CAPITULO II: MARCO TEORICO
4. Antecedentes de Ley de Organizaciones Políticas en el Perú
Studies at Universities
Practical experience/internships: Work in a dental laboratory recommended before and during the studies.
Pre-clinical studies (5 semesters): Lec- tures, practical courses and courses in zoology or biology, physics and chemistry, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry, materials science, technical (preparatory) propaedeutics and dental prosthesis stud- ies. Preliminary examination in natural sciences after 2 semesters, preliminary examination in dentistry after 5 semesters.
Clinical studies (5 semesters): Theoretical and practical training in dental medicine and other related medical subjects. Clini- cal traineeships in European and non- European countries can also be arranged by the Dentistry Exchange Service. After
completing the clinical studies, the exami- nation in dentistry is taken within six months of the end of the semester.
Continuing training: After receiving the li cence to practise dentistry, further spe- cialist training may follow in oral surgery, orthodontics or for the public health service.
Study Field Outline
Dentistry deals with the prevention, diag- nosis and treatment of all dental, oral and mandibular ailments, with dental prosthe- ses (crowns, bridges, dentures, implants) as well as correcting tooth and jaw deform- ities (orthodontics). Dental and orosurgi- cal surgery requires good eyesight and manual dexterity for the proper handling of the complicated equipment and instru- ments. Given the strong increase in tooth and gum ailments (caries, periodontal disease) and the dentist’s responsibilities
in the field of preventive dentistry, dental surgeons also play an important preventive medical role in the public health system. The study of dentistry is governed by the code on the practice of dentistry and the dental licence code. Studies are divided into a pre-clinical and a clinical section and last at least 10 semesters plus six months before the final examination is taken. Stu - dents graduate with a Staatsexamen degree. Besides theoretical instruction, studies focus strongly on providing the practical training students will need as dentists.
Programmes in this field
Aachen TH • Berlin HU • Bonn U • Dresden TU • Düsseldorf U • Erlangen- Nürnberg U (Erlangen) • Frankfurt am Main U • Freiburg U • Gießen U • Göttingen U • Greifswald U • Halle-Wittenberg U • Hamburg U • Hannover MHH • Heidelberg U • Jena U • Kiel U • Köln U • Leipzig U • Mainz U • Marburg U • München U • Münster U • Regensburg U • Rostock U • Saarbrücken U (Homburg) • Tübingen U • Ulm U • Witten/ Herdecke U (Witten) • Würzburg U
6.1 Dentistry
Studies at Universities
Practical experience/internships: Three months as a hospital nurse plus first aid training to be completed before studies begin or in the pre-sessional periods/ recess, by the latest, before registering for the first part of the medical examination taken after four semesters of study (cer- tain types of training may be credited). A four-month clinical traineeship/medical clerkship to be completed during the pre- sessional periods/recess between the first part of the medical examination and the practical year. This clinical traineeship/ medical clerkship involves prescribed min- imum training periods completed at vari- ous facilities (hospitals, clinics, medical
surgeries, public health service facilities, etc.). Furthermore, practical exercises and block practical courses lasting between one and six weeks in the key medical fields must be completed. Finally, the last year of medical studies involves 48 weeks of continuous practical training, the practical year, which is completed in a hospital.
Studies: In particular, the new medical practice and licence code for physicians that came into force in the winter semes- ter 2003/2004:
adapts the curriculum to take account of new requirements and standards in medical care. Besides delivering sci- entific principles, studies also address
Study Field Outline
Medicine is the science of the causes, cures, alleviation and prevention of dis- eases. Key medical activities cover the recognition (diagnosis) and treatment (therapy) of human diseases, ailments or physical disorders, preliminary and follow- up health care, and research.
The study of human medicine is governed by the medical practice and licence code for physicians. Since the winter semester of 2003/2004, studies at the medical fac- ulties of Germany‘s universities have been based on a reformed medical practice and licence code for physicians. This revised code above all aims to improve the prac-
tical training and to promote the social skills of doctors. Furthermore, greater con- sideration than in the past is given to the holistic view of the patient’s situation and takes an interdisciplinary approach to the treatment process. Prevention and health promotion are integrated as are pain thera- py and palliative medicine.
Studies based on a reformed medical cur- riculum have been piloted at the Charité University Medicine Berlin, the private University of Witten/Herdecke, the Uni- versities of Aachen, Bochum, Heidelberg, Cologne and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), which partly abolishes the divi- sion between the pre-clinical and clinical study sections.
coordinating, general medical, pharma- co-therapeutical and health-manage- ment aspects;
interlinks theoretical and clinical teach ing by continuously combining theory and practice throughout the studies;
delivers cross-disciplinary and case- related teaching with problem-orientat- ed and interdisciplinary teaching of topic-related content with a patient focus;
introduces new study and examination topics, such as pain therapy, palliative medicine, emergency and disaster medicine;
provides practice-focused teaching at the patient bedside in the form of patient demonstrations in small groups with a maximum of six students and patient examinations with a maximum of three students;
offers general medical training to improve students’ general medical and coordinating skills, clearly increas- es the proportion of general medicine in the studies themselves and in the examinations. In addition, students can choose to take general medicine as an elective in the Practical Year.
Medical Examination: The first part of the (state) medical examination is taken after two years of study. The qualifications gained in clinical subjects and interdisci- plinary fields over the subsequent three- year study section are assessed by the uni- versities on the basis of graded academic credits, i.e. the Transcript of Records. These credits are also the prerequisite for admission to the practical year made up of study sections lasting 16 weeks each in Internal Medicine, Surgery, General Medicine or in another clinical-practical subject area. The second part of the Medi- cal Examination is taken after a total of 6 years of study.
The formerly required 18-month period as an Intern (Arzt im Praktikum) was aban- doned with effect of 1 October 2004. So, after completing their studies, doctors can immediately take up an assistant or junior doctor position or can continue their train- ing to qualify as a specialist.
Continuing training: After receiving their medical licence, medical doctors can con- tinue training and so gain qualification as a general practitioner or as a district physi- cian in another area of specialisation.
Programmes in this field
Aachen TH • Berlin HU • Bochum U • Bonn U • Dresden TU • Duisburg-Essen U (Essen) • Düsseldorf U • Erlangen-Nürnberg U (Erlangen) • Frankfurt am Main U • Freiburg U • Gießen U • Göttingen U • Greifswald U • Halle-Wittenberg U • Hamburg U • Hannover MHH •
Heidelberg U • Jena U • Kiel U • Köln U • Leipzig U • Lübeck U • Magdeburg U • Mainz U • Marburg U • München TU • München U • Münster U • Regensburg U • Rostock U • Saarbrücken U (Homburg) • Tübingen U • Ulm U • Witten/Herdecke U (Witten) • Würzburg U
Studies at Universities and Universities of Applied Sciences
Practical experience/internships: To qualify for admission to studies, applicants are generally required to have completed a course of qualified vocational training in nursing. During the degree course, practi- cal phases of varying length are completed.
Studies: Depending on the subject focus of the degree programme, students complete variously weighted modules on the follow- ing topics: Nursing science and nursing research, action policies and action con- cepts in nursing, medical, scientific and social foundations of nursing, epidemiol- ogy, psychology, theory and methods of
nursing science, education science for the health professions/nursing education sci- ence, economics of the public health sys- tem, health sciences/public health, health management, prevention and health pro- motion, counselling and behavioural modi- fication, legal and business administrative principles, professional ethics in nursing, quality management in the public health system, human resources development, hospital operations theory and procedures, costs and performance reporting, statistics, computing, foreign languages. Internships and study projects.
Some higher education institutions have divided their programmes into a basic and a main study stage / consolidation studies.
Study Field Outline
Degree programmes in nursing and health care management, nursing educa- tion, nursing management, public health and nursing studies aim to address the shortage of qualified executive staff in the field of general nursing and geriatric nursing care and, at the same time to cre- ate a scientific basis for the qualification requirements of the nursing professions. Degree programmes are offered at univer- sities and universities of applied sciences and convey knowledge from the fields of medicine, public health, business admin- istration (management), human resources management plus nursing in the narrower
sense. Students learn to develop concepts for all aspects of nursing care, including nursing care procedure and documenta- tion management. Studies are either com- pleted in a full or a part-time, job-integrat- ed format; the university sector also offers distance studies options.
Besides holding a higher education entrance qualification, the entry require- ments for nursing degree programmes generally include proof of having com- pleted relevant vocational training and one or more years of career experience.