Agradecimientos

A la vicedecanatura de investigación y extensión de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín por la financiación del proyecto “Asociación del polimorfismo A293V del gen estearoilCoA desaturasa (SCD1) con el perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche en vacas Holstein de Antioquia”. Al personal técnico de los laboratorios de biotecnología ruminal y de análisis instrumental de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, por su asesoría y acompañamiento durante la ejecución de la presente investigación. Al centro internacional de agricultura tropical (CIAT) por el apoyo en el procesamiento de las muestras

4.9 Referencias

AbuGhazaleh AA, Jacobson BN (2007) The effect of pH and polyunsaturated C18 fatty acid source on the production of vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acids in ruminal cultures incubated with docosahexaenoic acid. Animal Feed Science and Technology

136, 11–22. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.08.020.

AbuGhazaleh AA, Jenkins TC (2004) Short communication: Docosahexaenoic acid promotes vaccenic acid accumulation in mixed ruminal cultures when incubated with linoleic acid. Journal of Dairy Science 87, 1047–1050. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022- 0302(04)73250-6.

Adeyemi KD, Sazili AQ, Ebrahimi M, Samsudin AA, Alimon AR, Karim R, Karsani SA, Sabow AB (2016) Effects of blend of canola oil and palm oil on nutrient intake and digestibility, growth performance, rumen fermentation and fatty acids in goats. Animal Science Journal 87, 1137–1147. doi:10.1111/asj.12549.

Akraim F, Nicot MC, Juaneda P, Enjalbert F (2007) Conjugated linolenic acid (CLnA), conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other biohydrogenation intermediates in plasma and milk fat of cows fed raw or extruded linseed. Animal 1, 835. doi:10.1017/S175173110700002X.

AOAC (2002) Official Method of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical, (Washington DC)

Ashes JR, Siebert BD, Gulati SK, Cuthbertson AZ, Scott TW (1992) Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids of fish oil into tissue and serum lipids of ruminants. Lipids 27, 629–631. doi:10.1007/BF02536122.

Bauman D, Baumgard L, Corl B, Griinari J (1999) Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants 1. Proceedings of the American Society of Animal Science 1–15.

Beam TM, Jenkins TC, Moate PJ, Kohn RA, Palmquist DL (2000) Effects of amount and source of fat on the rates of lipolysis and biohydrogenation of fatty acids in ruminal contents. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 2564–2573. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022- 0302(00)75149-6.

Buccioni A, Decandia M, Minieri S, Molle G, Cabiddu A (2012) Lipid metabolism in the rumen: New insights on lipolysis and biohydrogenation with an emphasis on the role of endogenous plant factors. Animal Feed Science and Technology 174, 1–25. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.02.009.

Carriquiry M, Weber WJ, Baumgard LH, Crooker BA (2008) In vitro biohydrogenation of four dietary fats. Animal Feed Science and Technology. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.028.

Castillo J (2012) Cinética de biohidrogenación in vitro de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados en fluido ruminal.

Castillo J, Olivera M, Carulla JE (2012) Reducción de la biohidrogenación del ácido linoleico y alfa linolénico por la adición de diferentes proporciones de ácido eicosapentaenoico y docosahexaenoico Reduction of the biohydrogenation of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid by addition of different. Revista colombiana de quimica 41, 395–408.

Chilliard Y, Ferlay A, Mansbridge RM, Doreau M (2000) Ruminant milk fat plasticity: nutritional control of saturated, polyunsaturated, trans and conjugated fatty acids. Annales de Zootechnie 181–205. doi:10.1051/animres:2000117.

Chow TT, Fievez V, Moloney AP, Raes K, Demeyer D, Smet S De (2004) Effect of fish oil on in vitro rumen lipolysis, apparent biohydrogenation of linoleic and linolenic acid and accumulation of biohydrogenation intermediates. Animal Feed Science and Technology. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.08.008.

Czerkawski JW (1984) Microbial fermentation in the rumen. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 43, 101–118. doi:10.1079/PNS19840035.

Dehority BA (2003) “Rumen microbiology.” (Nottingham University Press: Nottingham) Destaillats F, Trottier JP, Galvez JMG, Angers P (2005) Analysis of alpha-linolenic acid

biohydrogenation intermediates in milk fat with emphasis on conjugated linolenic acids. Journal of dairy science 88, 3231–3239. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022- 0302(05)73006-X.

Journal of Nutrition 78, S15. doi:10.1079/BJN19970132.

Duckett SK, Gillis MH (2010) Effects of oil source and fish oil addition on ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid formation in beef steers fed finishing diets. Journal of Animal Science 88, 2684–2691. doi:10.2527/jas.2009- 2375.

Fiorentini G, Carvalho IPC, Messana JD, Canesin RC, Castagnino PS, Lage JF, Arcuri PB, Berchielli TT (2015) Effect of lipid sources with different fatty acid profiles on intake, nutrient digestion and ruminal fermentation of feedlot Nellore steers. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 28, 1583–1591. doi:10.5713/ajas.15.0130.

Gagliostro GA, Garciarena DA, Rodriguez MA, Antonacci LE (2017) Feeding Polyunsaturated Supplements to Grazing Dairy Cows Improve the Healthy Value of Milk Fatty Acids. Agricultural Sciences 08, 759–782. doi:10.4236/as.2017.88057. Gerson T, King ASD, Kelly KE, Kelly WJ (1988) Influence of particle size and surface area

on in vitro rates of gas production, lipolysis of triacylglycerol and hydrogenation of linoleic acid by sheep rumen digesta or Ruminococcus flavefaciens. The Journal of Agricultural Science 110, 31–37. doi:10.1017/S002185960007965X.

Goering HK, Van Soest PJ (1970) FORAGE FIBER ANALYSES. “Agric. Handb. No. 379”. (Agricultural Research Service-USDA: Washington, D.C.) https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87209099/PDF.

Gulati SK, Ashes JR, Scott TW (1999) Hydrogenation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids and their incorporation into milk fat. Animal Feed Science and Technology 79, 57–64. doi:10.1016/S0377-8401(99)00010-3.

Harfoot CG (1978) Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Progress in lipid research 17, 21–54. Harfoot CG, Noble RC, Moore JH (1975) The role of plant particles, bacteria and cell-free

supernatant fractions of rumen contents in the hydrolysis of trilinolein and the subsequent hydrogenation of linoleic acid. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 41, 533–542. doi:10.1007/BF02565095.

nutrient digestion in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 89, 1092–1103. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72177-4.

ICONTEC (2014) “Norma Técnica Colombiana NTC4967.”

Jenkins TC (1993) Lipid metabolism in the rumen. Journal of dairy science 76, 3851–3863. doi:10.1016/0079-6832(78)90004-6.

Jenkins TC, Wallace RJ, Moate PJ, Mosley EE (2008) Board-Invited Review: Recent advances in biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids within the rumen microbial ecosystem. J. Anim. Sci. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0588.

Kairenius P, Ärölä A, Leskinen H, Toivonen V, Ahvenjärvi S, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P, Hurme T, Griinari J, Shingfield K (2015) Dietary fish oil supplements depress milk fat yield and alter milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed grass silage-based diets. doi:10.3168/jds.2015-9548.

Kairenius P, Leskinen H, Toivonen V, Muetzel S, Ahvenjärvi S, Vanhatalo A, Huhtanen P, Wallace RJ, Shingfield KJ (2018) Effect of dietary fish oil supplements alone or in combination with sunflower and linseed oil on ruminal lipid metabolism and bacterial populations in lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science 101, 3021–3035. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-13776.

Kepler CR, Hirons KP, Tove SB (1966) Intermediates and Products of the Biohydrogenation of Linoleic Acid by Intermediates of Linoleic and Products of the Biohydrogenation Acid by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Journal of Biological Chemistry 241, 1350–1354.

Kris-etherton PM, Taylor DS, Yu-poth S, Huth P, Moriarty K, Fishell V, Hargrove RL, Zhao G, Etherton TD (2000) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States 1 , 2. 71, 1–10.

Kubelková P, Jalč D, Jančík F, Homolka P (2018) In vitro ruminal fermentation and fatty acid production by various oil seeds. South African Journal of Animal Sciences 48, 526–534. doi:10.1177/0741713617751043.

Lee MRF, Shingfield KJ, Tweed JKS, Toivonen V, Huws SA, Scollan ND (2008) Effect of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids in steers fed grass or red clover silages. Animal 2, 1859–1869. doi:10.1017/S1751731108002899.

León Caviedes JM (2011) Efecto de la incorporación de leguminosas en pasturas de trópico alto sobre el contenido de ácido linoleico conjugado ALC en la leche. Universidad Nacinal de Colombia. http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/6409/.

Lessard M, Gagnon N, Godson DL, Petit H V (2004) Influence of parturition and diets enriched in n-3 or n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on immune response of dairy cows during the transition period. Journal of dairy science 87, 2197–2210. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70040-5.

Loor JJ, Ueda K, Ferlay a, Chilliard Y, Doreau M (2004) Biohydrogenation, duodenal flow, and intestinal digestibility of trans fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids in response to dietary forage:concentrate ratio and linseed oil in dairy cows. Journal of dairy science 87, 2472–2485. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73372-X.

Lourenço M, Ramos-Morales E, Wallace RJ (2010) The role of microbes in rumen lipolysis and biohydrogenation and their manipulation. Animal 4, 1008–1023.

doi:10.1017/S175173111000042X.

Manso T, Castro T, Mantecón AR, Jimeno V (2006) Effects of palm oil and calcium soaps of palm oil fatty acids in fattening diets on digestibility, performance and chemical body composition of lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 127, 175–186. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.013.

Mattos R (2000) Effects of dietary fatty acids on reproduction in ruminants. Reviews of Reproduction 5, 38–45. doi:10.1530/ror.0.0050038.

Moallem U, Katz M, Arieli A, Lehrer H (2007) Effects of Peripartum Propylene Glycol or Fats Differing in Fatty Acid Profiles on Feed Intake, Production, and Plasma Metabolites in Dairy Cows. Journal of Dairy Science 90, 3846–3856. doi:10.3168/jds.2007-0092.

Nawaz H, Ali M (2016) Effect of supplemental fat on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, milk yield and milk composition of ruminants. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences

53, 271–275. doi:10.21162/PAKJAS/16.4781.

Palmquist DL (2007) Biohydrogenation then and now. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109, 737–739. doi:10.1002/ejlt.200700146.

Palmquist DL, Jenkins TC (1980) Fat in lactation rations: review. Journal of dairy science

63, 1–14. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82881-5.

Patra AK (2013) The effect of dietary fats on methane emissions, and its other effects on digestibility, rumen fermentation and lactation performance in cattle: A meta-analysis. Livestock Science 155, 244–254. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2013.05.023.

Rennó FP, de Freitas Júnior JE, Gandra JR, Filho MM, Verdurico LC, Rennó LN, Barletta RV, Vilela FG (2014) Effect of unsaturated fatty acid supplementation on digestion, metabolism and nutrient balance in dairy cows during the transition period and early lactation. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 43, 212–223. doi:10.1590/S1516- 35982014000400008.

Rico JE, Moreno B, Pabón ML, Carulla J (2007) Composición de la grasa láctea en la sabana de Bogotá con énfasis en ácido ruménico - CLA cis -9 , trans -11. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias 20, 30–39.

Roy A, Mandal GP, Patra AK (2017) Effects of different vegetable oils on rumen fermentation and conjugated linoleic acid concentration in vitro. Veterinary World 10, 11–16. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2017.11-16.

Ben Salem H, Krzeminski R, Ferlay A, Doreau M (1993) Effect of lipid supply on in vivo digestion in cows : Comparison of hay and corn silage diets. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, 547–557.

Shingfield KJ, Ahvenjärvi S, Toivonen V, Ärölä A, Nurmela KV V, Huhtanen P, Griinari JM (2003) Effect of dietary fish oil on biohydrogenation of fatty acids and milk fatty acid content in cows. Animal Science 77, 165–179. doi:10.1017/S1357729800053765. Shingfield KJ, Lee MRF, Humphries DJ, Scollan ND, Toivonen V, Reynolds CK, Beever DE

(2010) Effect of incremental amounts of fish oil in the diet on ruminal lipid metabolism in growing steers. British Journal of Nutrition 104, 56–66.

doi:10.1017/S0007114510000292.

Singh S, Clement Hawke J (1979) The in vitro lipolysis and biohydrogenation of monogalactosyldiglyceride by whole rumen contents and its fractions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 30, 603–612. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740300609.

Smith WA, Harris Jr. B, Vann Horn HH, Wilcox CJ (1993) Effects of Forage Type on Production of Dairy Cows Supplemented with Whole Cottonseed, Tallow, and Yeast. Journal of Dairy Science 76, 205–215. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77339-7.

Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB, Lewis BA (1991) Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of dairy science 74, 3583–3597. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.

Toral PG, Shingfield KJ, Hervás G, Toivonen V, Frutos P (2010) Effect of fish oil and sunflower oil on rumen fermentation characteristics and fatty acid composition of digesta in ewes fed a high concentrate diet. Journal of Dairy Science 93, 4804–4817. doi:10.3168/jds.2010-3300.

Vargas JE, Andrés S, Yáñez-Ruiz DR, López S (2011) The effect of olive, sunflower or linseed oils on the fermentation pattern and methane production in the rumen simulating technique. Challenging strategies to promote the sheep and goat sector in the current global context 168, 163–168.

Vélez-Ruiz JP, Tequin-Ocampo EB, Vargas Sánchez JE (2017) Efecto in vitro del aceite de girasol (Helianthus annuus L.) sobre ácido transvacénico y patrón de ácidos grasos de cadena larga en la digesta rumina. Veterinaria y Zootecnia 11, 37–53. doi:10.17151/vetzo.2017.11.1.4.

Wanapat M, Mapato C, Pilajun R, Toburan W (2011) Effects of vegetable oil supplementation on feed intake, rumen fermentation, growth performance, and carcass characteristic of growing swamp buffaloes. Livestock Science 135, 32–37. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.006.

Wąsowska I, Maia MRG, Niedźwiedzka KM, Czauderna M, Ramalho Ribeiro JMC, Devillard E, Shingfield KJ, Wallace RJ (2006a) Influence of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition 95, 1199. doi:10.1079/BJN20061783.

Wąsowska I, Maia MRG, Niedźwiedzka KM, Czauderna M, Ramalho Ribeiro JMC, Devillard E, Shingfield KJ, Wallace RJ (2006b) Influence of fish oil on ruminal biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids. British Journal of Nutrition 95, 1199–1211.

5. RNA-seq differential gene expression