FIXED FIXED - Direct dark matter searches: status and implications

FIXED

.

✓ event rate

◆ =

✓ detector response

◆ ⇥

✓ particle physics

◆ ⇥ (astrophysics) ARBITRARY FIXED

Astrophysics-independent approach

vmin

⌘(v_min) =

Z ₁

v_min

f(v)

v d³v

Fox, Liu, Wiener 2011; Gondolo, Gelmini 2012; Del Nobile, Gelmini, Gondolo, Huh 2013-14

Rescaled astrophysics factor

Astrophysics-independent approach

Á Á

Á Á Ï

Ï Ï Ï

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03

E @keVeeD

countsêdayêkgêkeVee

CoGeNT to DAMA with Q=0.3, mc=7 GeV

Á Á

Ï Ï Ï Ï

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03

E @keVeeD

countsêdayêkgêkeVee

CoGeNT to DAMA with Q=0.5,mc=7 GeV

Figure 14: Astrophysics independent comparison of CoGeNT and DAMA modulation amplitudes.

4.3.2 Summary of Halo-Independent Comparisons

A direct comparison of the modulated amplitude allows us to make interesting comparisons between di↵erent experiments. The most direct, to CDMS-Ge, shows that the modulation is compatible with CDMS, but only if the modulation is nearly 100%. As a consequence, the modulation should be easily apparent in the CDMS data.

Ultimately, while there is a rough agreement between the size of the CoGeNT modulation and the DAMA modulation, the energy range over which the modulation is spread seems in conflict with previous interpretations [35] invoking a high Q_{N a}, without disregarding a modulation in an energy range which is statistically as significant as in the lower energy range.

Indeed, as expected, the presence of modulation in the high energy range brings about the greatest tensions overall. The absence of a signal at CDMS-Si requires the signal to be highly modulated, while XENON100 should have seen a signal unless L_{ef f} is significantly smaller than the measurements of [50].

Such comparisons are only in the context of SI scattering proportional to A². Invoking interference between protons and neutrons to alleviate XENON100 constraints would exacer- bate tensions with CDMS-Si, and likely cannot address these questions. Other models, such as SD couplings or iDM would fall outside this analysis, however.

Clearly, if the modulation in the high energy regime persists, any interpretation in terms of spin-independent elastic scattering will be challenging.

5. Conclusions

The search for dark matter is a central element of modern astrophysics, modern cosmology and particle physics. The discovery of particle dark matter is of such importance that any claim must be corroborated by another experiment, and within a single experiment, before it can be believed. The presence of modulation of events in the CoGeNT experiment makes

Fox, Kopp, Lisanti, Weiner 2011

10 ²⁸ 10 ²⁷ 10 ²⁶ 10 ²⁵ 10 ²⁴

200 400 600 800

˜g(vmin)⇥ day1⇤

vmin

⇥km s ¹⇤

m = 9 GeV

XENON100 XENON10-S2 XENON10 CDMS Ge CDMS Si SUF CDMS Ge low SIMPLE CRESST-II CoGeNT

DAMA 10 ²⁸

10 ²⁷ 10 ²⁶ 10 ²⁵ 10 ²⁴

200 400 600 800

˜g(vmin)⇥ day1⇤

vmin

⇥km s ¹⇤

m = 12 GeV

10 ²⁸ 10 ²⁷ 10 ²⁶ 10 ²⁵ 10 ²⁴

200 400 600 800

˜g(vmin)⇥ day1⇤

vmin⇥

km s ¹⇤ m = 9 GeV

XENON100 XENON10-S2 XENON10 CDMS Ge CDMS Si SUF CDMS Ge low SIMPLE CRESST-II CoGeNT

DAMA 10 ²⁸

10 ²⁷ 10 ²⁶ 10 ²⁵ 10 ²⁴

200 400 600 800

˜g(vmin)⇥ day1⇤

vmin⇥

km s ¹⇤ m = 12 GeV

Figure 7. Measured values of g(v˜ _min) from DAMA and CoGeNT compared to the exclusion limits from other experiments. For the upper panels, no assumptions on the modulation fraction have been made, for the lower panels, we assume that the modulation fraction is bounded by the red line in the right panel of Figure 8. Even for weak assumptions on the modulation fraction, there is significant tension between the di↵erent experiments, most notably it is impossible to find a DM velocity distribution that describes the observed modulations and evades the bound from XENON100.

constrain g(v˜ _min). We consider therefore whether it is reasonable to make stronger assumptions about the modulation fraction and thus obtain more stringent experimental bounds.

5.1 Constraining the modulation fraction

We will now discuss what can be reasonably assumed about the modulation fraction given known models of the galactic halo, and how it can be constrained once the velocity integral has been measured. The predicted modulation fraction for various halo models are shown in the left panel of Figure 8. We observe that for most values of v_min it is significantly below 100%. Note that a modulation fraction of 100% implies that no signal is observed at t₀+ 0.5 yr, which is possible only if v_min > v_esc +v_E(t₀ + 0.5 yr).

– 11 –

Frandsen et al 2011

200 400 600 800 1000

10^-28 10^-27 10^-26 10^-25 10^-24 10^-23 10^-22

v@kmêsD

rsp mcgHvL@day-1 D

m_c=10 GeV

FIG. 7: A comparison of measurements and constraints of the astrophysical observableg(v) [see relevant expressions in (1),(2),(8)] for m = 10 GeV: CoGeNT (blue), CDMS-Si (red, solid), CDMS-Ge (green, dot-dashed), XENON10 - MIN Lef f (purple, dashed), and XENON10 - MED Lef f (gray, dotted). CoGeNT values assume the events arise from elastically scattering dark matter, while for other experiments, regions above and to the right of the lines are excluded at 90% confidence. The jagged features of the CDMS-Ge curve arise from the presence of the two detected events.

how one quantifies a constraint. However, one can exploit the fact thatgis a monotonically decreasing function, so for our constraints, we simply assume that g(v) is constant below v, and assume a Poisson limit on the integral of (8) from the experimental threshold tov.

However, other techniques could also be used, see the Appendix for more details.

This approach with ag v plot has numerous advantages over the traditional m plots. It makes manifest what the relationships between the di↵erent experiments are in terms of what vmin-space is probed, and shows (for a given mass) whether tensions exist.

Moreover, the quantity g(v) is extremely tightly linked to the data, with only a rescaling by form factor as in (8). Thus, unlike m plots, which have a tremendous amount of processing in them, this provides a direct comparison of experimental results on the same

Fox, Liu, Weiner 2011

CoGeNT

CDMS-Si CDMS-Ge XENON10 XENON10-

⇢

_p MED

m

Z

₁

v_min

f (v)

v dv

v

_min

=

s m

E

2µ

²_T

Astrophysics-independent approach

Recoil energy Minimum WIMP speed

to impart recoil energy ER

˜

⌘(v

_min

) =

⇢ m

Z

₁

v_min

f (v)

v d

v

Rescaled astrophysics factor common to all experiments

Maxwellian

stream

⇥(v_min v_stream)

v2 min 2 2v

Extract ῆ(v

min) from dR/dER

(both measurements and upper limits).

Astrophysics-independent approach

Fox, Liu, Weiner 2011

Alternative approach: solve the recoil rate equation for f (v)

200 400 600 800 1000

10^-28 10^-27 10^-26 10^-25 10^-24 10^-23 10^-22

v@kmêsD

rsp mcgHvL@day-1D

mc=10 GeV

FIG. 7: A comparison of measurements and constraints of the astrophysical observableg(v) [see relevant expressions in (1),(2),(8)] form = 10 GeV: CoGeNT (blue), CDMS-Si (red, solid), CDMS-Ge (green, dot-dashed), XENON10 - MINLef f(purple, dashed), and XENON10 - MED Lef f (gray, dotted). CoGeNT values assume the events arise from elastically scattering dark matter, while for other experiments, regions above and to the right of the lines are excluded at 90% confidence. The jagged features of the CDMS-Ge curve arise from the presence of the two detected events.

how one quantifies a constraint. However, one can exploit the fact thatgis a monotonically decreasing function, so for our constraints, we simply assume thatg(v) is constant below v, and assume a Poisson limit on the integral of (8) from the experimental threshold tov.

However, other techniques could also be used, see the Appendix for more details.

This approach with ag vplot has numerous advantages over the traditionalm plots. It makes manifest what the relationships between the di↵erent experiments are in terms of whatvmin-space is probed, and shows (for a given mass) whether tensions exist.

Moreover, the quantityg(v) is extremely tightly linked to the data, with only a rescaling by form factor as in (8). Thus, unlikem plots, which have a tremendous amount of processing in them, this provides a direct comparison of experimental results on the same

CoGeNT

CDMS-Si CDMS-Ge XENON10 XENON10-

MED

dE_R = 1 m_T

⇢ m

v>v_min

v² d dE_R

f(v)

v d³v

Fox, Kribs, Tait 2010

Requires derivatives of experimentally measured dR/dER, which is a notoriously unstable procedure.

⌘(v_min) = 2µ²_p

A²F²(E_R)

dR dE_R

All these ideas refer to the recoil spectrum dR/dE

, which is

not accessible to experiments because of energy-dependent

efficiencies and energy resolution, and the fact that often only part of the recoil energy is actually measured.

Astrophysics-independent approach

Recoil energy Measured energy Effective energy

response function

dR

dE =

Z

₁

G (E, E

) dR

dE

Use quantities accessible to experiments, i.e., include effective

energy response function.

Gondolo Gelmini 1202.6359

Astrophysics-independent approach

Change variables:

Minimum WIMP speed to impart recoil energy ER

Astrophysics factor, same for all direct detection experiments

Gondolo Gelmini 1202.6359; Del Nobile, Gelmini, Gondolo, Huh 1304.6183,1306.5273

Include effective energy response function.

And integrate over measured energy intervals:

v_min =

sm_T E_R

2µ²_T ⌘˜(v_min) = _ref ⇢ m

Z ₁

v_min

f(v)

v d³v

Constant reference cross section

R_[E₁_,E₂_] =

Z _E₂

E₁

dE dR dE

R =

Z

₁

dv R (v ) ˜ ⌘(v)

Astrophysics-independent approach

Gondolo Gelmini 1202.6359; Del Nobile, Gelmini, Gondolo, Huh 1304.6183,1306.5273

Include effective energy response function.

Response function

• Every experiment is sensitive to a “window in velocity space”

given by the response function.

R[E₁,E₂](v) =

Z E2

dE @

Z 2µ²_Tv²/m_T 0

dE_R G(E, E_R) v²

refm_T d dE_R

Measured rate Rescaled astrophysics factor

• The measured rate is a “weighted average” of the astrophysical factor.

Astrophysics-independent approach

Del Nobile, Gelmini, Gondolo, Huh 2013

Examples of response functions

R^SIHv_minL RHvminL RHv_minL êv_min³ RHvminL êvmin10

DAMA H2.0-2.5 keVeeL

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

v_min@kmêsD

ResponsefunctionHarbitraryunitL

R^SIHv_minL RHv_minL RHvminL êvmin3

RHv_minL êv_min¹⁰ CDMS-II-Si

H7-9 keVL

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

v_min@kmêsD

ResponsefunctionHarbitraryunitL

R^SIHv_minL RHv_minL RHvminL êvmin3

RHv_minL êv_min¹⁰ CoGeNT H0.43-1.11 keVeeL

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

v_min@kmêsD

ResponsefunctionHarbitraryunitL

R^SIHv_minL RHvminL RHv_minL êv_min³ RHv_minL êv_min¹⁰

CoGeNT H2.49-3.18 keVeeL

300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

v_min@kmêsD

ResponsefunctionHarbitraryunitL

Figure 1: Response functions v_min^r R_[E⁰

1,E₂⁰](v_min) with arbitrary normalization for several detected energy intervals and detectors for SI interactions (gray dashed line) and for MDM.

XENON10. We take the data from Ref. [6] and use only S2 without S1/S2 discrimination. The exposure is 1.2 kg ⇥ 12.5 days. We consider the 32 events within the 1.4 keV–10 keV acceptance box in the Phys. Rev. Lett. article (not the arXiv preprint, which had an S2 window cut). We take a conservative acceptance of 0.94. For the energy resolution, we convert the quoted energies into number of electrons n_e = EQ_y(E), with Q_y(E) as in Eq. 1 of [6] with k = 0.11, and use the Poisson fluctuation formula in Eq. (15) of [66].

In Fig. 1 we illustrate the e↵ect of various choices of r on the response function v_min^r R_[E⁰

1,E₂⁰](vmin) for MDM for several energy bins and experiments:

the first energy bin of DAMA/LIBRA [1], 2 to 2.5 keVee, the 7 to 9 keV CoGeNT-II used for the Si data [5] and the first, 0.43 to 1.11 keVee, and last, 2.49 to 3.18 keVee, of CoGeNT [2, 3]. We also include R^SI_[E₀

1,E₂⁰](vmin) for the standard SI interaction (gray dashed line) for a comparison. The

m=9 GeV

m=9 GeV m=9 GeV

m=9 GeV

Astrophysics-independent approach

Measure or bound astrophysics factor in velocity interval [v1,v2]

˜

⌘

_[v₁_,v₂_]

= R

_[E^measured

1,E₂]

R

₁

R

^[E1,E₂]

(v

_min

) dv

_min

˜

⌘(v ) < R

upper limit [E₁,E₂]

R

^[E1,E₂]

(v

_min

) dv

_min

Gondolo Gelmini 1202.6359; Del Nobile, Gelmini, Gondolo, Huh 1304.6183,1306.5273

Include effective energy response function.

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