BASES DIDÁCTICAS

TANZANIA

212 Decker, Corrie

The International Journal of African Historical Studies: (2010), vol. 43, no. 1, p. 89-114 : foto's.

ASC Subject Headings

Many Muslim women who attended Zanzibar's colonial government girls' schools placed literacy above all else as the most important skill they learned. Schoolgirls of the 1930s and 1940s were 'modern girls' testing the waters of a new adolescent girl culture and reshaping the parameters of 'heshima' ('honour' or 'respectability') that limited the actions of their mothers and grandmothers. By the late 1950s, the 'time of politics' leading up to independence in December 1963 and the Revolution of January 1964, schoolgirls also began to see themselves as principal actors in Zanzibar's social and political development. This paper traces the history of schoolgirl literacy in Zanzibar between 1927, the year the first government girls' school opened, and 1964, the year of the Revolution, thus providing insight into the subjectivities of adolescent girls coming of age in Zanzibar's colonial schools and exposing critical historical shifts in Zanzibari notions of respectability and modernity. Notes, ref. [ASC Leiden abstract]

213 Englert, Birgit

Englert with Nginjai Paul Moreto - In: Journal of African Media Studies: (2010), vol. 2, no. 2, p. 225-239 : fig., foto's.

ASC Subject Headings

This article focuses on a phenomenon of technical innovation that has spread quickly in Tanzania in the past couple of years: the translation of films in languages such as English or Hindi/Urdu into Swahili, the official language of Tanzania. The article discusses this phenomenon through the life and work of Hemed Musa from Masasi, a young man who acquired his skills in autodidactic ways through experimenting with new technologies and software that he accessed primarily via the Internet. His work is a good example of the decentralization of cultural output in Tanzania, as he does not work for companies that distribute films at the national level, but rather works independently and disseminates his films at the local level. The demand for films translated into Swahili has grown considerably in recent years, making films without translation increasingly difficult to sell. This reflects an increasing eagerness on the part of Tanzanian audiences to understand and not just to see what is going on in other parts of the world. The rising popularity of translated films raises the question of how this transforms the film-viewing culture in Tanzania and in what ways it

EAST AFRICA - TANZANIA

might contribute to the empowerment of the younger generation. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

214 Gaitan, Aniceth

Bernhard Kuschnik - In: African Human Rights Law Journal: (2009), vol. 9, no. 2, p. 459- 481.

ASC Subject Headings

The imposition of the death sentence seems to be a common method of punishing grave offenders in Africa. In Tanzania, the most famous case involving capital punishment is Republic v Mbushuu, where the accused were convicted of murder and sentenced to death in 1994. Yet, there seems to be a new trend, among other things sparked by developments in international criminal justice, to work towards the abolishment of capital punishment. The article argues that Tanzania should abolish capital punishment in the spirit of protection and promotion of human rights, and should strengthen the trend towards the abolition of this punishment for the rest of the African continent. In order to ascertain to what extent abolition is possible, Tanzanian and other arguments (pro and contra) are discussed and considered in perspective. The article calls for a progressive approach to the death penalty debate that works hand in hand with the legal understanding of the international community. Notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

215 Mhando, Martin R.

R. Mhando, Laurian Kipeja - In: Journal of African Cinemas: (2010), vol. 2, no. 1, p. 3-25 : foto's, tab.

ASC Subject Headings

This article questions the economic models used to finance cultural industries, notably the film industry, in Africa. In recent years there have been significant changes in the structural characteristics of film market systems against the background of globalization and integration of African film suppliers into the global market. These have included changing market relationships and market structures from production through to retail. Focusing on the film market in Tanzania, the article shows that the Tanzanian film industry faces numerous barriers to local and global market participation, including lack of production facilities, poor market organization, inadequate rules and regulations, limited understanding of global markets, the problem of language, and lack of bargaining power and commercial relationships. Hence, the majority of local film-makers and producers are isolated and left to operate in marginal economic areas such as micro and informal enterprises. Their problems are magnified by the lack of access to networks that can help them compete in

EAST AFRICA - TANZANIA

the global film business. The article uses Porter's Five Forces Model to analyse the competitive forces that control the Tanzanian film market and identify the resources needed for its success. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract, edited]

216 Moshi, Humphrey P.B.

Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review: (2010), vol. 26, no. 1, p. 89-107.

ASC Subject Headings

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the socioeconomic impact of migration. This paper underscores a number of aspects in relation to migration, namely that migrants play an important role in promoting development and poverty reduction in countries of origin; migrants' contribution to labour, skills and knowledge is enormous; remittances by migrants to their home countries provide major contributions to welfare and to improvement of human capital; and last but not least, brain drain is a problem, but the diaspora has a huge socioeconomic development potential for countries of origin. These four aspects indicate that migration can positively impact on regional and global labour markets, and more specifically, on the economies of countries of origin of the migrants. However, this positive contribution can only be realized if the process of migration is regulated and migration is integrated in the development agenda of the countries concerned. For this integration to take place efforts aimed at improving the policy framework become imperative. The experience of Tanzania shows that there are still some policy gaps which need to be filled in order to have a comprehensive rather than a 'bits and pieces' migration policy. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [ASC Leiden abstract]

217 Schmidt, Heike

The International Journal of African Historical Studies: (2010), vol. 43, no. 1, p. 27-62.

ASC Subject Headings:

This paper examines the Maji Maji war and its aftermath (c. 1905-1916) in Ungoni, Tanzania. This war was chiefly directed against the German colonial presence, but a central concept that runs through the paper is Norma Kriger's notion of 'struggles within the struggle', meaning that large parts of the population were politicized and radicalized by inequalities within rural society caused or aggravated by colonization and colonial rule. The Maji Maji war and its aftermath were times of universal destruction and suffering, and of changing power relations. A discussion of why and how the war was fought in the area prepares the ground for an examination of the processes and incidences of renegotiating

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marginality during and after the conflict. This is illustrated with four examples: the role of a trader from the coast who was the local big man; the experience of war captives who were mostly women and girls; famine pawning of children; and the transformation of political authority after the execution of the majority of the Ungoni's political and military elite. The conclusion sets out patterns of experiences and choices that emerged in the time period under study, and the repercussions in the years following it. Notes, ref. [ASC Leiden abstract]

218 Silva, Sonya

African and Asian Studies: (2010), vol. 9, no. 1/2, p. 31-54 : fig., tab.

ASC Subject Heading

Using a case study of a community development project in northwestern Tanzania, this paper examines how the language of participation and sustainability in development policies at the international and government level affects the selection of, and levels of participation by, people in agricultural food security projects within the varying socioeconomic sectors of the rural poor. It explores whether it is possible to balance the goal of project sustainability with reaching out to the most vulnerable groups in rural communities, particularly the poorest people with limited resources. The paper is based on data collected in July 2008 through a short questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, participant observation and a number of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) techniques that included wealth ranking, among others. The paper concludes that there is a growing segment of the poor who face too many constraints to participate, become "empowered", as well as advance the well-intentioned goals of sustainability of community development projects. The result, the paper argues, is that the poor can remain on the margins of projects that were meant to get people out of poverty. Thus there is a need in development projects to match the language of "participation", "empowerment" and "sustainability" with a healthy bias towards poor people. Bibliogr., sum. [Journal abstract]

219 Waters, Tony

Tony Waters - In: African Studies Quarterly: (2009/10), vol. 11, no. 1, p. 57-93 : fig., krt.

ASC Subject Headings:

Nineteenth-century histories of Tanzania typically focus on "tribal" histories, customs, and military action. To a certain extent, this is expected. The story of how interior Tanzania

EAST AFRICA - TANZANIA

came into contact with the Indian Ocean world is an exceedingly violent one. However, there are different ways of looking at interior history which highlight factors besides "tribal" histories. The story told here of Rukwa Region highlights alliances, status hierarchy, and fighting during the second half of the twentieth century. Such institutions emerged out of an "ecology of fear" which resulted in the re-organization of peoples, trade networks, and the emergence of a strong separation between common people and powerful rulers from different status groups even though they may have spoken the same language and had the same "tribal" affiliation. The fears generated by the clash of such institutions often shaped local responses to rapid social change. This essay highlights what this re-organization meant for what is roughly Rukwa Region of western Tanzania in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Focus is on the peoples of the Fipa Plateau, and Rukwa Plains. Traditionally, these people are referred to as the Fipa, Pimbwe, Bende, Kimbu, and Konongo people. The Gongwe, a group previously not described in the anthropological or linguistic literature, is also discussed. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

UGANDA

220 Bakunda, Geoffrey

Geoffrey Bakunda - In: Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review: (2010), vol. 26, no. 2, p. 61-75 : graf., tab.

ASC Subject Headings

This paper reviews recent evidence suggesting the need for many African countries to expand labour exports so as to benefit from increased remittance inflows. Export of labour has continued to be viewed as brain drain with a general lack of sufficient data on what exactly constitutes exportable labour. The paper estimates Uganda's exportable labour using a new unemployment index that draws from the model of N. Kakwani and H.H. Son (2006). It finds that Uganda's exportable labour is more than twice the current pool of Ugandan emigrants and is constituted by mainly unskilled casual workers plus the increasing number of graduate unemployed. Policy implications are drawn to harness this substantial labour resource through gainful employment abroad. Bibliogr., notes, ref., sum. [Journal abstract]

221 Bamutaze, Yazidhi

African Geographical Review: (2010), vol. 29, no. 2, p. 67-90 : graf., krt., tab.