Inglés
B1
R
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INDICE B1
Grammar
Simple past
Comparatives and superlatives
Enough
Connectors
Vocabulary
The description
Give my opinion
Grammar
Can / Could / Be able to
Present perfect
Past simple Vs. Present perfect
How to express quantity
Vocabulary
Food
Express what you like or don’t like
Grammar
Imperative
Reported Speech: Questions
Vocabulary
How to express my opinion
Ways of cooking
Grammar
Question tags
Modal verbs
Yet-already
To get + adjective
Prepositions of easy confusion
Vocabulary
Talking on the phone
Grammar
Past simple vs. past continuous
Present perfect vs. present continuous
Used to
Ever and never
Vocabulary
To travel
Boats
Activity
Make it count
Grammar
Questions: Basic rules
Vocabulary
Bedroom furnishings
Houses. Flats and rooms.
Activities
Dream house
The bedroom
Grammar
Which vs. What
Open vs. Opened
Vocabulary
Wimbledon vocabulary
Bullfighting
Activity
Tennis
Grammar
Expressions with the verbs 'to come'
Things you might not know about the verb 'to be'
Vocabulary
Interesting facts
Forensics
Activity
Criminal Minds
Grammar
Reflexive and Ergative verbs
Delexical verbs: have, take, make, give, go and do
Vocabulary
Taboo words / Swearwords
Activity
Unit 1
B1 – UNIT 1
1. PASADO SIMPLE
◙ El pasado simple se usa en los siguientes casos:
· Para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado.
I saw him yesterday. (Le vi ayer.) · Para narrar o describir hechos en el pasado.
They lived in the country; their house was very old. (Vivían en el campo; su casa era muy vieja.) Oraciones Afirmativas:
· Para formar la oración afirmativa en pasado, debemos tener en cuenta el verbo, que puede ser Regular o Irregular:
Verbos Regulares: se forman añadiendo la terminación –ed al verbo. Si el verbo termina en –e añadimos solo la –d.
I want > I wanted (Yo quiero > Yo quería).
She wants > She wanted (Ella quiere > Ella quería). I love Paul > I loved Paul (Quiero a Paul > Quería a Paul). Pero existen otros casos:
Los verbos monosilábicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida por una sola vocal duplican la consonante final delante de -ed.
rob – robbed stop – stopped sin – sinned hug – hugged
Los verbos de dos o más sílabas que acaban en una sola consonante precedida por una sola vocal, duplican la consonante final si el acento recae en la última sílaba.
admit – admitted prefer - preferred
Los verbos acabados en consonante + y cambian la y por i y añaden -ed, pero no los acabados en vocal.
occupy – occupied carry – carried study – studied play – played enjoy - enjoyed
Muchos verbos acabados en –l o –p duplican la consonante final delante de –ed aunque no cumplan la regla del acento.
travel – travelled worship - worshipped
Verbos Irregulares: a continuación mostramos la tabla.
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish
be was / were been ser
become became become convertirse
begin began begun comenzar
bring brought brought traer
buy bought bought comprar
come came come venir
do did done hacer
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
feel felt felt sentir
find found found encontrar
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
get got got tener, obtener
give gave given dar
go went gone ir
have had had tener
keep kept kept guardar
know knew known saber
make made made hacer
meet met met conocer, encontrar
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner
read read read leer
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
sleep slept slept dormir
speak spoke spoken hablar
spend spent spent gastar
take took taken tomar
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
· El verbo to be tiene dos formas: was y were
I was Yo era / estaba You were Tú eras / estabas
He was Él era / estaba She was Ella era / estaba
It was Eso era / estaba
We were
Nosotros éramos/ estábamos You were Vosotros erais / estabais They were Ellos eran / estaban
Oraciones Negativas:
· Para negar, no importa si el verbo es regular o irregular. Usamos la forma pasada de do not (did not/ didn’t) seguido del verbo en infinitivo.
I did not read / I didn’t read Yo no leí/ leía You did not read / You didn’t read Tú no leíste/ leías
He did not read / He didn’t read Él no leyó/ leía She did not read / She didn’t read Ella no leyó/ leía
It did not read / It didn’t read Eso no leyó/ leía
We did not read / We didn’t read
Nosotros no leímos/ leíamos
You did not read / You didn’t read
Vosotros no leísteis/ leíais
· Para negar el verbo to be, no necesitamos did not/ didn’t. Negamos directamente con el to be (was not/ wasn’t – were not/ weren’t).
I was not I wasn’t Yo no era / estaba You were not You weren’t Tú no eras / estabas
He was not He wasn’t Él no era / estaba She was not She wasn’t Ella no era / estaba
It was not It wasn’t Eso no era / estaba
We were not We weren’t
Nosotros no éramos/ estábamos
You were not You weren’t Vosotros no erais / estabais They were not They weren’t Ellos no eran / estaban
Oraciones Interrogativas:
· Usamos también el auxiliar did o did not (didn’t), seguida del sujeto y el verbo en infinitivo para formular preguntas.
Did I read? ¿Leí/ Leía? Did you read? ¿Leiste/ Leías?
Did he read? ¿(Él) leyó/ leía? Did she read? ¿(Ella) leyó/ leía?
Did it read? ¿(Eso) leyó/ leía? Did we read? ¿Leimos/ leíamos? Did you read? ¿Leísteis/ leíais? Did they read? ¿Leyeron/ leían?
Exercise. Complete these sentences with the verbs between brackets:
a. My cousin buyed/bought (buy) a really bad book yesterday. b. Did/does she sleep/slept (sleep) at home tonight?
c. I want/wanted (want) to eat something. I _was/were_ (be) hungry, so I cook/cooked (cook) pasta.
d. You are not my friend anymore. You didn´t tell/ not told (tell) me the truth.
Exercise. Write yes or no if the question is correct or no for these answers:
1. Did you saw them? No, I didn’t see them.>
2. When did you go th the disco? Last Thursday night. >
3. were did she be? >
She was at the train station.
4. Where did you find it?
We found it lost in the forest.>
5. Why did she leave the room?
2. Formas Interrogativas del pasado simple
ENGLISH CASTELLANO
Did + subject + (infinitive of the verb)
Did + sujeto + (forma infinitiva del verbo) (en castellano es distinto...)
DID I play tennis
yesterday ? ¿Jugaste al tenis ayer?
DID you study
French yesterday
morning ? ¿Estudiaste francés
ayer a la mañana?
DID he paint the
house yesterday
afternoon? ¿Pintó la casa
ayer a la tarde?
DID she work
last night ? ¿Trabajó anoche?
DID It rain
last week? ¿Llovió la semana pasada? DID we start school
in 1999? ¿Comenzamos la escuela en 1999?
DID they visit us
two days ago?
¿Nos visitaron
hace dos días?
Exercise: now try to order the following
questions
At/ start / work/ time /what / did / you /yesterday?'I started at two.'
At/ time /bed/ did/ to / last/ go / night/ what / he? 'He went at midnight.'
enjoy /show/ did/ they/ the? 'No, they didn't. They did not like it.'
when /your cousin /arrive/ did? 'He arrived at three I believe.'
do /did/ you/ what/ night/ last? 'I watched the news on television.' who /you/ did/ stay/ yesterday/ with? 'I stayed with Sara.' happened / last/ what/ month? 'The president resigned. did /to/ school/ how/ come/ you/ yesterday? 'I came on foot as usual. play /did/ you/ Tim/ with/ chess? 'Yes, he did. Tom is very good at it.
3. Pronunciación de la Terminación -ED de los Verbos en Tiempo Pasado
Básicamente, existen en inglés tres formas de pronunciar la terminación -ed de los verbos cuando se enuncian en tiempo pasado. Vamos a ver cada uno:
Sonido [d]
Cuando el verbo termina en sonido vibrado (es decir, cuando al pronunciar la última letra sientes que el sonido vibra en tu garganta), entonces, para pronunciar el pasado en -ed, se utiliza el sonido vibrado [d]
listen listened [lísend] study studied [stádid] enter entered [énterd] receive received [risívd] memorize memorized [mémoraizd]
jam jammed [yámd] rob robbed [róbd] clog clogged [clogd]
Sonido [t]
Cuando el verbo termina en sonido sordo (es decir, cuando al pronunciar la última letra el sonido no vibra, solo truena en la garganta o en los labios y dientes), entonces, para pronunciar el pasado en -ed, se utiliza el sonido sordo [t]
walk walked [uókt] talk talked [tókt] stop stopped [stopt] jump jumped [yompt] laugh laughed [laft] practice practiced [práctist]
match matched [matcht] watch watched [uátcht]
wash washed [uásht] close closed [clost]
Sonido [êd]
Cuando el verbo termina en sonido [t] o en sonido [d] (observa que en los grupos anteriores ninguno de los verbos termina en esos sonidos), entonces, para pronunciar el pasado en -ed, se utiliza el sonido [êd] , cuya vocal suena muy cerrada y breve.
repeat repeated [ripírêd] invent invented [invéntêd]
wait waited [uéirêd] want wanted [uántêd] decide decided [disáidêd]
add added [ádêd] include included [inclúdêd]
need needed [nídêd]
¿No consigues coger la pronunciación de los verbos regulares en pasado? En este artículo te daré algunas pistas que te ayudarán a conseguirlo.
¿Cuáles son las reglas?
Todos los libros de gramática inglesa hablan de tres formas de pronunciar los verbos que acaban en -ed .
Estos tres sonidos son /d/, /t/ y /id/.
Para saber cuándo poner cada uno de estos sonidos hay que conocer el sonido que antecede a -ed. La explicación sigue: “si acaba en /b, v, g, g, dz, etc (alfabeto fonético)
entonces el sonido es /d/; si acaba en /p, k, tf, etc. el sonido es /t/ y si acaba en /t/ el sonido es /id/ .”
La regla más importante (que nadie te ha dicho nunca)
Hay una regla que nunca dice nadie y que es muy importante para los
hispanohablantes . Esta regla sí la debemos recordar (además es fácil recordarla).
LA REGLA MÁS IMPORTANTE:
No hay que pronunciar la “e” delante de la “d”. Ya sé que en español suena “e” pero en inglés hay que borrarla; es como si no existiese, no se pronuncia nunca, en ningún verbo regular en pasado (o participio). O sea que jamás deberemos decir “loved” “played” , walked, talked, “worked” [guorked], tal y como se leen en español. Nota: Esto es lo que hace la mayoría de los estudiantes a los cuales doy clases; ponerse pronunciar la “e” de los pasados porque es así como se lee.
Algunas pistas más:
El inglés es un idioma en el cual predominan los sonidos de las consonantes puras (sin una vocal al lado), es decir, decimos “t” o “d” (no “te”, “de”, “ta”, “da”, etc.). Insisto un poco más para que se quede la idea. Si en español vemos la letra “t”
automáticamente pronunciaremos “te”, es decir, acompañaremos a la consonante “t” de la vocal “e” porque el español es un idioma en el que predomina el sonido de las vocales . En inglés, en cambio, si vemos la letra “t” podemos decir “ti” (alfabeto) o simplemente “t” sin vocal. Repito: tttt (sin vocal).
Tras esta explicación, doy tres pistas más para aprender a pronunciar correctamente los verbos acabados en -ed.
1. En principio escogemos entre pronunciar el sonido /t/ sin vocal ó el sonido /d/ sin vocal. Nota: Respecto a “id” (el tercer sonido al que se refieren las explicaciones) decir que la “i” es tan corta que casi la podemos asimilar a la “d,” así nos quedamos sólo con “d" sobre todo cuando empezamos a aprender los sonidos. Más tarde, con más practica, podemos intentar distinguir el sonido /id/.
2. La única manera de saber cuándo el verbo regular acaba en un sonido /t/ ó en /d/ (ó /id/)es escuchar mucho inglés. Dejo unos enlaces para ir haciendo oído.
1.Write the verbs in past tense 1. clean 2. cook 3. dive 4. do 5. drive 6. eat 7. go 8. hit 9. live 10. pay 11. play 12. read
13. run 14. sit 15. speak 16. study 17. swim 18. think 19. type
2. Write what the people did yesterday
You cook dinner every day.
1. I clean my room after breakfast. 2. He dives in the sea.
3. We live in Salacgriva. 4. You cook very tasty meals 5. He eats salad for dinner. 6. It swims in the lake.
7. We speak three languages. 8. He sits at the window at his work. 9. She sits at the table.
10. We run in the park in the morning. 11. You hit the empty can in the street. 12. They run to work every morning. 13. He plays the guitar very well. 14. She drives a nice new car. 15. They swim in the river in summer. 16. You think about your future. 17. He lives in Latvia.
18. She reads different magazines. 19. We cook meals in the evening. 20. I have some bread on the table. 21. I have a pocket in my new jacket.
22. You have a candle on the table at the window. 23. They have a lot of candles in their room. 24. She has a little brother.
25. I have some friends in different countries 26. I work every day.
27. I have a black car. 28. I like black coffee.
3. Now write the correct past forms of the verbs:
1. Yesterday I ... (REMAIN) in the house. I ... (COOK) dinner and ... (DO) some housework.
2. I ... (REST), ... (READ) books, ... (WATCH) television and ... (GO) to sleep.
3. I ... (BE) at school most of the day. I ... (STUDY). I ... (GO) to the gym and ... (WORK) out, ... (WORK) in my computer, ... (WATCH) a little TV. 4. I ... (GO) to work in the morning and I ... (GO) to school in the afternoon. 5. I ... (teach) yesterday. I teach at school two days a week.
6. This morning I ... (GET) up at eight and ... (WATCH) news. 7. We ... (walk) around the city.
8. Yesterday I ... (ATTEND) a speech at Columbia University. 9. I ... (GO) to my shrink.
10. I ... (BE) pretty good at school.
5 Now find the infinitive forms of the previous verbs in the wordsearch: ( 12 verbs )
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
Comparative adjectives – Adjetivos comparativos
◙ Utilizamos la forma comparativa de los adjetivos para describir y comparar diferentes objetos o personas, necesariamente con dos elementos a comparar como mínimo.
◙ Tipos de comparaciones: (a) Inferioridad, (b) Igualdad y (c) Superioridad.
◙ Algunos adjetivos tienen una forma de comparación de superioridad irregular (ver tabla).
◙ ¿Cómo se hace la forma comparativa de un adjetivo? (a) Inferioridad: less … than… (menos… que…)
Rosi de Palma is less attractive than Elsa Pataki.
(Rosi de Palma es menos atractiva que Elsa Pataki) (b) Igualdad: as… as… (tan… como…)
Rafael Nadal is as good as Roger Federer.
(Rafael Nadal es tan bueno como Roger Federer)
(c) Superioridad: se forma dependiendo de las sílabas de un adjetivo. Para hacer una oración siempre es necesario poner than (que) detrás del adjetivo.
Adjetivos de 1 sílaba:
◙ Añadimos –er al adjetivo:
cheap – cheaper , high – higher , rich – richer .
(barato – más barato , alto – más alto , rico – más rico).
◙ Cuando estos adjetivos acaban en vocal + consonante, se dobla la última consonante:
hot – hotter , fat – fatter .
(caliente – más caliente , gordo – más gordo).
Adjetivos de 2 sílabas acabados en –y:
◙ Cambiamos la –y por –i y después se le añade –er.
happy – happier , funny – funnier .
(feliz – más feliz , divertido – más divertido) .
narrow – narrower gentle – gentler
Adjetivos de 2 o más sílabas:
◙ Ponemos more delante del adjetivo:
expensive – more expensive , interesting – more interesting.
( caro – más caro , interesante – más interesante ).
Superlative adjectives – Adjetivos superlativos
◙ Utilizamos la forma superlativa de los adjetivos para destacar la cualidad de un objeto o persona sobre el resto; ya no son necesarios mencionar dos elementos como mínimo como en la comparación, sino que hablamos de un solo elemento.
◙ La forma superlativa de un adjetivo se forma dependiendo de las sílabas que tenga. Siempre es necesario poner el artículo definido the delante del adjetivo, ya que hablamos de algo/alguien en concreto.
Adjetivos de 1 sílaba:
◙ Añadimos –est al adjetivo:
cheap – the cheapest , high – the highest , rich – the richest.
(barato – el más barato , alto – el más alto , rico – el más rico)
◙ Si acaba en –y, cambiamos la –y por –i y después se le añade –est.
happy – the happiest , funny – the funniest .
(feliz – el más feliz , divertido – el más divertido) .
Adjetivos de 2 o más sílabas:
◙ Ponemos most delante del adjetivo:
expensive – the most expensive, interesting – the most interesting.
◙ Estos son los adjetivos que tienen una forma comparativa y superlativa irregular:
Exercise5. choose the comparative form of superiority of these adjectives: Ej. small - smaller
1. good: gooder/better 2. intelligent:
intelligenter/more intelligent
3. old: older/old 4. bad: worse/ bader 5. large: larger/large
adjetivo comparación superlativo
good better the best
bad worse the worst
far further-farther the furthest / farthest
old older / eldest the oldest / eldest
many/much more the most
Ejercicio6. Correct or no?
Ej. My flat isn’t very big. - I want a bigger flat.
1. My motorbike isn’t very fast. I’d like a faster 2. My husband isn’t very rich. I need a rich
3. His camera isn’t very good. He needs one better 4. It isn’t very hot today. It was hotter yesterday.
5. I’m not very interested in football. I’m more interested in tennis.
Ejercicio7. Complete these sentences with a superlative form:
Ej. He’s a very good footballer. He’s the best footballer in Europe at the moment.
1. She’s a pretty girl. She’s THE PRETTIEST/PRETTIEST girl in my class.
2. There are many exciting cities in North America, but I think New York is THE MOST EXCITING/EXCITEST.
3. August is a hot month in Spain. It’s usually THE HOT/ THE HOTTEST month of the year.
4. I was so happy when I got married. My wedding day was THE BEST/BETTER day of my life.
5. It’s such an expensive restaurant. I think it’s THE MOST EXPENSIVE/MORE restaurant in Madrid.
6. It’s a very interesting book. It’s one of THE MORE INTERESTING/THE MOST INTERESTING books I’ve ever read.
Comparing people...
:
Compare the following people:
Bob Homer Alice 28 years old 39 years old 9 years old 55 kilos 80 kilos 33 kilos 1.50 mt 1.55 mt 1.20 mt
Bob is (YOUNG) than Homer.
Homer is (OLD) than Alice.
Alice is (SLIM) than Bob.
Bob is (SHORT) than Homer.
Homer is (FAT) than Bob.
Alice is (SHORT) than Homer.
Homer is (UGLY) than Alice.
Homer is (SLOW) than Bob.
Bob is (TIDY) than Homer.
Alice is (BEAUTIFUL) than Bob.
Alice has got (LONG) hair than Bob.
Homer can play the guitar (GOOD) than Alice.
Alice can run (FAST) than Homer.
Homer is a (INTERESTING) person than Bob.
Now, compare the following people:
Harry Garfield Sponge Bob 32 years old 10 years old 6 years old 75 kilos 60 kilos 3 kilos 1.90 mt 0.57 mt 0.20 mt ex: Harry is older than Garfield. (OLD-YOUNG)
Write ONE word per gap
Garfield Sponge Bob. (YOUNG-OLD)
Sponge Bob Harry. (FAT-SLIM)
Harry Sponge Bob. (SHORT-TALL)
Garfield Harry. (SHORT-TALL)
Garfield Harry. (FUNNY-BORING)
Sponge Bob's eyes Harry's. (SMALL-BIG)
Harry Garfield. (STRONG-WEAK)
Garfield Harry. (BEAUTIFUL-HORRIBLE)
Much, far, etc with comparatives
We cannot use ¨very¨ with comparatives. Instead, we use, for example, much, far, very much, a lot (informal), lots (informal), and no, rather, a little, a bit (informal) and even.
Examples:
My boyfriend is much / far older than me. (NOT …..very older than me) Russian is much / far more difficult than Spanish.
Very much nicer
A bit more sensible (informal) A lot happier
Is your mother any better? (¿Se encue tra tu madre un poco mejor?)
Rather more quickly
She looks no older tan her daughter A little less expensive
Your cooking is even worse than Henry´s.
¨Quite¨ cannot be used with comparatives except in the expression ¨quite better¨ meaning ¨recovered from an illness. Any, no, a bit and a lot are not normally used to modify comparatives before nouns.
There are much/far nicer shops in the centre. (BUT NOT ……a bit nicer shops)
1. Many more / less/ fewer
When ¨more¨ modifies a plural noun, it is modified by many instead of much. Compare:
Much/ far/ a lot more money
Many /far / a lot of more opportunities 2. Much / by far / quite / etc. with superlatives
Superlatives can be modified by much and by far, and by other adverbs of degree such as quite (meaning ¨absolutely¨), almost, practically, nearly and
easily.
He´s much the most imaginative of them all. She´s by far the oldest.
He´s quite the most stupid man I´ve even met. I´m nearly the oldest in the company.
This is easily the worst party I have been to this year!
3. Very with superlatives
Note the special use of very to emphasize superlatives and first, next and last. Bring out your very best wine – Michael´s coming to dinner.
You´re the very first person I´ve spoken to today. This is your very last chance
Using the adjective modifiers that we have seen in this lesson, compare two of the ideas given below:
Reading /
watching movies Big city/ small town
English / other
languages Classical music/ rock music Travelling / staying at home Paintings / photos A computer/ a tablet PC Education/ experience
How do you want to be remembered?
After watching the movie answer the question below and come up with practical ways
in which we can be kind to other people in our everyday life.
Which characteristic the narrator says is BY FAR the most important. Do you agree?
Listening 2:
http://vimeo.com/19890458
You are going to watch a short film about a single day in the life of Amar, a fourteen year-old Indian boy. As you watch the film you should think how your daily routine is similar or different to that of Amar. Use as many adjectives modifiers as possible.
Speaking:
The title of the film in Amar (All great achievements require time). What does “all great achievements require time” mean?
ENOUGH – BASTANTE/ SUFICIENTE
El adverbio enough significa bastante o suficiente y lo colocamos de la siguiente manera:
- Antes de un sustantivo.
We don’t have enough bread for tonight. (No tenemos suficiente pan para esta noche.)
- Después de un adjetivo, un adverbio o un verbo.
She doesn’t have to worry; she is good enough.
Do you rest enough? (¿Descansas lo suficiente?)
Exercise8. Put enough in the right position:
a. The kitchen is (YES/NO ) clean (YES/NO ).
b. The supermarket doesn’t have (YES/NO ) milk (YES/NO ) today. c. My room isn’t (YES/NO ) tidy (YES/NO )
d. This exercise is (YES/NO ) easily (YES/NO)
e. Is your car (YES/NO ) big (YES/NO)?
Does he (YES/NO ) eat (YES/NO)?
CONNECTORS:
1. Read the pairs of sentences below. Which pair expresses similar ideas? Which pair expresses contrasting ideas?
similar ideas vs. contrasting ideas
1. Their team has got the best players. Moreover, their coach is
fantastic.
2. Their team has got the best players. Nevertheless, they lost the last game.
2.Choose the correct connector:
CONNECTORS OF ADDITION: in addition, furthermore, moreover, as well as, also, and
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST: however, nevertheless, on the one hand / on the other hand, in spite of / despite, although /even though, but
In addition;despite,however,but,as well as,nevertheless
2. The service at this restaurant is excellent. ..., the food is delicious.
3. I've never been to Argentina, ...having relatives there.
4. Jordi is a careful driver. ..., he’s had several accidents.
5. Cristina loves playing sport, ... she’s not very good at it.
6. Anna is talented at music... art.
Some connectors have got similar meanings but are followed by different structures. Despite and in spite of are followed by a noun phrase or a gerund.
We did not wear coats despite the cold weather. I tried to look happy in spite of feeling terrible.
Even though and although are followed by a clause.
My car constantly needs repairs even though it’s new.
My cousin and I aren’t very close, although we’re the same age.
Choose the correct connector.
1. We're studying now there's an interesting film on TV. 2. I’d like to talk to you I know you’re busy.
3. her efforts, she failed the exam.
4. we were having difficulties, we felt optimistic. 5. We didn’t win the game all all our hard work
VOCABULARY:
La descripción:
This is: esto/a es.
This is a house
That is: eso/a, aquel/la es
That is the orange house
These are: estos/as son
Those are: esos/as, aquellos/as son
Those are the English books:
Appearance
I am / You are / He is / She is … Tall
►El verbo To be es el verbo descriptivo más utilizado
Character
I am / You are / He is / She is … shy quiet lively active easygoing outgoing nice friendly funny happy annoying sad aggressive a pain in the neck a little chatter box overweight, fat slim young old … years old. beautiful / pretty , handsome sun-tanned pale
►Con el verbo tener y haber TO HAVE también podemos utilizarlo para la descripción física
I have / You have / He has / She has (got) … blue / green / grey / brown eyes
freckles a beard a full beard
a goatee a stubbly beard blond hair red hair brown hair black hair dyed hair blond highlights short hair long hair straight hair curly hair / curls a bald head
a square / round / triangular / oval face a big / small / long nose
big / small ears
Clothing and Accessories
I wear / You wear / He wears / She wears …
glasses
contact lenses
I am wearing / You are wearing / He/She is wearing … earrings
a necklace a wristband a bracelet
a cap
a red scarf
a tie
Expressing Opinions English Vocabulary
Below are some phrases that you can use to help express opinions. Some of these phrases are more appropriate for written English such as giving your opinion in an essay whereas some can also be used in spoken English.
Personal Point of View
We use these words and phrases to express a personal point of view:
In my experience…
As far as I'm concerned…
Speaking for myself…
In my opinion…
Personally, I think…
I'd say that…
I'd suggest that…
I'd like to point out that…
I believe that…
General Point of View
We use these words and phrases to express a point of view that is generally thought by people:
It is thought that...
Some people say that...
It is considered...
It is generally accepted that...
Agreeing with an opinion
We use these words and phrases to agree with someone else's point of view:
Of course.
You're absolutely right.
Yes, I agree.
I think so too.
That's a good point.
Exactly.
I don't think so either.
So do I.
I'd go along with that.
That's true.
Neither do I.
I agree with you entirely.
That's just what I was thinking.
I couldn't agree more.
Disagreeing with an opinion
We use these words and phrases to disagree with someone else's point of view:
That's different.
I don't agree with you.
However…
That's not entirely true.
On the contrary…
I'm sorry to disagree with you, but…
Yes, but don't you think…
That's not the same thing at all.
I'm afraid I have to disagree.
I'm not so sure about that.
I must take issue with you on that.
It's unjustifiable to say that... EXPRESSIONS YOU MAY USE
Introduce your opinion:
In my opinion… En mi opinion
I(personally)) think/I believe/ Personalmente creo que/no creo que
I feel/I don’t feel that… Me parece/no me parece que
In my view/ In my point of view …. Bajo mi punto de vista
As I see it… Como lo veo yo
As far as I’m concerned … En lo que a mi respecta
It’s clear to me that… me parece evidente que
I agree/I don’t agree that… Estoy de acuerdo en que/ No...
Sequence ideas:
To begin with… Para empezar ...
The first point is… El primer argumento es ...
First of all …/First/Firstly,... En primer lugar ... / Primeramente,...
Secondly/ Thirdly… En segundo lugar/ en tercer lugar
Finally…/Lastly… Por último…
Add information
Furthermore, … Además (formal)
Moreover, …. Además (formal)
In addition, … Además (less formal)
Besides, … Además (the least formal)
What is more, … Es más, ...
Also…/...too También
As well as… al igual que
Give a reason
Due to(+noun)/Due to the fact that(+sentence) Debido a/Debido al hecho de que… Owing to(+noun)/Owing to the fact that(+sentence) “
Because……(+sentence) porque
Because of………(+noun e.g.: the rain) a causa de / por ... (e.g.: la lluvia)
Since…/As……(+sentence e.g.: he is the boss) ya que, puesto que…(e.g.: él es el jefe)
That’s why ... por eso ...
For this/that reason por esta/esa razón…
Express a consequence
Cosequently… en consecuéncia
Therefore… por lo tanto
So… así que, por eso…
As a result of… como consecuencia de
This means that… esto significa que
Introduce the conclusion
In short… en resumen In brief… “ In summary… “ To sum up “ In conclusion… en conclusión To conclude… “
CONJUNCTIONS
According to - de acuerdo con / según Namely - a saber After - después que Neither... nor - ni... ni
Although - aunque, si bien Nevertheless - sin embargo, no obstante
And - y Nor - ni
As - cuando, mientras, a medida que,
como Notwithstanding - no obstante
As if - como si Or - o
As long as - mientras, con tal que Or else - sino
As soon as - en cuanto Otherwhise - de otra manera, si no As though - como si Provided - siempre que , con tal de que As well as - además de Providing - siempre que , con tal de que Because - porque Since - puesto que, ya que, desde que Because of - debido a So as to - para
Before - antes que So as not to - para no Both...and - tanto...como So that - para que
But - pero Still - sin embargo, no obstante
But - sino Than - que ( en comparaciones )
Either... or - o... o Therefore - por lo tanto Even though - aunque Though - aunque Except - excepto, salvo Unless - a menos que
For - porque Until - hasta que
Furthermore - además Whenever - cada vez que, cuando However - sin embargo Whereas - siendo que, mientras
If - si Whether - si
In case of - en caso de Whether... or - si... o
In order to - para While - mientrar, mientras que, aunque Moreover - además, por otra parte Yet - sin embargo, no obstante
More Expressions you can use to introduce an opinion
In my opinion, ... In my eyes, ...
To my mind, ... As far as I am concerned, ...
Speaking personally, ...
From my point of view, ... As for me / As to me, ... I dare say that ...
I would say that ... It seems to me that ... I am of the
opinion that ..
My impression is that ... I am under the impression that ... It is my impression that .
I have the feeling that ... My own feeling on the subject is that ...
I have no doubt that ... I am sure / I am certain that ... I hold the opinion/ the view that ... (I form / adopt an opinion.)
I guess that ... It goes without saying that ... My view / opinion / belief / impression / conviction is that ...
1. Read the text about St. Patrick.
St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, was born in Wales around 385 AD. His
real name was not Patrick but Maewyn Succat. He had wealthy parents and
they had a good life in the country. When he was 16 years old he was captured
by pirates who took him to Ireland and sold him to a farmer.
He worked as a shepherd, tending sheep and pigs. He was very lonely and prayed all the time. One night, after more than six years as a prisoner, Patrick heard a voice – which he believed to be God’s - telling him to escape. He walked for more than 200 miles until he reached the coast. He boarded a ship that took him to France where he became a priest.
He went back to Wales but, several years later, another vision told him that he had to return to Ireland to convert the Druid Irish people to Christianity.
St. Patrick lived and preached in Ireland for many years. Instead of disregarding native Irish beliefs, he incorporated traditional customs and rituals into his lessons. He used the shamrock, a three-leaf clover, to explain the Christian concept of God (Father, Son and Holy Spirit).
According to a legend, St. Patrick drove all the snakes from Ireland. This is not true. Ireland never actually had snakes.
Saint Patrick died on March 17 – the day we now celebrate St. Patrick’s Day. Lots of cities in Ireland and in the US have St. Patrick's Day parades. Most people wear green and one of the fun Irish traditions is to pinch anyone who is not wearing green on St. Patrick's Day.
Complete the sentences.
1. St. Patrick's Day is an annual feast day celebrating the patron saint of . 2. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on .
3. People wear something on St. Patrick's Day. 4. A is a three-leaf clover.
5. Several cities celebrate the holiday with a
6. If you do not wear green on St. Patrick's day someone might you!
5. Have fun with a Crossword Puzzle. Use the picture clues.
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Across
3. St. Patrick is the patron saint of ______
8. The ______ has a pot of gold. 9. You must wear something ______ on St. Patrick's Day.
Down
1. The ______ is the Irish national emblem.
2. The ______ is a three-leaf clover. 4. There is a pot of gold at the end of the ______.
5. Leprechauns have a pot of ______.
6. Many cities celebrate St. Patrick's Day with a ______.
7. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on ______.
1. What do you think about this tradition? 2. Write a text about a tradition you know.
CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO
◙ Can y could son formas invariables (no se conjugan) y aparecen siempre seguidas de un verbo en infinitivo (sin to).
◙ Can sólo se utiliza en las oraciones en presente y could es su forma en las oraciones en pasado, aquellas que implican un tono de cortesía o en oraciones condicionales.
◙ Estos son los principales usos de can y could:
· Expresar capacidad para hacer algo:
She can swim very well. ([Ella] Sabe nadar muy bien).
She could swim very well. ([Ella] sabía nadar muy bien).
· Pedir algo de forma educada:
Can I have a beer, please? (¿Me pone una cerveza, por favor?).
Could I have a beer, please? (¿Me podría poner una cerveza, por favor?). · Expresar posibilidad o imposibilidad de hacer algo:
I can give you her phone number. (Puedo darte su número de teléfono). I could give you her phone number. (Podría darte su número de teléfono). · Expresar y pedir permiso:
Can I smoke here? (¿Puedo fumar aquí?). Could I smoke here? (Podría fumar aquí?).
◙ Forma negativa: se añade not detrás de can y could: cannot / could not.
I cannot / can’t believe it! (¡No me lo puedo creer!).
We cannot / can’t meet tonight. (No podemos quedar esta noche).
◙ Forma interrogativa: El sujeto se coloca entre can/could y el verbo en infinitivo.
She can play the saxophone > Can she play the saxophone? You can drink alcohol > Can you drink alcohol?
Exercise1. Complete the sentences with can or could. In some sentences you can use both options although the meaning changes:
1. Mike can/could drive, but he doesn’t have a car.
2. Smoking can/could be dangerous for your health and those around you. 3. When we were kids, we can not/could not go to bed very late.
4. Extreme rain could /cancause the river to flood the city.
◙ Be able to corresponde a la expresión en español ‘ser capaz de’.
◙ El verbo to be nunca aparecerá en infinitivo, sino que se conjugará en cualquier tiempo verbal y siempre de acuerdo con el sujeto de la oración.
◙ Después de la preposición to debe aparecer un verbo en infinitivo.
◙ La negativa o interrogativa se hace según el tiempo verbal usado del verbo to be.
It seemed difficult, but I was able to learn the list of irregular verbs.
I will be able to speak fluent English very soon. (Seré capaz de hablar inglés fluido muy pronto).
She is not able to pronounce the word ‘literature’ correctly. (Ella no es capaz de pronunciar la palabra ‘literature’ correctly).
Are you able to sing a song in English?
(¿Eres capaz de cantar una canción en inglés?).
◙ Debemos tener en cuenta que en muchos casos podemos usar tanto can como be
able to en una misma oración. Como en español, la diferencia de significado de ambos
verbos es mínima.
Ejercicio2. Complete the sentences with can or be able to:
1. When Tom went to Wales, he can/was able to save a lot of money. 2. Can/are able to they play paddle well?
3. She was not able/ can´t to not understand the plot of the film.
4. My girlfriend cannot come/ is not able to with us to the Rolling Stones concert.
PRESENT PERFECT
How do we make the Present Perfect Tense? The structure of the present perfect tense is: subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
Here are some examples of the present perfect tense: subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I have seen ET.
+ You have eaten mine.
- She has not been to Rome.
- We have not played football.
? Have you finished?
? Have they done it?
Contractions with the present perfect tense
When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we write.
I have I've
You have You've
He has She has It has John has The car has
He's She's It's John's The car's We have We've
They have They've
Here are some examples:
I've finished my work.
John's seen ET.
He's or he's??? Be careful! The 's contraction is used for the auxiliary verbs have and
be. For example, "It's eaten" can mean:
It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice] It is usually clear from the context.
How do we use the Present Perfect Tense?
This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the past and with the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense:
1. experience 2. change
3. continuing situation
1. Present perfect tense for experience
We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it:
I have seen ET. He has lived in Bangkok.
Have you been there? We have never eaten caviar.
past present future
!!! The action or state was in
the past.
In my head, I have a
memory now.
Connection with past: the event was in the past.
Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know something about the event; I have experience of it.
2. Present perfect tense for change
We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information: I have bought a car.
past present future
- + Last week I didn't have a
car. Now I have a car.
John has broken his leg.
past present future
+ - Yesterday John had a
good leg. Now he has a bad leg.
Has the price gone up?
past present future
+ - Was the price $1.50
yesterday? Is the price $1.70 today?
The police have arrested the killer.
- + Yesterday the killer was
free. Now he is in prison.
Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present. Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past.
***Americans do not use the present perfect tense so much as British speakers. Americans often use the past tense instead. An American might say "Did you have lunch?", where a British person would say "Have you had lunch?"
3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation
We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue into the future). This is a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this structure.
I have worked here since June. He has been ill for 2 days. How long have you known Tara?
past present future
The situation started in the
past. It continues up to now.
(It will probably continue into the future.) Connection with past: the situation started in the past.
Connection with present: the situation continues in the present.
For & Since with Present Perfect Tense
We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.
We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday.
for since a period of time a point in past time
x---20 minutes 6.15pm
three days Monday
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
a long time I left school
ever the beginning of time
etc etc
Here are some examples:
I have been here for 20 minutes.
I have been here since 9 o'clock.
John hasn't called for 6 months.
John hasn't called since February.
He has worked in New York for a long time.
He has worked in New York since he left school.
Exercises:
Fill in the gaps with the most appropriate word from the list below: Present Perfect - 1
Has he eaten? Has she eaten? Hasn't he eaten? Hasn't she eaten? Have I eaten? Have they eaten? Have you eaten? Haven't we eaten? Haven't you eaten? He hasn't eaten I have eaten
I haven't eaten She has eaten They haven't eaten We have eaten We haven't eaten You
have eaten
EAT Affirmative
Form Negative Form
Interrogative Form Interronegative Form I Haven't I eaten? he He has eaten
she She hasn't
eaten
we Have we
eaten?
you You haven't
eaten they They have
eaten
Haven't they eaten?
Present Perfect - 2
Has she written? Hasn't he written? Hasn't she written? Have I written? Have they written? Have you written? Haven't we written? Haven't you written? He has written He hasn't written I have written I haven't written She has
written They have written They haven't written We have written We haven't written You haven't written
WRITE Affirmative
Form Negative Form
Interrogative Form Interronegative Form I Haven't I written? he Has he written?
she She hasn't
written
we Have we
written?
you You have
written
they Haven't they
What have you done today?
Simple Present Perfect gap-fill exercise
1. I a shower today. (to take)
2. We the newspaper today. (to read)
3. I to my English teacher today. (to speak)
4. She television today. (to watch)
5. He two cups of coffee today. (to have)
6. They four e-mails today. (to send)
7. He a new friend today. (to make)
8. I a film today. (to see)
9. She two postcards today. (to write)
PASADO SIMPLE VS. PASADO CONTINUO
◙ Para formar el Pasado Simple debemos tener en cuenta si el verbo es Regular o Irregular [ver Módulo 1; apartado 2. Pasado Simple].
◙ El Pasado Simple lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:
· Para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado. Puede ir acompañado de algunos marcadores como: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last
night, last week, last month, last year, three years ago, in 1971…
I called you yesterday. (Te llamé ayer).
Did she come last night? (¿Vino ella anoche?).
They didn’t work last year. (Ellos no trabajaron el año pasado). · Para narrar o describir hechos en el pasado:
When I was a child I was really shy, I liked playing the guitar but I didn’t study too much. How were you?
(Cuando yo era pequeña era muy tímida, me gustaba tocar la guitarra pero no estudiaba demasiado. ¿Tú cómo eras?).
· Para formar las condicionales de segundo tipo:
If you were busy I would do it for you. (Si tú estuvieras ocupado, yo lo haría por ti).
If we had a car we could go to the beach. (Si tuviéramos un coche podríamos ir a la playa).
◙ El Pasado Continuo se forma con el verbo to be en pasado simple + verbo en –ing.
I was watching a film. (Estaba viendo una película). Were you waiting for me? (¿Me estabas esperando?).
She wasn’t working in this company. (No estaba trabajando en esta empresa). ◙ El Pasado Continuo lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:
· Para hablar de acciones en proceso que ocurrieron en un momento específico del pasado:
At 10 o’clock she was waiting for the bus. (A las 10 ella estaba esperando el autobús).
· Para describir el contexto o el ambiente en el que se desarrolla una acción en el pasado:
It was raining; I was watching a film and thinking about the problem.
(Estaba lloviendo; yo estaba viendo una película y pensando en el problema).
· Para describir una acción que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado y es interrumpida por otra acción también en el pasado (pasado simple).
I was reading the newspaper when she called me. (Yo estaba leyendo el periódico cuando ella me llamó).
· Para describir dos acciones que ocurren al mismo tiempo:
They were drinking and talking while I was cooking alone. (Ellos estaban bebiendo y hablando mientras yo estaba cocinando sola).
· Para hablar de acciones habituales en el pasado que son molestas para el hablante. Normalmente usamos el adverbio always.
She was always talking in class. (Ella siempre estaba hablando en clase). ◙ Existen algunas reglas ortográficas para añadir la –ing:
Normalmente añadimos la –ing al verbo sin que se produzca ningún cambio; también a los verbos que acaban en –y :
listen > listening try > trying
go > going lay > laying
read > reading fly > flying
Los verbos acabador en consonante + -e, omiten la –e para añadir –ing: live > living
write > writing behave > behaving
Los verbos monosilábicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida de una sola vocal duplican la consonante final delante de –ing:
stop > stopping
swim > swimming
run > running
Los verbos de dos o más sílabas que acaban en una sola consonante
precedida de una sola vocal duplican la consonante final si el acento recae en la última sílaba:
refer > referring occur > occurring
Los verbos acabados en –ie cambian la –ie por –y delante de –ing: die > dying
lie > lying
Muchos verbos acabados en una sola vocal + l o p duplican la consonante finaldelante de –ing, aunque no cumplan la regla del acento:
Exercise1. A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm went off. Choose the sentences saying what each person was doing at the time.
Example: (I / have/ a bath) I was having a bath.
1. (Rachel / write / a letter to her sister) 1. Rachel was writing a letter to her sister 1. Rachel were writing a letter to her sister
2. (Peter / get / ready to go out) 2. Peter were getting ready to go out 2. Peter was getting ready to go out
3. (Charles and Dennis / have / a drink) 3. Charles and Dennis were having a drink 3. Charles and Dennis was having a drink
4. (Tom / make / a phone call) 4. Tom was making a phone call. 4. Tom were making a phone call.
Exercise2. Choose the correct simple past or continuous sentences:
1. (it be) easy to do the exercise?
2. Sam (take) another cake while his mum was not looking. 3. George (walk) his dog when he hear a strange noise. 4. He (get) lots of presents for his birthday.
5. (He, work) on his computer at 5 o’clock? 6. (You, buy) a blue skirt yesterday? 7. I (eat) and my brother was watching TV. 8. He (have) a shower when the phone rang.
Write down the correct form (pronoun + verb). Simple Past / Present Perfect Simple I / open he / write they / do you / swim she / give Use
When do we use which tense?
1. 'Already' is a signal word for ... 2. 'Just' is a signal word for ...
3. '2 years ago' is a signal word for ... 4. 'Yet' is a signal word for ...
Positive Sentences
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
1. Mary (win) the lottery last year.
2. We (prepare / already) dinner.
3. James (find) your ring in the garden yesterday.
4. He (come / just) home.
5. They (buy) their car two years ago.
Negative Sentences
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
1. I (see / not) anyone yet.
2. Phil (go / not) to the cinema last night.
3. We (be / not) to the zoo so far.
4. She (arrive / not) yet.
Unit 2
B1 - UNIT 2
QUESTION TAGS
◙ Son preguntas breves empleadas cuando el emisor necesita aprobación por parte del interlocutor o quiere comprobar que está escuchando.
◙ Corresponden a la muletilla utilizada en español al final de la frase: ¿no? / ¿verdad? Como en inglés son abreviaturas de una oración interrogativa completa, se utilizan los mismos verbos auxiliares y el mismo orden de palabras que en las oraciones interrogativas completas:
These documentaries are very interesting, aren’t they? (Estos documentales son muy interesantes, ¿verdad?).
It’s not snowing, is it? (No está nevando, ¿no?). ◙ Principales question tags:
· Frase afirmativa + question tag negativa:
We are going to Morocco, aren’t we? (Vamos a Marruecos, ¿no?) Ralph is a bit shy, isn’t he? (Ralph es un poco tímido, ¿verdad?)
· Frase negativa + question tag afirmativa:
You don’t like vegetables, do you? (No te gusta la verdura, ¿no?) Alice can’t drive, can she? (Alice no puede conducir, ¿no?)
◙ Otros tipos de question tags:
· Con el imperativo (se utiliza el auxiliar will en la tag question y la orden o invitación del imperativo se convierte en una orden brusca):
Sit down, will you? (Siéntate, ¿quieres?).
· Con someone / somebody (el sujeto de la tag question es they):
Someone has called all the customers, haven’t they? (Alguien ha llamado a todos los clientes, ¿no?).
· Con Let’s…(la tag question de esta expresión es shall we):
Let’s go home, shall we? (Vamos a casa ¿no?).
· Con varios auxiliares (en este caso la question tag debe hacerse con el primero de ellos):
They shouldn’t have told her, should they? (No deberían habérselo dicho, ¿verdad?).
◙ Entonación de las tag questions:
· Entonación descendente: el hablante está seguro de lo que dice, por lo que no haría falta una respuesta de su interlocutor. Corresponde a la muletilla del español ¿eh?
Frank is a clever boy, isn’t he?
(Frank es un chico listo, ¿eh? [El hablante da su opinión]).
· Entonación ascendente: el hablante no está seguro de lo que dice, por lo que la tag
Frank passed his exams, didn’t he?
(Frank aprobó los exámenes, ¿no? [El hablante duda y pide información])
Ejercicio 1. Choose the correct question tag to complete the following sentences: a. You will send me a postcard from Llangollen, WON’T YOU/ WILL YOU? b. Somebody answered the phone when I was out, DIDN’T THEY/ WAS I? c. You are not older than me, ARE YOU/ AREN´T YOU?
d. Rachel has gone to Brussels, HASN’T SHE/ HAS SHE? e. She is invited too, ISN’T SHE/ IS SHE?
f. Let’s have another drink, SHALL WE/ SHALL NOT WE? You don’t know who I am, DO YOU/ DON´T YOU?
VERBOS MODALES
◙ Los verbos modales sirven para hablar de obligación, voluntad, posibilidad o capacidad. Solo tienen formas de presente o de pasado, es decir, que no tienen ni infinitivo, ni participio ni gerundio (excepto must y ought to, que solo tienen formas de presente). La siguiente tabla muestra los verbos modales más importantes:
VERBO USO EJEMPLOS
Can
Expresar capacidad para hacer algo.
She can swim very well.
Puede/ Sabe nadar muy bien.
Pedir algo educadamente.
Can I have some more coffee, please?
¿Me puedes poner más café, por favor?
Expresar posibilidad o imposibilidad
I can’t go with you; I’m not feeling well.
No puedo ir contigo; no me encuentro bien.
Expresar y pedir permiso. Can I open the door?
¿Puedo abrir la puerta?
En negativa: expresar deducción.
It can’t be raining. The ground is not wet.
No puede estar lloviendo. El suelo no está mojado.
Could
Expresar capacidad para hacer algo en el pasado.
I could drive at the age of twelve.
Yo sabía conducir a los doce años.
Pedir algo educadamente. Could you tell me the time, please?
¿Podría decirme la hora, por favor?
Expresar imposibilidad en el pasado.
The light was too bright. I couldn’t open my eyes.
La luz era demasiado brillante. No podía abrir los ojos.
Hacer conjeturas. We could have a drink in the pub.
Podríamos tomarnos una copa en el bar.
Pasado de Can en estilo indirecto. They said they could do it again.
Dijeron que lo podían hacer de nuevo.
May
Pedir permiso. May I stay a bit longer?
¿Puedo quedarme un poco más?
Conceder permiso. You may play now.
Ya podéis jugar.
Expresar posibilidad.
We may visit our friends on Monday.
Puede que visitemos a nuestros amigos el lunes.
Hacer conjeturas.
She may still be asleep because the room is dark.
Puede que todavía esté durmiendo porque la habitación está oscura.
Might
Expresar la posibilidad remota de que algo ocurra.
They might invite us to the party.
Puede que nos inviten a la fiesta.
Hacer conjeturas.
They might have broken the window while I was sleeping.
Puede que rompieran/ hayan roto la ventana mientras dormía.
Must
Expresar obligación. You must go to school.
Debes ir a clase.
En forma negativa: expresar prohibición.
You mustn’t smoke in hospitals.
Expresar deducción afirmativa.
They must be happy with the new building.
Deben de estar contentos con el nuevo edificio.
Have to
Expresar obligación.
I had to go to the doctor yesterday because I didn’t feel well.
Ayer tuve que ir al médico porque no me encontraba bien.
En forma negativa: expresar ausencia de obligación.
You don’t have to buy anything; there is plenty of food in the fridge.
No tienes que comprar nada; hay mucha comida en la nevera.
Should
Dar consejos. You should do more physical exercise.
Deberías hacer más ejercicio físico.
Expresar obligación moral. We should be more tolerant.
Deberíamos ser más tolerantes.
Criticar acciones pasadas (seguidas de have + participio).
She should have been quiet.
Debería haberse callado.
Shall
Hacer un ofrecimiento. Shall I open the window?
¿Abro la ventana?
Hacer sugerencias. What shall we do tonight?
¿Qué hacemos esta noche?
Expresar decisions. I shall speak to the headmaster.
Yo hablaré con el director.
Dar instrucciones tajantes. You shall be here at ten tomorrow.
