3. PLANEAMIENTO ESTRATÉGICO:
3.1 Análisis externo:
3.1.1 Análisis PESTE
With 5...Bf5, Black prevents 6.e4.
Bled Attack 6.Nh4 Dutch Variation: 6.e3
If White plays 6.e3, the Dutch Variation, play can continue 6...e6 7.Bxc4 Bb4 8.0-0 0-0 with a fairly quiet game. Black can also play 6...Na6 with the idea of 7...Nb4, known as the Dutch, Lasker Variation.
Krause Attack: 6.Ne5
A more energetic line begins 6.Ne5 (Krause Attack) where White intends f2–f3 and e2–e4 or Nxc4, perhaps followed by afianchettoof the king bishop with g2–g3 and Bg2. Black can try either 6...Nbd7 7.Nxc4 Qc7 or 7...Nb6 or 6...e6 7.f3 Bb4, when 8.e4 Bxe4 9.fxe4 Nxe4 is a complex piece sacrifice with the possi- ble continuation 10.Bd2 Qxd4 11.Nxe4 Qxe4+ 12.Qe2 Bxd2+ 13.Kxd2 Qd5+ 14.Kc2 Na6.
7.8.9 Notes
[1] Kasparov, GarryandKeene, Raymond(1989). Batsford
Chess Openings 2. Batsford.ISBN 0-7134-6099-7.
7.8.10 References
• Nunn, John(1999). Nunn’s Chess Openings. Every-
• Burgess, Graham (2000). The Mammoth Book of Chess. Carroll & Graf.ISBN 0-7867-0725-9. • Burgess, Graham (2001). The Slav. Gambit. ISBN
1-901983-44-7.
• Fine, Reuben(1990). Ideas Behind the Chess Open- ings. Random House Puzzles & Games. ISBN 0- 8129-1756-1.
7.9 Semi-Slav Defense
The Semi-Slav Defense is a variation of the Queen’s Gambit chess openingdefined by the position reached af- ter the moves:
1.d4 d5
2.c4 c6
3.Nf3 Nf6
4.Nc3 e6
The position may readily be reached by a number of dif- ferentmove orders. With Black advancing pawns to both e6 and c6, the opening resembles a mixture of the Ortho-
doxQueen’s Gambit Declined(QGD) and theSlav De-
fense.
Black is threatening to capture the whitepawnon c4, and hold it with b7–b5. White can avoid this in a number of ways. About 80% of games continue 5.Bg5 or 5.e3: the former constitutes a sharp pawn sacrifice, while the latter restricts the dark-squared bishopfrom its natural development to g5. Other possible moves are 5.Qb3, 5.g3 and 5.cxd5, the last of which, after 5...exd5, leads to a line of the QGD Exchange Variation where White’s early Nf3 enables Black’s queen bishop to freely develop, which should give equality (ECO codes D43 and D45). For the Semi-Slav theEncyclopaedia of Chess Openings
designates codes D43 through D49.
7.9.1
5.e3
The main line continues with 5...Nbd7. The bishop moves 5...Bd6 and 5...Be7 are seldom seen, as masters re- alized early on that at e7, the bishop was passively placed and does nothing to further one of Black’s aims, the free- ing move ...e5. The unusual move 5...a6 is considered solid for Black. Some sources call 5...a6 the “accelerated Meran”.[1]
Meran Variation: 6.Bd3
The main variation of the Semi-Slav is the Meran Vari- ation, 6... dxc4 7. Bxc4 b5 (ECO codes D46 to D49), when play usually continues with 8.Bd3, with
8.Be2 and 8.Bb3 less common alternatives. The line was first played in 1906 in the game Schlechter–Perlis.[2] The variation takes its name from the town of Meran
(Merano) in northern Italy. During a 1924 tourna-
ment in Meran, it was used successfully in the game
Gruenfeld–Rubinstein. Gruenfeld adopted the same vari- ation two rounds later against Spielmann, winning as well.[3]Viswanathan Anandwon two games with Black in his World Chess Championship 2008 match with
Vladimir Kramnik. Black surrenders hisoutposton d5, gaining atempoforqueenside spaceexpansion by b7–b5. White will play in the center, leading to a rich, compli- cated game. These opposing strategies, with the ensuing keen play, have long made the Meran a favorite for enter- prising players of either color. An example is Gligoric v Ljubojevic, Belgrade, 1979.[4]
After the move 8.Bd3, Black usually plays 8...a6. Bent Larsen introduced the move 8...Bb7, which has been dubbed the “improved Meran”.[5] According to one source, the move was first played in 1923, but since it was developed by Larsen, it carries his name. Black can also play 8...Bd6, which is the move Anand played in his victory overLevon Aronianin theTata Steel Chess Tour- nament2013.[6]
Though appearing in contemporary master play with less frequency than the Meran, there are other possibilities: 6...Be7, 6...Bb4, introduced by the Italian masterMax Romih, and 6...Bd6, which was much the most popular line before the debut of the Meran, and espoused by the American grandmaster Arthur Bisguier throughout his career.
6...Bd6 and now 7. 0-0 0-0 8. e4 dxe4 9. Nxe4 Nxe4 10. Bxe4 is the most common line. There are now sev- eral alternatives for Black, with one a clear error, as it loses a pawn: 10... e5 11. dxe5 Nxe5 12. Nxe5 Bxe5 13. Bxh7+ Kxh7 14. Qh5+ Kg8 15. Qxe5. This line, however, has a strong drawish tendency in practice, due to the opposite-colored bishops, although all the heavy pieces remain on the board.
Black’s other choices include 10...c5, although theory re- gards this as premature as it enables White to play for a kingside attack with 11.Bc2, followed by Qd3 and Bg5. 10...Nf6 has also been played, but this misplaces the knight and does nothing to further Black’s play against the center by means of the pawn breaks c6–c5 or e6–e5. Bisguier preferred 10...h6 and it has come to be consid- ered the strongest plan.
The other ideas, 6...Be7, which has the same drawback as after 5.e3 Be7, and 6...Bb4, have become sidelines in modern play.
Anti-Meran Variation: 6.Qc2 Position after 7.g4
7.9. SEMI-SLAV DEFENSE 159
The main alternative to 6.Bd3 has become 6.Qc2, once a sideline, this move exploded in popularity in the 1990s, in large part due toAnatoly Karpov's advocacy. The idea is to wait for Black to commit to ...dxc4 before playing Bd3. Black commonly replies with 6...Bd6 and now White can choose between two very different continuations:
Karpov Variation: 7.Bd3 7.Bd3, Karpov first played 7.Be2 but it soon transpired that the d3-square gives White better chances.
Shirov–Shabalov Gambit: 7.g4 Another increasingly common gambit line used in the Anti-Meran is the sharp 7.g4. Popularized by Alexander Shabalov and Alexey Shirov, the gambit destabilizes the center for Black and has been successful for severalgrandmasters, including
Kasparov, who won the first game of his 2003 match
against the computer chess program Deep Junior with it.[7]
7.9.2
5.Bg5
Position after 5.Bg5The Anti-Meran Gambit (ECO code D44) arises after 5.Bg5. Possible replies include 5...Nbd7, 5...dxc4, 5...h6, and 5...Be7. White refuses to shut in the dark-squared bishop, instead developing it to an active square where itpinsthe blackknight. It is now possible for Black to transpose to either theCambridge Springs Defencewith 5... Nbd7 6. e3 Qa5, or enter theOrthodox Defensewith 6...Be7.
Botvinnik Variation: 5...dxc4
This line is extremely complicated, with theory stretch- ing past move thirty in some variations. Blackcaptures
a pawn by 5...dxc4. White takes control of the center with 6.e4 as Black defends with 6...b5. The main line of the Botvinnik now continues 7. e5 h6 8. Bh4 g5 9. Nxg5 hxg5 10. Bxg5 Nbd7. White will regain his piece with interest, emerging with an extra pawn, but Black will soon complete his development, gaining great dynamic compensation, whereas White’s task is rather more dif- ficult. White will fianchettohis king bishop andcastle kingside, while Black will play c5, Qb6, castle queenside, and can carry out an attack in the center or on either flank, leading to complex play. The opening was introduced by
Mikhail Botvinnikin the 1945 USSR vs USA radio match vsArnold Denker. Today,Alex Yermolinskyhas an ex- cellent record with the white pieces andAlexei Shirovhas been Black’s chief proponent in this variation. Although this variation bears Botvinnik’s name, he was not the first person known to have played it—Klaus Jungeis credited as the actual inventor.[8]
Moscow Variation: 5...h6
The Moscow Variation 5... h6 6. Bxf6 Qxf6 gives rise to play of a different character from the Botvinnik vari- ation. Black has the bishop pair, which gives him good long-term chances, but must avoid prematurely opening the position in the face of White’s superior development and central control, as his position is initially solid but passive.Alexei Dreevhas played this line successfully as Black. The gambit line 6.Bh4 (the Anti-Moscow Vari- ation) was once considered dubious, but has seen a re- cent resurgence. In return for the pawn, White receives a lead in development and a strong initiative. This dy- namic line, which is characteristic of the modern game, has been played by many strong grandmasters, with the theoretical verdict remaining inconclusive.
7.9.3 Notes
[1] http://www.chess.com/opening/eco/D45_Semi_Slav_ Defense_Accelerated_Meran_Variation
[2] http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessopening?eco= D48
[3] “An Opening Created in 1924 Still Leads to Complex Bat- tles”New York Times , 29 January 2006
[4] Gligoric v Ljubojevic, Belgrade, 1979
[5] http://www.chess.com/article/view/ larsenrsquos-improved-meran-the-great-dane-deigns-to-allow-check [6] http://en.chessbase.com/Home/ TabId/211/PostId/4010058/ cbm-153--for-professionals-and-connoisseurs-070613. aspx
[7] Kasparov vs. Deep Junior, Game 1
[8] Igor Štohl, Chessbase Tutorials Volume 3
7.9.4 References
• Encyclopedia of Chess Openings, volume D, sections 43–49
• Kuijf, Marinus (1995). Slav: Botvinnik Variation.
New In Chess.ISBN 90-71689-80-8.
• Glenn Flear (2005). Starting Out: Slav & Semi-Slav. Everyman chess.ISBN 1-85744-393-4.
• Vera, Reinaldo (2007). Chess Explained: The Meran Semi-Slav. Gambit.ISBN 9781904600817. • David Vigorito, Play the Semi-Slav, Quality Chess,
7.10 Symmetrical Defense
The Symmetrical Defense (or Austrian Defense) is a
chess openingthat begins with the moves: 1.d4 d5
2.c4 c5
First described in print by Alessandro Salvio in 1604, the opening is often called the Austrian Defense because it was studied byAustrianchess players including Hans Haberditz (c. 1901–57),Hans Müller(1896–1971), and
GM Ernst Grünfeld.[1]
The Symmetrical Defense is an uncommon variation of theQueen’s Gambit Declined. It poses the purest test of
Queen’s Gambittheory—whether Black can equalize by
simply copying White’s moves. Most opening theoreti- cians believe that White should gain the advantage and at best Black is playing for adraw.[2]
7.10.1
3.cxd5
White often replies 3.cxd5, but other moves are playable and may lead totranspositionsinto more well-known vari- ations such as the Queen’s Gambit Accepted and the
Tarrasch Defense. After 3.cxd5 it is not advisable for Black to play 3...Qxd5, because either 4.Nf3 cxd4 5.Nc3 Qa5 6.Nxd4 or 5...Qd8 6.Qxd4 Qxd4 7.Nxd4 give White a big lead in development.[3] Instead, Black should play 3...Nf6 intending to recapture on d5 with his knight. White should be able to maintain the advantage with ei- ther 4.Nf3 or 4.e4. Possible continuations are 4.Nf3 cxd4 5.Nxd4 Nxd5 6.e4 Nc7 or 4.e4 Nxe4 5.dxc5 Nxc5 6.Nc3 e6.[4][5]
7.10.2
References
[1] Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth(1996), “Austrian De- fence”,The Oxford Companion to Chess, Oxford Univer- sity,ISBN 0-19-280049-3
[2] Korn, Walter (1982), “Queen’s Gambit Declined”,
Modern Chess Openings(Twelfth ed.), David McKay, p. 266,ISBN 0-679-13500-6
[3] Pachman, Luděk(1982), The Opening Game in Chess, Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 140,ISBN 0-7100-9222-9
[4] Nunn, John, ed. (1999), “1 d4 d5 and Unusual Replies to the Queen’s Gambit”, Nunn’s Chess Openings, Everyman Chess, p. 365,ISBN 1-85744-221-0
[5] Kasparov, Garry; Keene, Raymond (1994) [1989], “Queen’s Gambit”, Batsford Chess Openings 2, Henry Holt, p. 80,ISBN 0-8050-3409-9
7.11 Chigorin Defense
For the Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez, seeRuy Lopez § Chigorin Variation.
The Chigorin Defense is achess openingnamed for 19th centuryRussian grandmaster Mikhail Chigorin. An un- commonly played defense to theQueen’s Gambit, it be- gins with the moves:
1.d4 d5
2.c4 Nc6
The Chigorin Defense violates several classical principles: Black does not maintain the center pawn at d5, the c-pawn is blocked, and Black must be willing to trade abishop
for aknight. In return Black gets quick development and piece pressure on the center.
Although opening assessments change as improvements are found for each side, the Chigorin is generally con- sidered playable for Black and it is useful as a surprise weapon against the Queen’s Gambit.Alexander Moroze- vichis perhaps the only modern grandmaster who regu- larly plays the Chigorin Defense, although in the 1980s,
Vasily Smyslov did employ the opening against Garry
Kasparov. Morozevich has also published a book on the Chigorin Defence,[1]in which he gives both a theoretical and a personal view on the opening.
7.11.1 Main variations
The Chigorin Defense has theECO classification D07. Because the Chigorin is an unusual defense, the theory of this opening is not as well developed as that for more popular openings.
After 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6 some of the most commonly played variations are:
3.Nc3
• 3...Nf6 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.e4 Nxc3 6.bxc3 e5 7.d5 Nb8 or 7.Nf3 exd4.
• 3...dxc4 4.Nf3 Nf6 5.e4 Bg4 6.Be3 e6 7.Bxc4 Bb4 is a position that occurs very frequently in current practice.
3.Nf3
• 3...Bg4 4.cxd5 Bxf3 (see first diagram)
• 5.gxf3 Qxd5 6.e3 and now Black has two very different, but proven ways of playing 6...e5 7.Nc3 Bb4 and 6...e6 7.Nc3 Qh5.
7.12. ALBIN COUNTERGAMBIT 161
• 5.dxc6 Bxc6 6.Nc3 and Black has now two well established options 6...Nf6 and 6...e6. • 3...e6 is a bad move.
3.cxd5 Qxd5
• 4.e3 e5 5.Nc3 Bb4 6.Bd2 Bxc3 (see second dia- gram)
• 7.bxc3 and now black’s main moves are 7...Nf6 and 7...Qd6.
• 7.Bxc3 has received considerable attention in recent years and 7...exd4 8.Ne2 Nf6 9.Nxd4 0-0 seems to be considered Black’s most re- liable choice, but the sharper 8...Bg4 is also sometimes played.
• 4. Nf3
7.11.2
Notes
[1] Alexander Morozevich & Vladimir Barskij, The Chigorin
Defence According to Morozevich, 2007
7.11.3
References
• Ward, Chris(2002). Unusual Queen’s Gambit De-
clined. Everyman Chess.ISBN 1-85744-218-0. • Broznik, Valeri (2001). Die Tschigorin-
Verteidigung. Schachverlag Kania. ISBN 3- 931192-21-0.
7.11.4
Further reading
• Watson, John(1981). Queen’s Gambit, Chigorin De- fence. Batsford.ISBN 978-0713439960.
7.11.5
External links
• 869 games at ChessGames.com
7.12 Albin Countergambit
The Albin Countergambit is achess openingthat begins with the moves:
1.d4 d5
2.c4 e5
and the usual continuation is: 3.dxe5 d4
The opening is an uncommon defense to the Queen’s Gambit. In exchange for thegambitpawn, Black has a central wedge at d4 and gets some chances for an attack. Often White will try to return the pawn at an opportune moment to gain a positional advantage.
In theEncyclopaedia of Chess Openingsthe Albin Coun- tergambit is assigned codes D08 and D09.
7.12.1 History
Although this opening was originally played by Cavallotti against Salvioli at theMilantournament of 1881, it takes its name fromAdolf Albin, who played it againstLasker
inNew York1893. Though not played frequently at the master level, Russian Grandmaster Alexander Moroze- vichhas recently made some successful use of it.
7.12.2 Main line
Main line after 3...d4 4.Nf3 Nc6
The main line continues 4.Nf3 Nc6 (4...c5 allows 5.e3 because Black no longer has the bishop check) and now White’s primary options are 5.a3, 5.Nbd2, and 5.g3. Per- haps White’s surest try for an advantage is tofianchettohis king bishop with 5.g3 followed by Bg2 and Nbd2. Black will oftencastle queenside. A typical continuation is 5.g3 Be6 6.Nbd2 Qd7 7.Bg2 0-0-0 8.0-0 Bh3.
7.12.3 Variations
Lasker trapThe Black pawn at d4 is stronger than it may appear. The careless move 4.e3? can lead to theLasker Trap. After 4...Bb4+ 5.Bd2 dxe3 6.Bxb4?? is a blunder—6...exf2+ 7.Ke2 fxg1=N+! and Black wins. The Lasker Trap is no- table because it is rare to see anunderpromotionin prac- tical play.
Spassky Variation
In the Spassky Variation White plays 4.e4 to take advan- tage of the fact that anen passantcapture must be made immediately after the enemy pawn advances. So now af- ter 4...Bb4+ 5.Bd2 the en passant capture ...dxe3 is no longer available to Black.
7.12.4 See also
• List of chess openings7.12.5
References
• Ward, Chris(2002). Unusual Queen’s Gambit De-
clined. Everyman Chess.ISBN 1-85744-218-0.
• Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth(1992). The Ox-
ford Companion to Chess(2nd ed.). Oxford Univer- sity Press.ISBN 0-19-280049-3.
• Adolf Albin and the Genesis of the Albin Counter Gambit Part I, O. G. Urcan, chesscafe.com • Adolf Albin and the Genesis of the Albin Counter
Gambit Part II, O. G. Urcan, chesscafe.com
7.12.6
Further reading
• Luc Henris, The Complete Albin Counter-Gambit, Jean-Louis Marchand Editions, Brussels, 2013.
7.12.7
External links
• Albin Counter Gambit Bibliography
• Opening Report: 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5 3.dxe5 d4 (4063
Chapter 8
d4 Openings – Indian Defence
8.1 Indian Defence
Indian defences arechess openingscharacterised by the moves:
1.d4 Nf6[1]
They are all to varying degreeshypermodern defences, where Black invites White to establish an imposing pres- ence in the centre with the plan of undermining and ulti- mately destroying it. Although the Indian defences were championed in the 1920s by players in the hypermodern school, they were not fully accepted until Russian play- ers showed in the late 1940s that these systems are sound for Black. Since then, the Indian defences have become a popular way for Black to respond to 1.d4 because they often offer an unbalanced game with winning chances for both sides. Transpositionsare important and many vari- ations can be reached by several move orders.
The usual White second move is 2.c4, grabbing a larger share of the centre and allowing the move Nc3, to prepare for moving the e-pawn to e4 without blocking the c-pawn with the knight. Black’s most popular replies are
• 2...e6, freeing the king’s bishop and leading into the
Nimzo-Indian Defence, Queen’s Indian Defence,
Bogo-Indian Defence, Modern Benoni, Catalan
Opening, or regular lines of theQueen’s Gambit De- clined,
• 2...g6, preparing afianchetto of the king’s bishop and entering theKing’s Indian DefenceorGrünfeld Defence, and
• 2...c5, the Benoni Defense, with an immediate counter-punch in the centre,
but other moves are played as detailed below.
Instead of 2.c4, White often plays 2.Nf3. Then Black may play 2...d5 which may transpose to a Queen’s Gambit after 3.c4. Or Black may play2...e6which retains pos- sibilities of transposing to a Queen’s Gambit or Queen’s Indian Defence. Alternatively 2...g6 may transpose to a
King’s Indian DefenceorGrünfeld Defence, while 2...c5
invites transposition to aBenoni. White can deny Black any of these transpositions and by refraining from c2-c4 over the next several moves.
On the second move, White can also play 2.Bg5, the
Trompowsky Attack. Black can respond 2...Ne4 (see
1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 Ne4), or 2...e6 (see1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 e6), among other moves. A third alternative for White is the rarer 2.Nc3. Then black may play 2...d5 for Richter-
Veresov Attack(D01, see1.d4 Nf6 2.Nc3 d5). Black
may also play 2...g6 (see1.d4 Nf6 2.Nc3 g6).
8.1.1 Variations
Nimzo-Indian Defence King’s Indian Defence Grünfeld Defence Queen’s Indian Defence Benoni Defense
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 b6 Accelerated Queen’s Indian De- fence
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5Benoni Defence
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c5 3.d5 b5Benko Gambit(or Volga Gambit)
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 c6 Slav-Indian Defence • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 Nc6Black Knights’ Tango
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 d6 3.Nc3 e5Old Indian Defence
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 d6 3.Nc3 Bf5 Janowski Indian De- fence
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 Ne4 Döry Defence • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e5Budapest Gambit • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4Nimzo-Indian Defence • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 c5 4.d5Modern Benoni • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Bb4+Bogo-Indian Defence • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b5Polish Defence 163
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 b6Queen’s Indian Defence
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 c5 4.d5 b5 Blumenfeld Gambit
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3Catalan Opening
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Bg5Neo-Indian Attack
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3. a3?! Australian Attack • 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5Grünfeld Defence
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7King’s Indian Defence
(KID)
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 h6 3.c4 g5 Nadanian Attack • 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 e6 3.Bg5Torre Attack
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 g6East Indian Defence
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4. Bf4 Bg7 5. e3 O-O 6. Be2 Barry Attack
• 1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5Trompowsky Attack
Advocated byNimzowitschas early as 1913, theNimzo- Indian Defencewas the first of the Indian systems to gain full acceptance. It remains one of the most popular and well-respected defences to 1.d4, and White often chooses move orders designed to avoid it. Black attacks the centre with pieces and is prepared to trade a bishop for a knight to weaken White’s queenside withdoubled pawns. TheKing’s Indian Defence is aggressive and somewhat risky, and generally indicates that Black will not be sat- isfied with a draw. Although it was played occasionally as early as the late 19th century, the King’s Indian was considered inferior until the 1940s when it was featured in the games ofBronstein,Boleslavsky, andReshevsky.
Fischer’sfavoured defence to 1.d4, its popularity faded in the mid-1970s.Kasparov’ssuccesses with the defence