Discussion and Final Considerations

Although standards are a good baseline, they cannot cover all the issues that may arise during the development of a project or their complexity may require partial adoption.

In the case of POI, the main ontologies have been developed by European projects [Mis- sikoff et al., 2003, Ou et al., 2008, Prantner et al., 2007], during the first decade of the 2000s, some of the pages of these projects are currently unavailable, as well as their on- tologies. Datatourisme is one of the most recent and is supported by constant updates.

As shown in the Table 3.2, for time-related concepts (Temporal items) are partially cov- ered, e.g., they do not cover activities such as Production or Creation. Permanent Items are partially represented by such ontologies, because they can model touristic places, but have no interest in representing artworks that may be present in such places (i.e. phys- ical objects, their materials). In fact, the tourist places represented by these ontologies go beyond the interest of cultural heritage, they include, for example, hotels, restaurants, shopping malls. Since most of these ontologies support recommendation systems, concepts related to scoring or ranking are mostly covered.

Concerning museum ontologies, concepts related to Temporal items, Permanent items, and digital representations are the main resource featured, while concepts of Cu- ratorial Narrative and Ranking are neglected. For both POI and museum ontologies, modeling Extended Cultural Heritage is not considered.

CURIOCITY ontology seeks to cover all aspects of the proposed cultural heritage categorization in a minimalist way, identifying concepts and properties, which serve as a nexus and point of integration and extension to other domains. CURIOCITY presents a modular conception with the intention to be flexible and adaptable according to the application requirements. Because it is based on standards, such as CIDOC CRM and ICONCLASS; and on widely used ontologies such as Finto or DBPedia, interoperability is guaranteed.

For CURIOCITY ontology design, the experience of previous proposals is gathered and aspects cataloged as necessary are taken into consideration. It is possible to represent the concept of cultural heritage not only contained in museums but also from a wider vision according to the UNESCO categorization. This broader perspective of representation provides other city elements with cultural, educational, economic and recreational value, thus, its tourist attraction is enriched. The CURIOCITY ontology is described in more detail in the following chapter.

32 Department of Computer Science

Table 3.2: Comparison of Ontologies related to Cultural Heritage

OntologyBased onTIPIExhibitionExtendedCulturalHeritageRank- ing Event, Time- Lapse

P.O., Pl., Actor

Per. Ext.Coll.Dig. R&ACur. Nar.Perf. ArtsSiteas CH

Event as CH

C. Tra.

Music & Songs CURIOCITYCIDOCCRM, ICONCLASS,Finto*, CURATE○○è○○○○○○○○è

POI Ontologies Harmonise[Missikoffetal.,2003]-èèè Qall-Me[Ouetal.,2008]-èèè Qall-Me-Ext[Ozdikisetal.,2011]Qall-Meèèè HiTouch[Prantneretal.,2007]UNWTOèèè OnTour[Ouetal.,2008]UNWTOèèè DataTourisme-èèèèè Locals[Shardaetal.,2008,Kongthonetal., 2011,Salaiwarakul,2017,Bahramianand Abbaspour,2015]-èèè

Museum Ontologies

CIDOCCRM[Doerr,2005]-○○èèè Finto*[FINTO,2020]YSO○○è○è○èèè○ MUSSEUMFINLAND[Hyv¨onenetal.,2005]MASA,MAO○○○ EDM[EDM,2020]LIDO,EAD,METS○○○○○ SCULPTURE[Addisetal.,2003]CIDOCCRM○○○ CURATE[Mulhollandetal.,2012]CIDOCCRM,DUL○○è○ MOM[HajmoosaeiandSkoric,2016]CIDOCCRM,EDM○○○èè OntoMP[Ara´ujoetal.,2017]CIDOCCRM,FOAF, DBpedia○○○è Marchenkovetal.[Marchenkovetal.,2017]CIDOCCRM○○○○è TOMS[ChanhomandAnutariya,2019]CIDOCCRM○○○è LoTurcoetal.[Turcoetal.,2019]CIDOCCRM,CRMdig○○○ *ArtsandCultureCategory:MAO/TAO/KULO/MUSO/SEKO/VALO èContainsrelatedconcepts

32 Universidad Cat´olica San Pablo

Chapter 4

CURIOCITY: The Proposal

After reviewing existing ontologies to represent museum artworks and tourist POI and contrasting them against UNESCO’s classification of cultural heritage, it is evident a need for an integrated and flexible representation of such knowledge. CURIOCITY ontology is developed in the context of the project RUTAS (Robots for Urban Tourism Centers, Autonomous andSemantic based)¹, aimed at developing tourist guide robots and services for the diffusion and preservation of cultural heritage and urban tourism.

CURIOCITY ontology is mainly based on CIDOC CRM [Doerr, 2005], which is focused on events; thus, it imposes a particular perspective of knowledge representation, that must be taken into account when integrating with other ontologies. Although CIDOC CRM is complex in certain way, it has a minimalist conception, meaning, it tries not to get deeper about some concepts. This characteristic of CIDOC CRM exposes the need of creating links towards the integration with other domain ontologies. CURATE [Mul- holland et al., 2012] is also considered in this proposal, due to curatorial narrative has special interest to be applicable in the context of tourist guide robots, in order to provide them story narrative capabilities; the Arts and Culture Category of Finto [FINTO, 2020], DBPedia [DBPEDIA, 2020], and ICONCLASS [RKD, 2020], are also useful for inclusion and extension to new concepts and relationships. It is also necessary to review other on- tologies from domains of interest, as music or food (e.g., MUSIC Ontology [TMO, 2020]

and FOODON [FoodOn, 2020]), in favor of identifying interconnection points, towards which they will be proposed the required extensions.

CURIOCITY ontology development was carried out using a top-down approach, which means identifying general terms and then going to specific ones. Following GoodOD recommendations [Schulz et al., 2012], the development starts from a general entities characterization, from Aristotle’ philosophy, which proposes the existence of dichotomies that can be used as principles. The first dichotomy indicates that there are some beings that require the support of other entities to exist while others do not, being divided into dependent and independent entities. The second dichotomy deals with the fact that some entities exist as a whole at each moment they exist, while others extend in time, dividing themselves into continuous ones as they occur. A third dichotomy is between universals and individuals, or classes and members. Particular entities cannot be attributed to other

1https://github.com/JADA1979 under construction

34 Department of Computer Science

entities, on the contrary, themselves indicate an identity.

It is possible to identify the main activities involved in the development of each proposal components, which are represented in the Figure 4.1. It all begins from a review of existing ontologies. The central part defines two parallel paths to develop in conjunc- tion: orange path refers to activities related with baselines ontologies review, green path describes activities related to the extension and integration proposal; both aims to define the core of CURIOCITY ontology. Finally, the activities in red refer to the logic part of the ontology, (i.e., formulation and implementation of rules); and ontology evaluation and validation.

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Figure 4.1: Activities to develop CURIOCITY Ontology

In addition to propose CURIOCITY ontology and the activities it comprises, the following contributions are planned:

❼ Instantiation of the proposed ontology based on available or acquired data and information.

❼ Generation of catalogs of museums in Arequipa that constitute RUTAS project.

Based on these general guidelines, CURIOCITY ontology is defined in three levels of specificity: (i) Upper Ontology, that identify two main branches from which general concepts are derived (Persistent Item andTemporal Item modules); (ii)Middle Ontology, with classes and properties needed to extend the concept of cultural heritage (Extended Cultural Heritage module); and (iii)Low Ontology, providing a higher level of detail for the representation of artwork objects. CURIOCITY ontology is also enriched with axioms and inference rules, which are part of the Logiccomponent. The whole proposed architecture is depicted in Figure 4.2.

Below we explain each level in detail, using the following prefixes to identify the ontologies:

❼ crm: CIDOC CRM

❼ cur: CURATE

❼ dbp: DBPEDIA

34 Universidad Cat´olica San Pablo

Figure 4.2: General Architecture of CURIOCITY Ontology

❼ mus: MUSIC ONTOLOGY

❼ foo: FOOD ONTOLOGY

❼ cit: CURIOCITY