Sección Especial / Special Section: V Workshop on Lidar Measurements in Latin America
Retrieval
of
the
lidar
overlap
function
using
Raman
signals
Obtención
de
la
función
de
solapamiento
lidar
a
partir
de
señales
Raman
F. Navas‐Guzmán
(*), J. L. Guerrero‐Rascado, L. Alados‐Arboledas
Atmospheric Physics Group, Andalusian Center for Environmental Research (CEAMA), and Science Faculty, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
(*) Email: [email protected] S: miembro de SEDOPTICA / SEDOPTICA member
Recibido / Received: 16/11/2010. Versión revisada / revised versión: 24/02/2011. Aceptado / Accepted: 25/02/2011
REFERENCES AND LINKS
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equation for an inhomogeneous atmosphere”, Appl. Opt. 36, 6009–6010 (1997).
ABSTRACT:
The incomplete overlap between the laser beam and the receiver field of view affects significantly lidar observations of particle optical properties in the near‐field range. A proper study of the important exchange processes of anthropogenic pollution between the sources and the lower‐most layers of the troposphere is not possible without the correction of the range‐dependent overlap characteristics. In this paper we analyze the overlap effect using a simple technique for determination of the overlap function proposed by Wandinger and Ansmann.
Key words: Overlap Function, Iterative Technique, Raman Lidar, Atmospheric Aerosol.
RESUMEN:
El solapamiento incompleto entre el haz láser y el campo de visión del telescopio receptor afecta significativamente a las observaciones lidar de propiedades ópticas de partículas en el rango cercano. El estudio apropiado de los procesos de intercambio de contaminación antropogénica entre las fuentes y las capas más bajas de la troposfera requiere la apropiada corrección mediante una función de solapamiento dependiente de la altura. En este trabajo se analiza el efecto de solapamiento usando una técnica simple para la determinación de la función de solapamiento propuesta por Wandinger and Ansmann.
[9] J. L. Guerrero‐Rascado, M. J. Costa, D. Bortoli, A. M. Silva, H. Lyamani, L. Alados‐Arboledas, “Infrared lidar overlap function: an experimental determination”, Opt. Express 18, 20350‐20359 (2010). [10] J. L. Guerrero‐Rascado, B. Ruiz, L. Alados‐Arboledas, “Multi‐spectral lidar characterization of the
vertical structure of Saharan dust aerosol over southern Spain”, Atmos. Environ. 42, 2668–2681 (2008).
[11] J. L. Guerrero‐Rascado, F. J. Olmo, I. Avilés‐Rodríguez, F. Navas‐Guzmán, D. Pérez‐Ramírez, H. Lyamani, L. Alados‐Arboledas, “Extreme Saharan dust event over the Southern Iberian Peninsula in September 2007: Active and passive remote sensing from surface and satellite”, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 9, 8453–8469 (2009).
[12] J. Bösenberg, A. Ansmann, J. M. Baldasano, D. Balis, C. Böckmann, B. Calpini, A. Chaikovsky, P. Flamant, A. Hagard, V. Mitev, A. Papayannis, J. Pelon, D. Resendes, J. Schneider, N. Spinelli, T. Trickl, G. Vaughan, G. Visconti, M. Wiegner, “EARLINET: a European aerosol research lidar network, laser remote sensing of the atmosphere”, pp. 155–158 in Selected Papers of the 20th International Laser Radar Conference,
A. Dabas, C. Loth, J. Pelon, Edts., Edition Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France (2001).
[13] F. G. Fernald, B. M. Herman, J. A. Reagan, “Determination of aerosol height distribution by lidar”, J.
Appl. Meteorol. 11, 482‐489 (1972).
[14] J. D. Klett, “Stable analytical inversion solution for processing lidar returns”, Appl. Opt. 20, 211–220 (1981).
[15] J. D. Klett “Lidar inversion with variable backscatter/extinction ratios”, Appl. Opt. 24, 1638–1643 (1985).
[16] F. G. Fernald, “Analysis of atmospheric lidar observations: some comments”, Appl. Opt. 23, 652–653 (1984).
[17] Y. Sasano, H. Nakane, “Significance of the extinction/backscatter ratio and the boundary value term in the solution for the two‐component lidar equation”, Appl. Opt. 23, 11‐13 (1984).
[18] Y. Sasano, E. V. Browell, S. Ismail, “Error caused by using a constant extinction/backscattering ratio in lidar solution”, Appl. Opt. 24, 3929‐3932 (1985).
[19] A. Ansmann, U. Wandinger, M. Riebesell, C. Weitkamp, W. Michaelis, “Independent measurement of extinction and backscatter profiles in cirrus clouds by using a combined Raman elastic‐backscatter lidar”, Appl. Opt. 31, 7113–7131 (1992).
[20] D. Pérez‐Ramírez, J. Aceituno, B. Ruiz, F. J. Olmo, L. Alados‐Arboledas, “Development and calibration of a star photometer to measure the aerosol optical depth: Smoke observations at a high mountain site”, Atmos. Environ. 42, 2733–2738 (2008).
[21] D. Pérez‐Ramírez, B. Ruiz, J. Aceituno, F. J. Olmo, L. Alados‐Arboledas, “Application of Sun/star photometry to derive the aerosol optical depth”, I. J. Remote Sens. 29, 5113–5132 (2008).
1.
Introduction
Because of the increasing interest in the investigation of air pollution, the application of lidar systems for measuring the aerosol backscattering at short distances has received greater attention during the past few years. The incomplete overlap between the laser beam and the receiver field of view affects significantly lidar observations of particle optical properties in the near‐field range. This overlap is shown schematically in Fig. 1. The effect can considerably influence the vertical profiling up to several kilometres in the case of systems with a receiver characterized by a narrow field of view below 0.5 mrad. A proper study of the exchange processes of anthropogenic pollution
between the sources and the lower‐most layers of the troposphere is not possible without the correction of the range‐dependent overlap effects.
Several methods have been suggested to determine the profile of the overlap factor analytically [2–4], by the application of a ray‐ tracing model [5], and also experimentally [6‐8]. These techniques present important limitations because they require the knowledge of some technical parameters (not usually available), and the existence of homogeneous aerosol conditions, a situation seldom fulfilled in the lower layers.
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the incomplete overlapp between the laser beam and the field of view of the receiving telescope.
In this work we analyze the overlap effect using a simple technique for determination of the overlap function proposed by Wandinger and Ansmann [1], that is based on the combination of measurements using elastic and Raman backscattered signals under clear atmospheric conditions. Recently, a modification of the technique presented here has been used to retrieve the lidar overlap factor for the infrared channel by a combination of elastic profiles retrieved by lidar and ceilometer [9].
The paper stars with a description of the instrument used, followed by the presentation of the methodology applied. After the analyses of several cases where the technique has been tested we present the concluding remarks.
2.
Instrumentation
The Raman lidar model LR331D400 is described in detail by [10,11]. A Nd:YAG laser generates laser pulses at 355, 532 and 1064 nm with a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The laser beam is vertically transmitted into the atmosphere. The backscattered radiation is collected by a Cassegrain telescope with a primary mirror of 400mm‐diameter and transmitted to the signal detection unit. The backscattered signals are detected at the three emitted wavelengths, and also at 387 and 607 nm resulting from Raman
scattering process from atmospheric nitrogen molecules (355 and 532 nm primary wavelengths, respectively), and at 408 nm resulting from Raman scattering process from water vapour (355 nm primary wavelength). The system detects the component of light cross‐ and parallel‐polarized to the plane of polarization of the outgoing laser beam at 532 nm.
Since November 2004, this Raman lidar system is operated at the Granada station (37.16oN, 3.60oW, 680 m a.s.l.), and in April 2005, the instrument was incorporated to the EARLINET network [12].
3.
Methods
The lidar equations for the aerosol (elastic backscatter) and the Raman signals can be written as follows::
( ) ( ) 2
0, ( ) 0, ( )
02( ) 00
0 z C O z z z z T z
P P M , (1)
( ) ( ) ( ) 0( ) ( ),
2 zT zT z
z z O C z
PR R R R R
, (2)
where P is the received power; 0 and R
represent the laser wavelength λ0 and the Raman wavelength λR, respectively; C0 and CR are the system constants for the elastic and Raman channels, respectively; and O(z) denotes the overlap factor. This factor O(z) is zero close to the lidar system (no overlap), and typically reaches 1 (complete overlap) for large distances. In addition, O0(z) = OR(z) is assumed in this approach [1].
In Eq. (1), β0,P and β0,M represent the elastic
backscatter coefficients of particles and molecules, respectively, at λ0, and βR in Eq.(2) is
the nitrogen Raman backscatter coefficient at λR. T0 describes the atmospheric transmission at λ0
between the lidar and the backscatter region, and TR is the atmospheric transmission at λR
along the way back to the lidar after the Raman scattering process.
The iterative approach makes use of the fact that the deviation between the Klett solution [13‐18] for the backscatter coefficient, βKlett(z),
incomplete overlap [16]. Here, the lidar ratio profile is needed as input for the Klett
procedure.
This iterative approach is based on the fact that the aerosol backscatter signal, after corrections of range and overlap dependency, is proportional to the total backscatter coefficient (see Eq. (1)):
( ) ( ) ( ) 0, ( )
2 1
0 zO z z z z
P Raman M
, (3)
with β0,P(z)=βRaman(z). In this way we assume
that the Raman retrieval provides reliable backscatter coefficients in the near‐range, due to the use of the ratio of two backscatter signals with similar overlap effects. On contrary, the elastic signal (only corrected for the range dependence) is mainly a function of the combined effect of total backscatter and the range‐dependent overlap. This dependency is expressed by means of the Klett solution,
( ) 2 ( ) 0, ( )
0 z z z z
P Klett M . (4)
Combining equations (3) and (4) we can write
z O z z O z P z z P z z O z P z z z z M Raman Klett Raman 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 2 1 0 2 0 2 1 0 , 0 (5)That is the basis of the iterative procedure for reducing the overlap effect on the elastic signal. The first step (i=1) in this iterative procedure requires the application of the Klett method to the uncorrected elastic backscattered signal. This first solution βKlett,i=1(z) is used to solve the expression: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , 0 , z z z z z O M Raman i Klett Raman
i
. (6)
The elastic backscattered signals are corrected with ∆O1(z) as follows:
P0,i1(z)P0,i(z)
1Oi(z)
.. (7)By reapplying the Klett method (step i=2) to the improved signal profile P0,2(z), we obtain an improved backscatter coefficient profile
βKlett,2(z). After inserting βKlett,2(z) into Eq. (6) we
obtain a new ∆O2(z), that can be used in Eq. (7)
to further correct the signal profile for the overlap effect. The procedure is repeated and in each new step the differences between βKlett(z)
and βRaman(z) decrease. Our simulations indicate
that approximately 10–12 iterations are sufficient to remove the overlap effect completely. From the comparison of the measured signal profile with the corrected signal profile, we derivate the final overlap profile.
The uncertainties in the overlap function retrieval have been calculated by Monte Carlo techniques [9]. This procedure is based on the random extraction of new lidar signals, each bin of which is considered a sample element of a given probability distribution with the experimentally observed mean value and standard deviation. These new lidar signals are then processed with the same algorithm to produce a set of solutions from which the standard deviation is calculated as a function of height and is identified as the error of this retrieval.
4.
Results
This iterative approach has been applied successfully to measurements performed at Granada station. Fig. 2 shows the result obtained on 1st November 2007 with the Raman lidar system. Clean conditions were monitored during night time with a star‐photometer [20,21]. This instrument detected a low aerosol optical depth (0.06 at 380 nm) during the analyzed period. A lidar ratio of 40 sr is assumed for the Klett solution.
A good agreement is achieved between the Raman solution (red line) and iterative approach solution (blue line) for the backscatter coefficient at 532 nm (Fig. 2a). The Klett solution (green line) and the solutions for the different iterations (dash line) are also shown. Twelve iterations are needed in this case. Fig. 2a shows the importance of the overlap correction. As it can be seen, the measurements are unreasonable for heights below approximately 1500 m (a.s.l.), when the overlap factor is ignored.
shows values below one (incomplete overlap) up to 1750 meters (a.s.l.), being the full overlap reached above this altitude.
In order to correct the overlap effects of our system, the overlap function was calculated for several cases. Theses profiles are shown in Fig. 3a. A stable solution obtained from the mean solution is found for the period from September to December 2007, and it can be systematically applied to our data. Fig. 3b shows the relative deviation respect to the mean solution for each case. It can be seen that the relative deviation above 1500 m (a.s.l.) is below 5%. The largest deviations are found in the lowest layers but, however, they are below 25%.
1 2 3 4
0.0 5.0x10-6
1.0x10-5
1.5x10-5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
a)
Overlap function 01/11/2007 a)
01:25-03:30 GMT Raman Backscatter corrected Backscatter Klett Backscatter (i=1)
Backscatter Coefficient (m-1sr-1)
A
lt
itu
de
a.s
.l.
(k
m)
b)
Fig. 2. a) Backscatter coefficient profile: Klett solution (green line), Raman solution (red line) and iterative solution (blue line). b) Overlap function determined by applying the iterative method.
Fig. 3. a) Overlap functions calculated for 4 days. The mean overlap factor was also obtained (red line). b) Relative deviation for the 4 days respect to mean overlap function.
5.
Conclusions
A proper knowledge of the geometrical form factor is important to correct the incomplete overlap that exists for short distances between the laser beam and the receiver field of view in a lidar system. A simple technique based on an iterative approach is presented in this work. A stable overlap function has been obtained from overlap functions retrieved for cases that showed clean conditions. The complete overlap was found above 1900 m (a.s.l.). This correction has been extensively tested and successfully applied to experimental data obtained in our station. The application has enabled to improve the capabilities of the Raman lidar system operated routinely in the Granada station, allowing for investigating the aerosol optical properties in the lower most planetary boundary layer.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology through projects CGL‐2006‐27108‐E/CLI (DAMOCLES Aerosol Scientific Thematic Network), CGL2008‐ 01330‐E/CLI, CGL2009‐08031‐E/CLI, CGL2010‐ 09225‐E (Spanish Lidar Network), CGL2010‐ 18782 and CSD2007‐00067; by the Andalusian Regional Government through projects P10‐ RNM‐6299 and P08‐RNM‐3568; and by EU
through EARLINET‐ASOS project (EU
Coordination Action, contract nº 025991 (RICA)).