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offered in some therapy subjects, see public health studies and nursing professions. Music therapy is concerned with listen- ing to selected pieces of music that are suitable as a basis for diagnosis (passive music therapy) and with the active use of musical means of expression (active music therapy), e.g. the use of percussion or Orff instruments to treat ill or disabled people, e.g. opening up initial communication paths for people with autistic disorders. In this work, areas of music therapy overlap with some areas of rhythmics and general music education, see music, visual and performing arts.

Art therapy deals with similar areas by providing patients with a diverse range of artistic articulation options, e.g. helping them to act out problems or processes in an artistic, “visualisation” and so to create a “visible” basis with which the issue at hand can really be addressed.

While psychotherapy is largely concerned with prevention, counselling and therapy in respect of functional and developmental disorders of the locomotor system, the fields of logopaedics, speech therapy, clini- cal linguistics and patholinguistics are concerned with hearing, voice and speech disorders, e.g. language acquisition dif- ficulties in children or for people who have suffered a stroke.

Ergotherapy applies a very broad spectrum of the methods of occupational and work therapy to help people with illnesses or dis- abilities activate their (remaining) powers or to support people’s attempts to find their way back into everyday and working life.

The therapy provided by all these profes- sions respectively work fields is always offered on the basis of medical prescrip- tions and diagnosis, while specialist (e.g., speech therapeutic) diagnosis also repre- sents one of the areas of responsibility. All therapy branches offer both individual as well as group treatment.

The rehabilitation sciences, whose focus may cover areas such as art or music therapy, speech therapy education, or early promotion in cases of disability, are locat- ed at the interface to the health and social education area.

This guide includes undergraduate programmes in music, art and speech therapeutic fields. Applicants need to hold an appropriate school leaving certificate (generally the entry qualification for a university of applied sciences). Art therapy programmes require appropriate proof of artistic talent and aptitude along with the school leaving certificate, for example, proof of having passed an entrance exami- nation.

Besides these, consolidation and extension courses provide the opportunity to gain a Diplom degree in psychology education, medical education, music education, art education or special needs education, or a similar qualification.

It is possible in speech therapy, ergot- herapy and physiotherapy and other areas to take dual degree programmes, where a vocational qualification in a specific pro- fession and an undergraduate programme run parallel and are coordinated: in some cases, however, an initial qualification

Studies at Universities and Universities of Applied Sciences

Practical experience/internships: 3 practi- cal internships to be completed during the studies (compulsory course elements), lasting between 6 weeks and 3 months (practical semester) and generally continu- ously integrated into the field of therapeu- tic practice.

Studies: All of the essentially undergradu- ate degree courses in therapy disciplines, including rehabilitation studies, lay the biomedical, diagnostic and therapeutic foundations at the start of the studies. These include, for example, modules in various psychological and medical disci- plines as well as in basic musical or artistic subjects and their therapeutic application in music and art therapy programmes. Psychological, neurological, linguistic and audiological-phonic studies dominate in the first few semesters of speech therapy programmes. In music therapy, areas such as self-experience for music therapists and supervision are also treated, while art therapy studies include art theory.

As studies progress, the focus is generally on continuing, consolidating and extend- ing the topic areas from the basic study stage and on delivering practical knowl- edge and insight at an advanced level. In addition, students complete modules on English for special purposes, quality assur- ance, and on the social security and public health system.

in a corresponding medical profession is required when the degree programme begins. Undergraduate programmes for physiotherapists and ergotherapists at higher education institutions have not yet been approved under German law. Diplom speech scientists can gain an addi- tional qualification in the field of Clinical Speech Science at Halle.

The range and diversity of courses offered across Europe certainly set quite differ- ing focuses. While in the Netherlands, for example, degree courses are offered in dance therapy and drama therapy, Ger- many offers a fairly broad range of speech therapy degrees, e.g. patholinguistics, clinical linguistics or (as a rule, and after appropriate vocational training) speech therapy/logopaedics.

Programmes in this field

Aachen TH • Alanus HS (Alfter) • Berlin ASFH • Berlin IB-HS • Bielefeld U • Coburg Priv.FH (Berlin, Coburg, Dachau, Reckling- hausen) • Dortmund TU • Dresden DIU • Freiburg KathFHS • Friedensau ThH • Fulda FH • Gera FH • Hamburg HfMT • Heidelberg HS • Hildesheim/Holzminden/ Göttingen HAWK (Hildesheim) • Idstein EFF (Idstein, Zwickau) • Karlsruhe PH • Kiel FH • Lausitz FH (Senftenberg) • Marburg U • München U • Nordhessen FH (Bad Sooden- Allendorf) • Nürtingen FHKunst • Oldenburg / Ostfriesland / Wilhelmshaven FH (Emden) • Osnabrück FH • Ottersberg FH •

Studies at Universities

Practical experience/internships: Dur- ing their studies, students must complete 70 hours of practical training in farming, animal husbandry and animal breeding, 150 hours with a practising vet or in a veterinary clinic, 75 hours in a hygiene control and food monitoring capacity, 100 hours of practical training in a slaughterhouse and meat inspection centre, 75 hours in the public veterinary system, as well as another 700 hours with a practising vet or in a veterinary clinic; part of this can be completed in an elec- tive practical capacity at other facilities, such as scientific institutes, universities or zoos.

Pre-clinical studies (4 semesters): Lec- tures and practical courses in physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, anatomy, his-

tology, embryology, physiology, biochem- istry, animal breeding and genetics.

Clinical studies (6 semesters): Virology, bacteriology and mycology, parasitol- ogy, animal nutrition, animal husbandry and animal hygiene, general pathology and special pathological anatomy and histology, internal medicine, surgery and anaesthesiology, radiology, reproduction medicine, poultry diseases, pharmacology and toxicology, animal protection, animal disease control, food science, dairy studies, meat hygiene, drug and anaesthetic law, as well as professional laws and ethics for veterinarians.

The Veterinary Examination is completed in several sections, generally in the pre- sessional periods/recess, whereby the examinations must be taken close to the time at which the courses were held.

Study Field Outline

Veterinary medicine concerns itself with diseases and other ailments affecting ani- mals, on researching these, on diagnosing (recognising), treating and preventing these afflictions, as well as with protecting humans from dangers that may be caused by foods of animal origin or by other infec- tious or communicable diseases which may be carried by animals (parasites, rabies, BSE, etc.). Generally, these are domestic animals and pets, farm animals, and animals living in zoos or in the wild.

The training is uniformly organised throughout Germany on the basis of the Veterinary Practice and Licence Code. The science-based section of the preliminary veterinary examination is already taken after 2 semesters, while the anatomical- physiological section is completed after 4 semesters.