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Beyond the emergency response, the COVID-19 pandemic also highlighted the importance of public space for community and social resilience, as well as personal wellbeing. Urban parks, at least those that stayed open, were among the few places that saw a surge in footfall during COVID-19 lockdowns. Denmark followed a strategy to allow physical activity, fresh air and socializing at a distance by keeping public spaces open. Physical distancing requirements meant that public spaces served as some of the few safe spaces for urban dwellers to interact at a distance, contributing to community cohesion, alleviating stress and playing an important role in children’s development.79 Public space can also support gender equality: a study in Denmark found that public spaces were used more equally by both males and females during lockdown than previously.80
Similarly important is the capacity of public space to serve as a “communal health resort”.81 Pandemics such as COVID-19 can leave persons with underlying conditions such as chronic non-communicable diseases disproportionally vulnerable. Marrying the “right to the city”
and the “right to health”, a new approach to city planning should support better and more equitable distribution and access to health services, while also promoting healthy and active lifestyles. Neighbourhood design, including the strategic inclusion and design of public space, enforced bicycle lanes, pedestrian- friendly streets and continuous blue-green networks, are central to providing a healthy
environment that tackles non-communicable diseases. Incorporating parks and nature into all neighbourhoods is a public health measure with beneficial psychological and physical effects.82 COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of this aspect as a preventative and responsive aspect to human wellbeing.
For these benefits to be fully realized, however, public space must be accessible and equitable for all: UN-Habitat advocates for the distribution of public space within a five minute walk.
Physical accessibility for all, for example through the provision of ramps for persons with mobility impairments or tactile pavement for persons with visual impairment, is one component in this. Equally important is the imperative to make public space socially accessible. In cities like Amman, Jordan, women frequently avoid public space due to cultural threats of being perceived as improper and the risk of verbal harassment by men.83 In other contexts, seemingly public spaces may in fact be privately owned and managed, leaving open the possibility that some may in practice be excluded, such as rough sleepers, informal street vendors or members of discriminated ethnic minorities.
During COVID-19, the repurposing of public spaces also helped to reduce the trade-off between public and economic health. Not only during the pandemic but in spatial planning more generally, there is both a need and an opportunity to reimagine streets as public space.
By creating space for people to exercise, play and access their jobs in proximity to their homes
Figure 1.15: Public spaces across cities in Denmark were observed to have a significant gender redistribution during COVID-19
Source: Gehl Architects, 2020 0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Hong Kong Rome Hamburg Singapore London Paris Brisbane Delhi Beijing Los Angeles Melbourne Madrid Sydney Cape Town New York
Pre-Lockdown (February - March 2020) Peak-Lockdown (April - May 2020) Post-Lockdown (June - July 2020)
M F M F M F M F M M
Before During Copenhagen Total Perceived
Gender Distribution M: Male F: female
Horsens Svendborg Helsingor
Before During Before During Before During
F M F
Lima (Peru) -90%
-86%
-83%
-81%
-80%
-77%
-74%
-74%
-73%
-72%
-68%
-67%
-65%
-64%
-62%
-62%
-62%
Bogota (Colombia) Mexico City (Mexico) Buenos Aires (Argentina) Santiago (Chile) Fortaleza (Brazil) Campinas (Brazil) Salvador (Brazil) Recife (Brazil) Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) Guadalajara (Mexico) São Paulo (Brazil) Montevideo (Uruguay) Porto Alegre (Brazil) Belo Horizonte (Brazil) Brasília (Brazil) Curitiba (Brazil)
Growth rate
Change in public transport demand due to the COVID-19 outbreak in selected cities in Latin America from March 2 to May 12, 2020
A new approach to city planning should support better and more equitable distribution and access to health services, while also promoting healthy and active lifestyles
while following physical distancing guidelines, streets are a fundamental tool in a public health approach focused on risk reduction. Similarly, the extra distance that streets can enable between people means that by expanding certain activities beyond the internal confines of a building, places of worship, cultural
institutions, libraries and even schools can more safely resume their critical role in society.84 Beyond extending the classroom to outdoor spaces, in response to the closure of schools, streets can provide WiFi hotspots enabling children remote access to education and adults a means of working from home. By converting indoor into outdoor activities, businesses such as restaurants, cafes, theatres, cinemas and gyms have been able to continue operating, supporting livelihoods and businesses while offering important social and cultural services to the urban community. New concepts, such as Gastro Safe Zones in Europe and Streateries in the US, can allow for the safe return of customers and provide at least some income for restaurants and food vendors. Streets can also provide space for pop-up medical care and testing as well as serve as distribution points for food and potable water.
Box 1.12: The opportunities of public space for dining, retail and leisure
Balancing public health with economic survival has forced many cities to creatively reimagine public spaces to enable some measure of activity to continue despite the pandemic. The requirements of social distancing have meant that previously thriving areas such as markets have had to adapt to ensure their ability to function safely. At the same time, overlooked or inaccessible spaces such as parking lots have also in some cases acquired a new importance once repurposed as areas for dining, recreation or sport.
In Delhi, as the nation-wide lockdown was being gradually lifted, some neighbourhoods began to host pop-up stores of retail shopping brands typically found only in larger markets or malls. These allowed consumers who might be hesitant to resume their visits to central markets to meet their demands within walking distance, while also allowing businesses to generate some revenue.
In Ethiopia, UN-Habitat has been working with support from the government to redesign overcrowded city markets and set up temporary markets to help prevent the spread of COVID-19 in four cities. Markets selling food, vegetables and other commodities are still open and very crowded. Planners from UN-Habitat have proposed new designs to incorporate physical distancing, handwashing stations and the introduction of temporary markets in public spaces to accommodate vendors. In Fara Gebaya market in Hawassa city, the site selected is 8,000 square metres and designed to accommodate 280 vendors.85
Melbourne is planning to reconfigure the Central Business District’s
‘Little Streets’ area to create a more lively urban environment for walking, eating and other outdoor activities. This will be achieved by modifying the current design and layout to provide more space for safe and enjoyable use of the area by pedestrians and diners. The city is also exploring ways to support restaurants by opening up parking bays and other spaces for use as dining areas.86
Outdoor summer school activities with social distancing measures. Turin, Italy © Shutterstock
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The role of accessible public space is even more evident in marginalized areas characterized by informality, overcrowding and a lack of access to services. In contexts where urban livelihoods depend on the informal economy, public spaces often serve as market areas. Shutting down these areas can have devastating effects on urban dwellers who support themselves on a day-by-day basis. As a result, many vendors have had to quickly adapt in the face of new restrictions. In Kisumu, Kenya, for example, after the popular Kibuye market was closed during lockdown, traders built a makeshift alternative to sell their goods.87
Instead of only framing public spaces and the economic and social activities that take place in them as a public health risk, city authorities can use these central gathering points to raise health awareness, set-up handwashing stations and distribute emergency and necessary medical supplies, among other functions. In Beirut, Lebanon, for example, UN-Habitat developed communal handwashing stations in four urban neighbourhoods to help prevent the spread of COVID-19, benefitting some 30,000 people including vulnerable residents, refugees and migrants.88 Public and green spaces also offer room for urban agriculture, which can help bridge food shortages and provide access to fresh produce.
Yet these benefits are only possible if public spaces are distributed equally across neighbourhoods. In many cities, inequitable public space distribution leaves areas with households from lower socio-economic
backgrounds worse off and exacerbates existing patterns of exclusion. A recent analysis of 610 cities across 95 countries found that only 47 per cent of the population studied lived within 400 metres walking distance of open public spaces.89 In an attempt to rectify such spatial inequalities, Vancouver has developed a citywide master plan for parks and recreational areas that aims to address the legacy of discrimination and injustice by prioritizing social inclusion in its design.90
1.3.2. Compact, mixed-use development The initially temporary changes in how urban dwellers interact with their urban environment at the neighbourhood level, particularly regarding public spaces and mobility, have led to the rethinking of how neighbourhoods should be planned to build back better. Concretely, the idea of the “15-minute neighbourhood” — characterized by compactness and the ability to meet daily needs such as shopping, health care, socializing and education within walking distance from home — is gaining growing support, with the Mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, proposing to radically reshape the city around this concept to reduce stress and pollution levels.
Initial evidence suggests that centralized city layouts may lead to increased COVID-19 infection rates, while decentralized layouts can contribute to reducing its spread by allowing for targeted movement restrictions that build on and promote community resilience.91 These trends suggest that compact, mixed-use neighbourhoods are beneficial for both city- wide resilience by containing the spread of the pandemic, as well as for personal safety by allowing urban dwellers to meet their needs locally and thereby reducing their interactions and exposure to the virus.
Furthermore, targeted movement restrictions are most easily implementable if affected communities can meet their needs locally, despite being disconnected from the larger city.
However, where these conditions are not met, neighbourhood or cluster-based lockdowns can disproportionally affect already vulnerable persons and communities by potentially preventing them from meeting their needs and earning their living. An increase in food prices, linked to movement restrictions, for example, might make lower socio-economic groups more vulnerable to malnutrition. Nor are the effects of lockdowns only felt locally. After Kenyan authorities imposed a 15-day lockdown in the neighbourhood of Eastleigh in Nairobi, for example, around 220,000 people were unable to enter or leave the mixed commercial and
residential area, meaning that shopping malls, shops and eateries in the area were also forced to close. Given its central importance to Nairobi’s economy, the impact of this move on the city and even the country was considerable.92
Box 1.13: Alleviating food security in the Philippines through satellite markets In the Philippines, UN-Habitat has opened two satellite markets and several mobile stores around Marawi City to bring fairly priced food and essential goods closer to people. Due to the lockdown and closure of local shops, people had to travel significant distances to city centres to find open markets, if public transport was available. The satellite market makes products available at fixed locations, reducing travel distances and promoting mixed-use within walking distance.93
A sustained increase in remote working and the associated reductions in people’s need to travel are likely to create a growing demand for local, easily accessible services and facilities And it is important to remember that compact, mixed-use neighbourhoods have the potential to deliver benefits even beyond the emergency response phase of a pandemic such as COVID- 19. In the medium to long-term, a sustained increase in remote working and the associated reductions in people’s need to travel are likely to create a growing demand for local, easily accessible services and facilities.This could offer an opportunity to promote healthier lifestyles based around physical activity and community cohesion.
Wearing of face mask for protection during covid-19 pandemic © Shutterstock
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