5. El diseño Curricular
5.4 Los componentes del currículo tikuna
Good mental qualities must first have a proper critical point and moderate leeway with respect to the psychological self, which means wide-ranging psychological limits, strong mental adaptability, good psychological environment and moderate psychological pressure.
The ‘psychological limit’ means the supreme limit of mental energy, such as the number of things a person can instantly perceive, and the threshold of bearing pain and cold. It specifically means the attention span, the limit to memory, pain-tolerance limit and the limit of putting up with wrong-doing in others. As a leader, he has access to wider experience than the average person. He has access to more information and has more access to a variety of social information. Therefore, for a strong leader, his mental energy should be higher than the average person through exercise and practice. Only by doing this, can he remain calm and handle a situation with ease in the face of difficulties, setbacks, and failures, and other strong stimuli. It is due to too small psychological
limits that some people are unable to withstand setbacks and failures and so they whine, cry and even commit suicide.
Psychological adaptation refers to the process in which individual psychological phenomena such as attitudes and emotions conform and adapt to the surrounding environment. There are two categories of psychological adaptation. One is involuntary adaptation. Under the influence of the surrounding environment, efforts of the will cannot be consciously made and so the environment is naturally adapted to unconsciously. The other is voluntary adaptation. Individuals should strive to adapt themselves to unfamiliar and unaccustomed environments through will and reason. The adaptation of leaders refers to the latter. In this modern society of exploding information, situations are ever- changing. Something that has just been adapted to becomes obsolete, which requires people to have strong mental adaptability and to cope with changing events by sticking to a fundamental principle. Only if a leadership manager has these kinds of psychological qualities will he have good responsiveness.
Mental preparation is a concept in social psychology. It is an important function of human mental activity. It specifically refers to the orientation of human behavior choices in deciding what to do, what not to do and how to do it. Mental preparation is a prerequisite to stimulating internal forces. An obvious feature of an intelligent leadership manager is having the ability to mentally prepare rapidly, to react quickly to information, to make firm decisions, to set a clear direction and goals, to change from being passive to being active, to improve levels of activity in an emergency, and to enhance their wisdom and courage to overcome difficulties in order to achieve the desired effect from behavioral activity. Leaders without these psychological qualities are often hesitant, irresolute and indecisive, and dare not take action in the face of new information, thus often losing many opportunities.
Psychological pressure means physiological changes and emotional fluctuations brought about by changes in the external environment or the internal mental equilibrium. A leader may be faced with a lot of outside pressures, such as the completion of the indicators, the welfare of workers, business risks, internal divisions, a lack of funds, a lack of power, a shortage of raw materials, as well as the failure of the competition and the loss of business. These external pressures often change into psychological pressure. The principles of psychology tell us that it is difficult to stimulate a person’s sense of enthusiasm without pressure. Too much pressure will inflict physical harm. So wise leaders
will automatically adjust themselves psychologically. They should not create any pressure which is too much or too little. First, leaders need to increase psychological pressure through establishing an awareness of the practicalities. Second, he needs to weaken this awareness to reduce psychological pressure. Third, he knows how to reduce psychological pressure through enhancing risk awareness. So, psychological pressure is a method of driving people forward without destroying them physically or mentally. When faced with failure or major setbacks, they should always think of the event as an opportunity to learn and practice. When faced with a major disaster, they should have a strong mentality, so that the pressure can be reduced.
In addition to the above-mentioned factors, the psychological qualities in leadership managers also includes the following:
1. Psychological qualities in politics mainly refer to the ideals, aspirations, and a strong sense of entrepreneurial spirit, knowing laws and abiding by them, and taking into account the interests of the collective.
2. Psychological qualities in the context of character. Be strict with oneself and set an example in dealing with emotional stability, tolerance and magnanimity; openness, modesty and prudence; adherence to the principle of reward and punishment and see that it is rigorously carried out; be compassionate; be good at observing others’ psychology, and analyze, understand and deal with their related problems.
3. Psychological qualities in management. This mainly refers to the ability of commanding the overall situation; the ability of discovering able people and putting them in suitable posts; the ability of logical judgment; the ability of coordinating and communicating interpersonal skills as well as the ability of opening up and integrating with careful consideration and a resolute spirit.
4. Psychological qualities in the context of the intellect. This mainly refers to a feeling of hunger for up-to-date knowledge and the sense of crisis of any situation. A full range of thinking skills, including analytical skills, the ability to integrate, the ability to think abstractly and to generalize, to innovate and have a wide area for thinking.
5. Psychological qualities of personality. This mainly refers to a strong will and a steadfast and stable spirit; extensive interests and an intense curiosity; a broad mind and an approachable style; frankness and sincerity; and self-control in being adept at controlling feelings with reason.