) ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora.. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR (www.tdx.cat) ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos. En la utilización o cita de partes de la tesis es obligado indicar el nombre de la persona autora.. WARNING. On having consulted this thesis you’re accepting the following use conditions: Spreading this thesis by the TDX (www.tdx.cat) service has been authorized by the titular of the intellectual property rights only for private uses placed in investigation and teaching activities. Reproduction with lucrative aims is not authorized neither its spreading and availability from a site foreign to the TDX service. Introducing its content in a window or frame foreign to the TDX service is not authorized (framing). This rights affect to the presentation summary of the thesis as well as to its contents. In the using or citation of parts of the thesis it’s obliged to indicate the name of the author..

(2) UNIVERSIDAD DE BARCELONA PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO VARIEDADES DEL ESPAÑ OL EN ÁMBITOS PROFESIONALES Y EN EL ELE. EL ARTÍCULO EN LA ENSEÑANZA DE ELE ESTUDIANTES DE ORIGEN CHINO TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓ N PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADO POR SHEN JIE DIRIGIDO POR LA DOCTORA MAR GARACHANA CAMARERO. Barcelona, 2012.

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(4) ÍNDICE. Páginas Introducción·························································································17. Parte I: ASPECTOS TEÓ RICOS Y METODOLÓ GICOS··············································23 Capítulo I. MARCO TEÓ RICO Y METODOLOGÍA ··················································25 1.1.. Conceptos básicos·········································································26. 1.1.1. ¿Lenguaje o lengua?·······································································27 1.1.2. ¿Segunda lengua o lengua extranjera?··················································28 1.1.3. ¿Adquisición o aprendizaje?······························································29 1.2.. La adquisición del lenguaje······························································31. 1.2.1. Las distintas teorías sobre la adquisición del lenguaje·······························32 1.2.1.1.. La teoría Conductista de Skinner···················································33. 1.2.1.2.. La teoría Innatista de Chomsky·····················································35. 1.2.1.3.. La teoría cognitiva de Piaget························································36. 1.2.1.4.. La teoría Interaccionista de Vygotsky y Bruner···································39. 1.2.1.4.1. El enfoque sociocultural de Vygotsky··············································39 1.2.1.4.2. El enfoque pragmático de Bruner···················································42 1.2.2. Comparación entre las distintas teorías················································46 1.3.. La adquisición de las lenguas no maternas·············································48. 1.3.1. Los factores de aprendizaje······························································49 1.3.1.1.. Los factores particulares····························································50. 1.3.1.1.1. La edad·················································································51 1.3.1.1.2. La personalidad·······································································53 1.3.1.1.3. La inteligencia y las aptitudes lingüísticas········································56 1.3.1.1.4. La actitud y la motivación···························································58 1.3.1.1.5. Los factores lingüísticos······························································60 1.3.1.1.5.1.. La fosilización····································································68. 1.3.1.1.5.2.. La transferencia··································································69 3.

(5) 1.3.1.1.5.3.. La sistematicidad·································································71. 1.3.1.1.5.4.. La variabilidad···································································72. 1.3.1.1.5.5.. La permeabilidad································································73. 1.3.1.2.. Los factores externos································································74. 1.3.1.2.1. El contexto de aprendizaje·························································75 1.3.1.2.2. Los recursos···········································································77 1.3.2. El método de enseñanza de la L2·······················································82. Capítulo II. EL ARTÍCULO EN ESPAÑ OL···························································89 2.1. ¿Qué es el artículo?···········································································89 2.2. El paradigma del artículo····································································91 2.3. Los valores del artículo·······································································93 2.3.1. Los valores semánticos del artículo······················································94 2.3.1.1. El valor de (in)definitud·································································95 2.3.1.1.1. Artículo definido·······································································97 2.3.1.1.2. Artículo indefinido·····································································98 2.3.1.1.3. Ausencia del artículo·································································102 valor conceptual y el proceso de determinación 2.3.1.2. La determinación y los otros valores semánticos···································104 2.3.1.2.1. El valor actualizador·································································105 2.3.1.2.2. El valor genérico······································································106 2.3.1.2.3. El valor posesivo······································································110 2.3.1.3. Las relaciones entre los valores semánticos del artículo··························113 2.3.2. Los valores gramaticales del artículo···················································114 2.3.2.1. El valor de indicador de género y número···········································114 2.3.2.2. El valor recategorizador································································115. Capítulo III. BREVE COMPARACIÓ N ENTRE EL ESPAÑ OL Y EL CHINO·························121 3.1. El género y el número·······································································121 3.2. La sustantivación·············································································122 4.

(6) 3.3. La definitud··················································································124 3.3.1. La definitud por el orden································································125 3.3.1.1. El sustantivo en posición preverbal tiende a ser definido························126 3.3.1.2. El sustantivo en posición inicial tiende a ser definido····························129 3.3.1.3. El sustantivo entre coverbo y verbo no se somete a las reglas de orden······130 3.3.1.4. Los sintagmas preposicionales no se someten a las reglas de orden···········133 3.3.2. La definitud por indicadores gramaticales············································135. Parte II: EL ANÁLISIS DE ERRORES·······························································137. Capítulo IV. ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO DE ERRORES···············································139 4.1. El procedimiento del análisis de errores··················································139 4.2. Objetivo del estudio y Metodología·······················································142 4.3. El papel del análisis estadístico····························································151 4.4. El perfil de los informantes y descripción del corpus empleado·····················152 4.5. Análisis estadístico de los errores·························································154 4.5.1. Errores en los diferentes niveles························································156 4.5.1.1. Errores en el valor de definitud······················································160 4.5.1.1.1. Aplicación del criterio lingüístico en los errores································163 en el valor de (in)definitud 4.5.1.1.2. Aplicación del cirterio etiológico en los errores·······························173 en el valor de (in)definitud 4.5.1.2.. Errores en el valor genérico·······················································179. 4.5.1.2.1. Aplicación del criterio lingüístico en los errores·······························183 en el valor genérico 4.5.1.2.2. Aplicación del criterio etiológico en los errores·······························188 en el valor genérico 4.5.1.3.. Errores en el valor posesivo·······················································191. 4.5.1.3.1. Aplicación del criterio lingüístico en los errores ······························195 en el valor posesivo 5.

(7) 4.5.1.3.2. Aplicación del criterio etiológico en los errores······························201 en el valor posesivo 4.5.1.4.. Errores en los SSNN escuetos·····················································203. 4.5.1.4.1. Aplicación del criterio lingüístico en los errores······························207 en los SSNN escuetos 4.5.1.4.2. Aplicación del criterio etiológico en los errores relacionados··············219 con los SSNN escuetos 4.5.1.5.. Errores en el valor de indicador de género y número························223. 4.5.1.5.1. Aplicación del criterio lingüístico en los errores······························225 en el valor de indicador de género y número 4.5.1.5.2. Aplicación del criterio etiológico en los errores·······························231 en el valor de indicador de género y número 4.5.1.6.. Errores en el valor recategorizador·············································233. 4.5.1.6.1. Aplicación del criterio lingüístico en los errores······························237 en el valor recategorizador 4.5.1.6.2. Aplicación del criterio etiológico en los errores·······························244 en el valor recategorizador 4.5.1.7.. Errores en las expresiones fijas en los diferentes niveles····················246. 4.5.1.7.1. Los errores en las expresiones temporales······································246 4.5.1.7.2. Los errores en las locuciones······················································248 4.5.2.. Características de la adquisición del artículo···································253 por parte de los alumnos chinos. Capítulo V. ANÁLISIS DE LOS ERRORES DE INTERFERENCIA··································259 5.1. ¿Qué aporta un análisis de errores?·······················································259 5.2. Tratamiento de los errores de interferencia············································260 5.3. Los errores de interferencia en el artículo··············································261 5.3.1. Errores por la interferencia del orden de palabras del chino······················262 5.3.2. Errores por la falsa analogía formal y semántica····································268 5.3.2.1. Errores por la falsa analogía··························································269 6.

(8) entre los SSNN que denotan los lugares y entidades 5.3.2.2. Errores por la falsa analogía···························································271 entre la partícula “的-de” y la preposición de 5.3.2.3. Errores por la falsa analogía entre los demostrativos······························273 5.3.2.4. Errores por la falsa analogía···························································274 entre el numeral “一-un” y el artículo un 5.3.2.5. Errores por la falsa analogía entre los SSNN escuetos·····························278 5.3.2.6. Errores por la falsa analogía entre todo y “整”, todos y “所有”·················280 5.3.2.7. Errores por la falsa analogía···························································283 entre los SSNN con determinantes de lectura posesivo 5.3.2.8. Errores por la falsa analogía entre los SSNN sustantivados·······················286 5.3.3. Errores por conflictos relacionados con el número y el género·····················288 5.3.3.1. Errores por la ausencia de morfema de género y número en chino··············289 5.3.3.2. Errores por la divergencia en los sustantivos contables e incontables··········290 5.3.3.3. Errores por la divergencia en los sustantivos individuales y colectivos·········292 5.4.. A modo de conclusión···································································294. Capítulo VI. LAS REGLAS DE USO DEL ARTÍCULO···············································297 Propuesta de adaptación a la enseñanza de ELE a estudiantes de origen chino. 6.1. La importancia de las reglas de uso y la gramática pedagógica·······················297 6.2. Las reglas de uso del artículo·······························································306 6.2.1. El valor de indicador de género y número·············································306 6.2.2. El valor de (in)definitud··································································308 6.2.2.1. Descripción general del valor de (in)definitud······································308 6.2.2.2. Los usos específicos del artículo definido···········································310 6.2.2.3. Artículo indefinido y usos evaluativos················································313 6.2.3. El valor genérico···········································································315 6.2.4. El valor posesivo···········································································318 7.

(9) 6.2.5. El valor recategorizador·································································322 6.2.5.1. Descripción general del valor recategorizador····································322 6.2.5.2. La recategorización con el artículo definido y lo·································324 6.2.6. Los SSNN escuetos········································································326 6.2.6.1. Descripción general de los SSNN escuetos··········································326 6.2.6.2. Los SSNN escuetos en posiciones sintácticas distintas···························328 6.2.6.3. Observación adicionales·······························································335 6.3.. La gramática comunicativa····························································336. Capítulo VII. EL ARTÍCULO EN LOS DIFERENTES NIVELES DEL ESPAÑ OL····················339 7.1. Los niveles comunes de referencia·······················································339 7.2. El artículo en los diferentes niveles······················································341 7.2.1. Artículo en el nivel A1····································································342 7.2.2. Artículo en el nivel A2····································································343 7.2.3. Artículo en el nivel B1····································································344 7.2.4. Artículo en el nivel B2····································································346 7.2.5. Artículo en el nivel C1····································································347 7.2.6. Artículo en el nivel C2····································································349. Capítulo VIII. CONCLUSIÓ N·······································································351 8.1. Las conclusiones relecantes································································344 8.2. Perspectivas de futuros estudios···························································347. Parte III: BIBLIOGRAFÍA Y ANEXO································································357. Referencias bibliográficas········································································359 Anexo: ······························································································375 Corpus de redacciones elaboradas por estudiantes de ELE de origen chino. Redacciones del nivel A1···························································································375 Redacciones del nivel A2···························································································400 8.

(10) Redacciones del Nivel B1···························································································418 Redacciones del Nivel B2···························································································432. 9.

(11) 10.