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ECE-198; No.ofPages6

EducationforChemicalEngineersxxx(2019)xxx–xxx

Contents lists available atScienceDirect

Education for Chemical Engineers

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / e c e

Reprint of: Education of chemical engineering in Spain:

A global picture

^夽

Gumersindo Feijoo

^a,∗

, Raquel Iba ˜ nez

^b

, Javier Herguido

^c

, Pedro Partal

^d

,

Montserrat Tobajas

^e

, Julia Sèmpere

^f

, María Fernanda López-Pérez

^g

, Maria J. Rivero

^b

aDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,SchoolofEngineering,UniversidadedeSantiagodeCompostela,E-15782SantiagodeCompostela,Spain

bDepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,SchoolofEngineering,UniversidaddeCantabria,E-39005Santander,Spain

cDepartmentofChemicalandEnvironmentalEngineering,SchoolofEngineeringandArchitecture(EINA),UniversidaddeZaragoza,E-50018Zaragoza, Spain

dDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversidaddeHuelva,Huelva,Spain

eDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,FacultyofScience,UniversidadAutónomadeMadrid,Madrid,Spain

fIQSSchoolofEngineering,UniversitatRamonLlull,Barcelona,Spain

gDepartmentofChemicalEngineering,UniversitatPolitècnicadeValència,E-03801Alcoy,Spain

a r t i c l e i n f o

Articlehistory:

Received30March2018

Receivedinrevisedform16May2018 Accepted23May2018

Availableonlinexxx

Keywords:

ChemicalEngineeringDegrees Genderproﬁle

Employability Internship

a b s t r a c t

ThegeneralframeworkoftheChemicalEngineeringstudiesinSpainincludestheBachelor’sDegree(4 years),Master’sDegree(themostcommondurationis1.5years)andDoctorate(3-4years).In2008,the ConferenceofDirectorsandDeansofChemicalEngineering(CODDIQ)wasconstitutedwiththemain objectiveofpromotingandimprovingthequalityofChemicalEngineeringstudiesinSpain.Currently, FacultiesandSchoolsof29SpanishuniversitiesaremembersofCODDIQ.Ananalysisofthemostchar- acteristicindicatorsprovidesarepresentativeradiographyoftheChemicalEngineeringStudiesinSpain, whosemostoutstandingdataare:(i)7,396undergraduatestudents,1,014Masterstudentsand556PhD students,(ii)accordingtothegenderproﬁleofundergraduatesandgraduates,thepercentageofwomen issimilartothatofmen,whileforfacultystaff,thepercentageofwomenis43%and46%forAssociate andAssistantProfessor(respectively)and23%forthecategoryofFullProfessorcategory;(iii)aftercom- pletingtheBachelorstudies,mostofthemcontinuetheirtrainingintheMScinChemicalEngineering, (iv)theemployabilityafterobtainingtheMaster’sdegreeisveryhigh(>75%),whichinthecaseofPhDsis closeto100%.ThestudiesofChemicalEngineeringinSpainhaveaverydirectrelationshipwithsociety, especiallyinthechemical,environmental,biotechnologicalandenergyﬁelds.Thecompaniesthatcol- laborateinthetrainingoffutureprofessionalsaredistributedthroughoutthenationalterritory,which allowsastrongconnectionwiththesocioeconomicenvironment.

1. FrameworkofchemicalengineeringstudiesinSpain

Theimplementationof theEuropean HigherEducation Area (EHEA,2016)followingtheBolognaDeclarationmeantthetrans- formation ofthe ChemicalEngineering studiesin Spain.Atthe beginningof thisdecade, newdegreeswerelaunched, covering the differentlevels of qualiﬁcation: Bachelor,Master and PhD.

DOIoforiginalarticle:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2018.05.003.

夽 Thisarticleisareprintofapreviouslypublishedarticle.Forcitationpurposes, pleaseusetheoriginalpublicationdetails:EducationforChemicalEngineers24 (2018)27–31.

∗ Correspondingauthor.

E-mailaddress:[email protected](G.Feijoo).

TheBachelorinChemicalEngineering,likeallotherengineering degrees, hasa durationof 4years (240ECTS- EuropeanCredit TransferandAccumulationSystem;1ECTSimplies25h.ofworkfor thestudent).ThecurriculaofpracticallyallBachelorstudiesfollow theguidelinesnecessaryforobtainingtheprofessionaldegreein theﬁeldofengineering,inaccordancewiththeprofessionalduties containedintheOrderoftheMinistryofScienceandInnovation (OrdenCIN/351/2009).InrelationtotheMaster,thedurationof thestudiesdependsontheuniversityandrangesbetween60and 120ECTS,althoughthemostcommonvalueis1.5years(90ECTS).

TheMasterstudyprogrammesfollowtheguidelines(competen- ciesandrecommendations)publishedintheResolutionof8June 2009,issuedbytheGeneralSecretariatofUniversities,inwhich theAgreementoftheCouncilofUniversitiesonofﬁcialuniversity degreeslinkedtothepracticeoftheprofessionofChemicalEngi- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2019.01.003

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2 G.Feijoo,R.Iba˜nez,J.Herguido,etal./EducationforChemicalEngineersxxx(2019)xxx–xxx

Fig.1. ProﬁleofstudentswhostudyBScinChemicalEngineeringinFacultiesandSchoolsmembersofCODDIQ.Thedataincludes:(i)totalnumberofstudentsenrolledin thedegree;(ii)numberofstudentsenrolledintheﬁrstacademicyear;(iii)distributionbygenderand(iv)graduationrate.

neerisannounced(BOE,2009).Thedurationofdoctoralstudies inSpainisscheduledfor3years(full-time),fromtheadmission ofthedoctoralcandidatetotheprogram tothepresentationof thedoctoralthesis, butthecurrent valueinChemicalEngineer- ingisbetween3and4years.TheDoctoratestudiesendwiththe preparationanddefenceofadoctoralthesisthatincorporatesthe originalresultsoftheresearch.Thedoctoralstudiesareorganized throughprogramsinaccordancewiththecriteriaestablishedin RoyalDecree29/2011(BOE,2011).

TheConferenceofDirectorsandDeansofChemicalEngineering (CODDIQ,www.coddiq.es)wascreatedon12May2008withthe aimofmeetinganumberofobjectives,rangingfromthepromotion oftheconstantimprovementofthequalityandimageofChem- icalEngineeringstudiestotheformulation ofproposals related totheteachingofChemicalEngineeringatdifferenteducational levelsand, inparticular,ongeneralguidelinesfor curriculaand theirintegrationintotheEuropeanframeworkforHigherEduca- tion.Beyondteachingactivities,scientific activityinthevarious fieldsofChemicalEngineeringshouldbepromoted,inconnection withotherscientificandtechnicalareasandwithcompaniesand entities,withtheaimofpromotingresearchintheuniversityand non-universityfields.

At present, Faculties and Schools from 29 Spanish universities are members of CODDIQ, involving around 85% of all Spanish universities that teach Chemical Engineering, with a representative geographical distribution (Fig. 1). CODDIQ is an openassociation; its members must: (i) teach at the Bachelor and/orMasterlevelinChemicalEngineering;(ii)complywiththe statutesoftheassociation;(iii)payanannualfee.TheProfessional InstitutesofChemicalEngineeringinSpainalsobelongtoCOD- DIQ: COEQGa(Galicia, www.coeqga.es/web/index.php), COIQCV (ComunidadValenciana,http://www.coiqcv.com/)andCOPIQCLM (Castilla-LaMancha,https://copiqclm.com/).OneoftheCODDIQ ﬂagshipsistheholdingofabiannualConferenceonTeachingInno-

vationinChemicalEngineering(http://www.coddiq.es/cidiq/),of whichfoureditionshavealreadybeenheld:2012Granada,2014 Valencia,2016Alicanteand2018Santander.Themostrelevantdata fromthelasteditionwere:(i)145participantsfrom28Spanish,one PeruvianandoneBritishuniversities;(ii)53oralpresentations;(iii) 82posterpresentations.

2. Bachelorinchemicalengineering

Chemical engineers have technical knowledge of chemistry, biochemistry,engineering,materialsscienceandinformationtech- nology.However,theyalsoknowabouteconomics,management, safetyandenvironmentalprotection.Thetoolstheyhaveaccess in thelaboratoriesinclude sophisticated scientiﬁc experiments, thelatestdevelopmentsincomputingandlarge-scalepilotplants.

Beyond the achievement of the fundamentals and methods in ChemicalEngineering,theBacheloraimstoaccomplishthedevel- opmentoftransversalandnon-technical skills,includingethics, responsibilityandsafetyissues.Inthiscontext,graduatesareable todesign speciﬁedmachines,equipment andprocesses, under- stand and apply design methods, use literature research from varioussources,planandconductexperimentsontheirown,com- municate efﬁciently in oral and written form with colleagues, collaborativeworkinteamsincludinginternationalmembersand organizetheirworkandtimeschedules,amongothercapabilities.

Oneof thehighlightsin theBachelorprogramme istheDesign project,conceivedasanindividualorteamwork,inwhichstudents planaproductionplantfromscratch,includingplantlayout,envi- ronmentalandsafetyanalysis,aswellasthecalculationofcosts andtheeconomicviabilityoftheproject.Inafewcases,however, studentsundertakeaworkbasedonanoriginalresearchwithinthe frameworkofauniversitylaboratoryorresearchgroup.Theﬁnal examisaﬁnalpresentationatFacultywithanalysisanddiscussion withtheEvaluationCommittee.

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Fig.2.Maindataofthegraduateprogrammes:MasterandDoctorate.

Inthe2016-2017academicyear,1,762students began their studiesintheBachelorinChemicalEngineeringatthe29mem- beruniversitiesofCODDIQ(Fig.1).Spanishuniversitiesdefinea certainnumberofplacesineachdegree,andadmissionisdefined accordingonthebasis ofthebestscoresobtainedintheexams requiredfortheaccesstoUniversitystudies.InSpain,twoindi- catorsareusuallyconsideredtoassessthedemandforuniversity degrees:(i)entrygrade,whichrepresentstheminimumentrymark (thestudentinthelastplaceestablishesthecut-offscoreforadmis- sion),and(ii)averagegrade,calculatedforthestudentswhoenrol forthefirstacademicyear.ThedemandforChemicalEngineer- ingstudiesishigh(https://www.educacion.gob.es/notasdecorte/), witha minimumaccessscoreofover 6.8andanaveragegrade of8.8Thesevaluesplaceitamongtheengineeringdegreeswith thehighestdemand,togetherthoseofAerospaceandAeronautical Engineering,ElectronicEngineeringandMechanicalEngineering.

OneofthemostsigniﬁcantaspectsthatcharacterizestheChem- icalEngineeringstudiesinSpainisthegenderproﬁle,sinceparity ispracticallyachieved(46.5%ofwomen).Thesevaluesareclearly higher than the averagepercentages reported for thedifferent engineeringdegrees in Spain,withavalue between20-30%.At Europeanlevel,thepercentageofwomengraduatesinEngineer- ingmaintainsthesametrendasinSpain,withaveragevaluesof 27%(datapublishedbyEurostatinJuly2017:http://ec.europa.eu/

eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/).

IntheSpanishuniversitysystemtherearedifferentindicators formonitoringlearningoutcomes.Oneoftheindicatorsistheaver- agetime tograduate,which is deﬁned astheaveragetime (in years)neededtopassallthecreditsinthecurriculum.Thisvalue providesinformationonthedegreeofefﬁciencyofthestudents andtheinstitutioninrelationtotheacademicactivity.Therefore, theoptimalvalueofthisindicatorwouldcorrespondto4years, whichistheperiodforwhichthecurriculumhasbeendesigned.

TheaveragevalueofthisindicatorforChemicalEngineeringstud- iesinSpainoverthelastthreeyearsisaround4.5years.Thisvalue isinthelowerrangeforthedurationofengineeringdegrees,which normallyrangefrom4.5to5years.

Becoming a Registered Chemical Engineer is considered by manytobeabenchmarkofexcellencewithintheprofession,as theRegistered Engineermust meet speciﬁccriteria interms of academicqualiﬁcations,workexperienceandcommitmenttopro- fessionaldevelopment.TheBachelorandMasterdegreesofSpanish universitiesareevaluatedperiodically(inrelationtotheoverall performanceandassessmentoflearningoutcomes)bytheNational AgencyforQualityAssessmentandAccreditation(ANECA,Span- ishacronym:http://www.aneca.es/),ortheircounterpartsinthe different AutonomousCommunities(administrative bodies into whichtheSpanishstateisdivided).ANECAispartofTheEuropean QualityAssuranceRegisterfor HigherEducation(EQAR:https://

www.eqar.eu/).Inaddition,theexternalevaluationcoordinatedby TheEuropeanAssociationofQualityAssuranceinHigherEducation (ENQA:http://www.enqa.eu/)hasdeterminedthatANECAmeets theQualityAssuranceCriteriafortheEuropeanHigherEducation Area.

Withtheaimofinternationallyaccreditingchemicalengineer- ingstudiesinSpain,CODDIQpromotesandrecommendsamongits partnerstheimplementationofappropriateactionstoachievethis internationalization.Theinternationalaccreditationsheldbythe BScinChemicalEngineeringare:IChemE(Univ.ofOviedoandUniv.

ofSantiagodeCompostela;www.icheme.org),ABET(IQSSchoolof Engineering;www.abet.org/),EUR-ACE^®(Univ.ofAlicante,Univ.

JaumeIdeCastellón,Univ.PolitécnicadeMadrid,Univ.Politécnica deValencia,Univ.RoviraiVirgili;www.enaee.eu/).

3. MasterandDoctorateProgrammesinChemical Engineering

Connectingwiththeabove, itshouldbe notedthat interna- tionalaccreditationforMaster’sstudiesiscurrentlyunderway.So far,onlytwouniversitieshaveinternationalaccreditationforthe MScinChemicalEngineering:Univ.RoviraiVirgili(EUR-ACE^®)and Univ.ofSantiagodeCompostela(IChemE).Thenumberofstudents enrolledinthe2016-2017academicyearis1,014inMasterand556 inthedoctoralprogrammesoftheCODDIQUniversities(Fig.2).

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Fig.3. Distributionbycategory,ageandgenderofChemicalEngineeringfacultystaff.

Inthe2016-2017academicyear,atotal of176doctoralthe- sesweredefendedinCODDIQUniversities.Asimplebibliometric analysiscarriedoutwiththeScopusdatabase(www.scopus.com) wheretwotermswereintroducedinthesearchengine:“Chemical Engineering”and“Spain”reportedanindexhof190(calculatedon 14/02/2018),whichplacestheﬁeldofChemicalEngineeringwith oneofthehighesthindexesamongtheEngineeringdisciplinesin Spain.

ThegenderproﬁleofstudentsinbothMasterandDoctoralpro- gramsmaintainsthetrendforundergraduates,withparityatvalues of48.8%and48.2%forwomen,respectively.Theemployabilityof MasterandPhDgraduatesisveryhigh,withvaluesclosetofull employmentaftercompletingtheirstudies.

4. TeachingandResearchStaff

ThereareseveralcategoriesofteachingstaffinSpanishuniver- sities,threeofwhicharepermanent:Assistant,AssociateandFull Professor;thelasttwoarecivilservants.Thedistributionandage ofthedifferentcategoriesofChemicalEngineeringfaculty(Fig.3) isverysimilarinrelationtotheoveralldataforSpanishuniversity faculty(MECD,2015).Theaverageageforpermanentcontractsta- bilityisover40,makingitextremelydifﬁculttorecruitandrenew staff.Anotherimportantfacttobetakenintoaccountisthelackof mobilityofteachingstaffintheSpanishuniversitysystem,inwhich practicallythemajorityofprofessorsreachtheirprofessionalsta- bilityintheuniversitywheretheycompletedtheirdoctorate.The maindatafortheFacultystaffofChemicalEngineering(CODDIQ members)are:Professor(20.0%and55.5years),Associate(32.5%

and47.2years),Assistant(14.0%and41.7years).

OneoftheaspectsinwhichChemicalEngineeringstandsout positively in the Spanish scenario is in the distribution of the gender proﬁle,since the percentage of women is in the aver- ageor slightlyhighervalue[ChemEng/Global Spain]:Professors [23.4%/20.9%]; Associate Professors [43.3%/39.9%] and Assistant Professors[46.5%/44.3%](MSSSI,2018).Ifthesepercentagesare comparedwithotherengineering disciplines,thepercentage of womeninthevariouscategoriesissigniﬁcantlyhigherthanthe

average;forexample, 23.4%of ChemicalEngineeringProfessors arewomen,comparedwithonly8%inallengineeringdisciplines (MINECO,2015).

5. ChemicalEngineeringvs.Society

Mostundergraduateandmasterdegreeprogramsobligatorily includeinternshipsincompaniesduringthetrainingperiod.The standard durationof anindustrialinternship forundergraduate studiesis12weeks,whereasthevalueintheMasterisabout16 weeks.Inrelationtothetypeofcompanyinwhichthestudents carryouttheirinternships,twofundamentalgroupshavebeencon- sidered:(i)R&DCentres(i.e.universityresearchgroups)and(ii) Industry.Thelattergrouphasbeensubdividedintothefollowing industrialsectors:Biotechnology,Chemistry,EnergyandEnviron- ment.Theremainingoptionsfortheindustrialsectorhavebeen consideredundertheheading‘Others’.

Fig.4showsthedistributionofthecompanies(includingthe typeandtypeofactivity)inwhich undergraduateandgraduate studentscarriedoutinternshipsduringthe2016-2017academic year.Atotalof817students(515undergraduatesand302grad- uates)participatedintheinternships(Fig.5).Astheresultsshow, nosigniﬁcantdifferenceswereobservedbetweenbothgroupswith thesametrend.

Theprocedurefortheselectionofthecompanyinwhichthe internshipis carriedoutis mainlycarried outaccordingtotwo mechanisms: (1) the student seeks theinternship in the com- panybyhimself/herself,or(2)theSchoolsproposeauniﬁedoffer andinternshipsareassignedtostudentsaccordingtotheirprefer- encesandcurriculum.Inbothcases,thecompaniesinwhichthe internshipsarecarriedoutaremainlylocatedinthegeographi- calareaofinﬂuenceoftheuniversities,whichinthecaseofSpain correspondstotheadministrativedivisionintoAutonomousCom- munities(whosedividinglinesareindicatedonthemap).Itshould alsobenotedthat,inmostcases,internshipsincompaniesarenot remunerated.

The students mainly choose to carry out internships in the industrial sector (85.1%), witha proﬁle very similar to that of

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Fig.4.GeographicaldistributioninSpainofthecompaniesparticipatinginthe internshipprogrammesofBScandMScinChemicalEngineering.

Fig.5. Proﬁleofindustrialsectorsselectedbythestudents.

thesectorsofgreatestinteresttoChemicalEngineersworldwide (indecreasingorderofinterest):chemicalindustry(40.9%),environmental sector companies (10.0%, with special emphasis on companiesdedicatedtowastewatertreatment),energyindustry (9.3%) and biotechnologyindustry(8.9%). The heading“Others”

includesamiscellanyofsectors,e.g.nanotechnology,electronics andcomputing,businessandconsultancy.

MostofthedegreeshaveanExternalAdvisoryCommitteewith severalstakeholders,mainlythecompaniesthatcollaborateinthe internship programs,which turn tobethe majoremployers of thegraduates.Thesecommitteeshavesuggestedtheshort-term challenges tobeaddressedin thetraining of SpanishChemical EngineersfocusingonSustainability,CircularEconomy,Resilience,

Fig.6.Countrieswherestudentexchangestookplaceduringthe2016-17academic year.

CommunicationCapacityandInformationManagementinaBig Datasociety.

6. Internationalstudentmobility

OneoftheaspectsofspecialinterestintheBachelorandMaster studiesinChemicalEngineeringisthepromotionofinternational studentmobility.Inthe2016-2017academicyear,thenumberof incomingand outgoingstudents was241and234, respectively (Fig.6).Amongthedifferentinternationalmobilityprogrammes,

“ERAMUS”and“BilateralAgreement”presentthehighestnumbers ofmobilityindices.

TheErasmusProgramme(EuropeanRegionActionSchemefor the Mobility of University Students) is a European Union student exchange program created in 1987 (https://ec.europa.eu/

programmes/erasmus-plus/nodeen). Students join the Erasmus Programmetostudyordoaninternshipforaperiodofatleast3 monthstooneacademicyearinahostinstitutionofanotherEuro- peancountry.TheErasmusProgrammeguaranteesthattheperiod ofstayabroadisrecognisedbytheirhomeuniversityupontheir return,provided thatthepreviouslyagreedtermsaremet.This programmeistheonewiththehighestﬂowofstudents(Fig.6), with77.5%oftheexchanges.

The“BilateralAgreement”mobilityprogrammeaimstofacil- itate exchanges with universities outside the EuropeanHigher EducationArea.Forculturalreasons,exchangeswithLatinAmeri- canuniversitiesrepresentthemajorpercentage(16.8%ofthetotal), butthenumberofforeignuniversitiesparticipatingisverylarge.

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Althoughthistypeofagreementalsoguaranteestherecognitionof studiesintermsofECTScredits,thecostsincurredbystudentsin thisprogrammearehigherthanthoseoftheERASMUSprogramme, asthisprogrammeonlyguaranteesthatstudentsdonotpayfeesat thehostuniversityanddoesnotprovideanyﬁnancialsupportfor traveloraccommodation.

7. Futureperspectives

ThechallengesdeﬁnedbytheCODDIQforthecomingyearswill bedevelopedindifferentareasofaction:(i)internationalprojec- tionandaccreditationofchemical engineeringstudiesinSpain, (ii)collaborationwithProfessionalAssociationssothattheprofes- sionofChemicalEngineercanbequaliﬁedas“regulated”inSpain;

(iii)systematicmonitoringofqualityindicatorsrelatedtochemical engineeringattheSpanishlevel;(iv)creationofavideolibraryin SpanishwithaspectsrelatedtoteachingactivitiesinChemicalEngi- neering.Additionally,oneofthemostimportantstrategicactionsis theorganizationoftheCongressonTeachingInnovationinChemi- calEngineering,consideredareferencefortheexchangeofteaching experiencesindifferentﬁeldsofChemicalEngineering,actingasa networkingandtutorialforumfornewgenerationsofteachers.

Acknowledgements

TheauthorswouldliketothankallthemembersoftheCODDIQ SteeringCommitteesince2008,withspecialmentiontotheformer

PresidentsofCODDIQ:Prof.JuanM.Lema(UniversidadeSantiago deCompostela),Prof.JoséA.Calles(UniversidadReyJuanCarlosI) andProf.JosepBonet(UniversitatRoviraiVirgili).

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