Los Abogados y la Prevención del Blanqueo de Capitales.

Gomes et al. (2013) claims that, by integrating both benefits and maturity model assessment approaches, it will be possible to increase the effectiveness of strategic projects and improve the confidence of business sponsors that their investment in projects will return business benefits. A higher level of maturity is achieved when client organisations assess their capabilities and benchmark their performance against standards and competitors Graham et al. (2014). Knowing beforehand the impact that process maturity has on the organisation's performance is essential when focusing on the elimination of internal resistance to change, whilst taking advantage of the favourable factors that positively influence organisational maturity (Urban, 2015).

The real benefit of BIM cannot, therefore, be realised at a low level of maturity or at the ‘lonely BIM’ stage due to the lack of coordination and collaboration with other BIM users (Sackey et al., 2013). While this research seeks to identify the relationship between BIM benefits and maturity, there are two key challenges that need to be addressed to establish this relationship, namely; how to connect BIM maturity competencies with BIM uses benefits, and how to address BIM maturity improvement effects on BIM benefits achievement.

5.3.3.1 Connecting BIM maturity competencies with BIM uses benefits.

The connection is proposed by finding the relationship between BIM uses requirements and the BIM maturity competencies; both were identified through literature review. At this stage of the framework development, this relationship is established by understanding the requirements and identifying which competency(ies) can help a client to provide these requirements. For instance, one of the common requirements that clients need to meet when using BIM in some areas is to use staff with the ability to demonstrate both BIM and walk through models to validate their outcomes. It is proposed that meeting this requirement will have a significant connection with some maturity competencies, such as BIM skills, training, and technology competencies. Furthermore, improving these competencies will help the client to provide the aforementioned requirements. Based on this proposition, all BIM uses requirements have been connected with the related BIM maturity competencies.

With regard to this proposed connection, the BIM uses have relationships with particular BIM maturity competencies. Consequently, improving these competencies will increase a client’s chance of achieving the desired benefit of using BIM in a particular area. For instance, Table 5.2 shows the proposed connection between the requirements and maturity competencies for using BIM in existing condition modelling. In addition, it reveals the relationship between

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maturity competencies and BIM uses benefits as a result of the proposed connection. The same procedure will be followed to establish the relationship between all BIM uses benefits and BIM maturity competencies .

Table 5.2: The relationship for the Existing Condition Modelling BIM use No BIM Uses BIM Uses Requirements BIM Maturity

Competencies

BIM Uses Benefits

1 Existing condition modelling

1. Staff are able to manipulate,

navigate, and review a 3D model. 2. Familiarity with Building Information Model authoring tools. 3. Familiarity with 3D laser scanning tools. 4. Familiarity with

conventional surveying tools and equipment.

5. Ability to determine what is the optimum level of detail that may add ‘value’ to the project. 6. Ability to select the

appropriate software to create the site linked BIM model.

1. BIM skills 2. Training 3. Standards 4. BIM champion 5. BIM Vision 6. Software 7. Hardware 8. Quality assurance system

1. Increase the efficiency and accuracy of existing conditions, documentation and representation. 2. Help in future modelling and 3D design coordination. 3. Provide an accurate representation and visualisation of work that has been put into place. 4. Real-time quantity verification for accounting cost estimation purposes. 5. Disaster Planning. 6. Time Saving Utility

Design.

5.3.3.2 Effects of BIM maturity development on BIM uses benefits achievement

Identifying the level maturity development effects on the achievement of BIM uses benefits requires the classification of BIM benefits into levels that reflect their maturity development without such classification it will difficult to evaluate the relationship. As explained in Chapter 3, maturity levels have been classified into five main levels, i.e. initial, defined, managed, integrated, and optimised. The following aims to determine suitable benefit classification criteria that reflect the level of maturity development.

(Bradley, 2010) states that benefit classification, according to a variety of criteria, will increase understanding of the nature of the benefits, aid analysis, and improve communication.

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Therefore, different types of benefit classification methods have been presented that have been adopted by various client organisations. Table 5.3 summarises these classification methods with a brief description for each. In addition, each will be evaluated to check its suitability to classify BIM benefits for this research. It can be seen that the different types of classification can be based on stakeholder, category, business type, sigma type, and changing type. This research aims to identify the relationship between benefits and maturity; therefore, each type will be evaluated to determine its suitability for use in this research.

Table 5.3: Benefit classification summary (Bradley, 2010) No Classification

Name

Description

1 By stakeholder One widely used approach classifies benefits and dis-benefits according to the stakeholder, who will feel or experience their impacts. As this research just focuses on the client organisation, this type of classification is not applicable.

2 By category Categorising benefits into groups, which are relatively independent of one another, can be useful for aiding benefit identification, facilitating the analysis of a large number of benefits, and consolidating them. This type of benefits classification seems beyond the aim and objectives of this study.

3 By business impact

Classifying benefits by business impact is helpful when checking strategy alignment and balance, and when comparing the relative significance of benefits. This type of benefits classification seems beyond the aim and objectives of this study.

4 By Sigma Value type

Classifying benefits into three main levels, logical, expected, and definite, according to beneficial knowledge and experiences. Connecting benefits with knowledge and experience, and reflecting the capability of the organisation could be useful in identifying the relationship between BIM maturity competencies and BIM benefits. 5 By changing

Type

Classifying benefits depends on the required change, such as, for example, doing new things, stopping doing existing things, and doing existing things a bit better. This type of benefits classification seems beyond the aim and objectives of this study.

As mentioned previously, this research seeks a benefit classification that could reflect maturity development. Therefore, classifying benefits according to a SIGMA value type which is able Connecting benefits with knowledge and experience, and reflecting the capability of the organisation seems to be the most suitable method to achieve the research aim to find the relationship between BIM maturity competencies and BIM uses benefits. This type of

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classification has three levels, which describe the level of benefits assurance in terms of users’ knowledge and experiences, as explained below:

1. Definite Benefits: the benefit has an accurately predictable base on a high level of competence and experience; this benefit is unlikely to be affected by external changes. 2. Expected Benefits: the benefit can be predicted based on trends or experience

elsewhere. The degree of confidence is less as this benefit could be affected by external changes; sometimes a probability rating may be attached to the value. 3. Logical Benefits: logical benefits are appropriate for certain applications, but there are

no data or experiences on which to base a realistic prediction. This should be used as a measure to monitor improvements.

This research will adopt the above benefit classification to explain the relationship between BIM benefits assurance and maturity development levels. Therefore, in order to express the relationship between maturity and benefits, the traditional maturity levels have been amended to include benefit levels. For example, the traditional Initial maturity level means that organisations have limited level of competencies development which mean in benefits level that client organisations don have unable to predict BIM benefits which may be limited to design stage only. Improving client organisations maturity will improve their ability to predict benefits which was expressed in the new proposed maturity labels. These suggested labels are defined as follows:

1. Not exist: BIM competency does not exist in the client organisation in any format. For example, if a BIM champion, as one of BIM competencies, is located in the ‘not exist’ level, there is no role called BIM champion in the client organisation.

2. Expected Design Benefits, Logical Construction Benefits, Logical In-Use Benefits: Any competency located on this level will help the client to realise benefits from BIM, but only during the design stage and without any ability to extend their expectations to the construction and in-use stages. This level reflects a limited maturity level in terms of BIM competencies.

3. Definite Design Benefits, Expected Construction Benefits, Logical In-Use Benefits: Reflects good improvement(s) in BIM maturity competencies whereby the client has developed enough knowledge to accurately expect benefits from BIM during the design stage, and which can extend to the construction stage. However, a client

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organisation at this level still has limited ability to expect any benefits from BIM during the in-use stage.

4. Definite Design Benefits, Definite Construction Benefits, Expected In-Use Benefits: Reflects a very good improvement(s) in BIM maturity competencies whereby the client has enough knowledge and experience to accurately expect benefits from BIM in the stages of design and construction, which can also extend to the in-use stage.

5. Definite Design Benefits, Definite Construction Benefits, Definite In-Use Benefits: A high level of BIM competencies that reflects deep BIM knowledge and wide BIM experiences, and supports the client organisation to accurately expect benefits from BIM at any stage through the asset life cycle.

By successfully addressing the two main challenges, which are the connection between BIM maturity competencies and BIM uses benefits and the effects of maturity development on the benefits assurance, the relationship between BIM maturity competencies and BIM uses benefits are able to be established. Figure 5.3 depicts the conceptual framework that has been developed from the findings from the literature review. The core of the framework represents the assessment relationship between BIM maturity competencies and BIM uses benefits. From the Figure, it can be seen that this relationship starts by identifying the area where BIM can be used to produce certain benefits, then by defining the requirements that clients need to provide to use BIM effectively, then by establishing the connection between requirements and competencies which consequently lead to a relationship between BIM maturity competencies and the corresponding benefits.

Thereafter, the conceptual framework was drafted by incorporating the aforementioned key areas, which was followed by two expert interviews being carried out to further refine it. The opinions of the experts regarding the subject area under consideration for this study and on the drafted conceptual framework are discussed below.

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Figure 5.3: The initial framework for the research