Environmental factors

In the environment of the Archaeological Complex of Baelo Claudia, the following social, economic, political and administrative factors related to the cultural heritage have been detected:

Factors related to the socio-economic context of the zone of the study

According to the Register of inhabitants of 2001, in the municipality of Tarifa were counted 15. 764 inhabitants. The zone is characterized by very dispersed centres of population. At present, 19 entities depend on the town council of Tarifa. Among them, the village of Facina stands out with 1.303 inhabitants ( 1996).

Regarding the demographic evolution during the last years, there could be observed a growth on the coastal zone and a general fall in the interior centres of population.

Fig. 3: Map of centres of population i003

The loss of employment in the primary sector has caused a transfer to the tertiary one, essentially to the areas of service and construction. Although their level is lower than the average in the province, these are the predominant sectors in Tarifa.

Fig. 4: Economic Activities. Drawing by a pupil of the Rural School "Campiña de Tarifa" in Activity 3

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Agriculture, stockbreeding, fishing and forestry are activities of special interest for their presence in the landscape and for being linked to the maintenance of traditional productive systems.

The influence of agriculture in the zone near the Archaeological Complex of Baelo Claudia is relatively poor. lt is more intense in the interior, which is characterized by the existence of a wheat monoculture.

Farming, chiefly cattle breeding (for bullfighting, an autochthonous race of the red-brown bull) is run in extensive farms in which agricultura!, ranching and forestry activities are combined, generating in this way a typical landscape in which many (physical, ecological and ethnographic) values are accumulated.

The cultivation of wheat and cattle breeding are historically linked to the zone.

Roman coins, unearthed during the archaeological campaign of Baelo, showing cattle and wheatears are documentary evidence.

Fig. 5. Coins from Baelo i005

The appearance of fishes on the coins reveals as well the traditional presence of productive activities related to the sea. Amongst these activities, tuna fishing in trap-nets stands out. This system that, for the most part, has

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moved to the nearby village of Barbate. In the area the study refers to, -the weight of the sector has strongly decreased and the presence of this activity is limited to the fishing and commercial port of Tarifa and sorne small fishing boats dispersed on the beaches.

Regarding forestry there stands out the survival of the traditional cork harvest in the valuable cork oak groves of the zone. However, forestry has focused on the activities dependent on the Environmental Agency, which are related to the maintenance of the Natural Park of the cork oaks' grove: cleaning, reforestation, control of fires etc. These activities represent the main source of employment for the inhabitants of Facinas.

Fig. 5. Cork harvest.

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The primary sector, especially important in the interior zone where the impact of tourism hardly exists, does not favour employment for women. This leads to a high unemployment rate among the female population.

This lack of alternatives caused that determined sectors of the population and representatives of the local administration show interest in new ways of creating employment. In this context, the creation of offers for a rural tourism, based on the region's ethnographic, archaeological and environmental resources is considered one of the principal options.

However, one of the big problems for private initiatives keeps being the lack of financia! resources, which affects the local population's capacity of investment.

In the same way, also the public resources dedicated to cultural issues are very limited. For instance, the town council of Tarifa does not dedicate any specific part of its budget to it. This situation makes it very difficult to carry out an annual planning of cultural activities and the maintenance of the local equipment and heritage in the smaller centres of population that depend on the budget of Tarifa.

In this way, the Autonomous Local Entity of Facinas receives 3.000 per year for its expenses on cultural issues. This amount is complemented by agreements (prometed by the town council of Tarifa or by the administration of Facinas itself) with other public entities to cover the costs for determined interventions, materials etc. In this way, it is intended to compensate for the lack of direct municipal investments in the cultural infrastructure of the zone, making possible, in this way, undertakings like the creation of a Public Library in Facinas.

Fig.7. lnside the Public Library of Facinas i007

Apart from that, there can be observed a poor impact of LEADER and PRODER projects in the frame of the study. However, these impacts have been created in nearby areas such as the Natural Park of the Cork Oaks' Grove, the pool La Janda etc.

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Activities like the construction of the view point Mirador de Facinas and ofüer interventions in arder to fit out public areas have been carried out in the frame of the Plan of Excellence of Tourism (Plan Marco de Competitividad del Turismo Español, 1996-1999). However, their repercussion was insignificant.

Political and administrative factors

The study detected a great diversity regarding the responsibility for and the management of cultural resources. This decreases the speed of procedures, hampers the co-ordination of works, causes differences of objectives etc.

Finally, this situation leads to conflicts of controlled domains between the different authorities- occasionally intensified by the belonging to different political options.

Regarding the cultural equipment, a usual model is to share the management between the town council of Tarifa and other institutions. For example the management of schools is shared with the Educational Council of the Andalusian Autonomous Government, the Cultural Centre of Facinas is managed together with the local authorities of Facinas (which is an Autonomous Local Entity since 1990, sharing the responsibility for the Cultural Centre with the town council of Tarifa and depending on it administratively).

Namely, the General Direction of lnstitutions of the Ministry of Culture (Dirección General de Instituciones de la Consejería de Cultura) is responsible for the tutelage and the management of the Archaeological Complex of Baelo Claudia.

The role of the local public institutions in the cultural management of the entire municipal area focuses on the direct administration of the resources under their responsibility or on the creation of different agreements for the development of activities.

In this sense, the town council of Tarifa keeps the following agreements to cover costs:

With the Provincial Foundation of Culture of the Provincial Council of Cádiz Cultural activities: Cinema season, Festival of Literature of Oral Tradition etc.

The provincial council awards a sponsor of 1.500.000 pesetas per year for the activities in Tarifa and the municipal districts of Tahivilla and Facinas.

Contribution of human resources: 1 cultural technicians for the localities of Tahivilla and Facinas. The wage costs are shared among the Provincial Council and the Town Council of Tarifa (each institution assumes 50 per cent).

Agreements with the Andalusian Cultural Council are related to works on heritage located in central Tarifa, which is no part of the zone the study refers to.

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In the frame of the P!an of Excellence and Dynamization of Tourism (Plan de Excelencia y Dinamización Turística), part of the Draft Plan for the Competitiveness of the Spanish Tourism (Plan Marco de Competitividad del Turismo Español, 1996-1999) there have been carried out as well activities in cooperation with the national or the Andalusian administration.

This diversity causes the disconnection between the cultural agents responsible for the promotion of activities. This implies a lack of co-operation and of a co-ordinated framework for the activities.

Apart from this, and despite the positive disposition of the cultural agents from local administrations promoting activities, the local government's appreciation of cultural aspects is rather limited.

In determined cases, Facinas is one of them, the insignificant impact of the present sector of tourism caused that the environmental and heritage supply can be appreciated as a potential source of incomes. However, budgetary limitations, the lack of an adequate management and the aforementioned difficulties regarding the local authorities hinder that this option can be really consolidated.

Summarizing, it can be stated that the existence of temporary agreements between institutions (instead of a specific programme) to organize authorities and expenditures related to culture in the territory of this study has direct consequences. These are, among others, the lack of continuity in activities and services, of financia! resources and predictions of personnel. These inadequacies are settled by temporary solutions - such as running the Public Library of Facinas with voluntary personnel which does not receive any remuneration.