El enfoque intercultural al abordar algunos temas propios de la educación inicial

For corporate leaders, a good psychological make-up has its unique content and performance. In general, it has the following aspects.

Keen observation and calm judgment. These are the most important

qualities for corporate leaders and are also an important psychological state. In the face of so many market competitors managers must cultivate the ability of being perceptive down to the minutest detail. They should seek opportunities from a large number of complicated and overwhelming social phenomena and capture the most valuable information from contradictory information. In this way, the minds of leaders will become sensitive and flexible, and moreover will always be full of experience. And with an increase in practice, such insight and judgment will be continuously enhanced.

High self-confidence and perseverance. In any situation business leaders

should be full of self-confidence, because everyone has their own strengths, even advantages and strengths that are not owned by others. Some people are good at thinking; some are good at innovation; some are adept at socializing, and some people are good at coordination. Thus there is reason to be confident in oneself. Even if they have a challenging environment, make mistakes at work and are censured by others, leaders cannot lose confidence and need to be good at discovering their own strong points. The chairman of the United States Soccer Federation Dyveke Du Gen pointed out that if you think you have been knocked down, then you are knocked down. If you think you are standing, then you are standing. If you want to build success while you think you are unqualified, then you will be unsuccessful. If you think you will fail, then you will fail. Many examples of success in the world illustrate all the victories arising from the personal will and confidence to win. All success is in the mind. If you think you are superior than your opponents, then you are superior to them. So you have to assume positive situations and have confidence in yourself. Only in this way, can you build success. In life, the strong are not necessarily the winners, while victory sooner or later belongs to people who have confidence.

In addition to self-confidence, leaders of a business must also have a spirit of perseverance. In any task, they are able to work without complaint. When encountering difficulties and setbacks, they can advance courageously.

Flexible thinking and adaptability. Every entrepreneur has his/her own

have flexible thinking and clever adaptability. Due to the unpredictable market, only if they adopt a more flexible policy at any time based on changes in the market, can they win or regain the initiative and change a disadvantage into an advantage. For example, an apple orchard in New Mexico was bombarded by hail that destroyed many of the apples while they were still growing. The owner was upset by this big loss, but then he had an idea. Using lateral thinking, he attached a note onto the baskets of apples, which read “The contents are all damaged, but please look carefully: a bruise caused by hail is a unique mark of apples grown in this region. These apples are full of real goodness, and have a wonderful sweet taste.” As a result, he won the trust of customers, and all the apples were quickly sold out. According to conventional thinking, his bruised apples should have been sold off at low price, which would certainly have led to a serious loss. However, the owner was very flexible and acted differently, and took advantage of his disadvantages. And his unique and novel apples evoked the curiosity of customers, and inspired the customers to buy, thus turning the tables. In contrast, many business leaders are lacking in the ability to think flexibly. The everyday mode of operations develops a fixed way of thinking, and when they meet difficulties, they just complain and accept the losses rather than getting rid of the dilemma by the method of lateral thinking. The businessman in New Mexico was good at this business mode of lateral thinking to change his product’s disadvantages into advantages. This spirit of courage in reforms and innovations is not only commendable, but also achieves success with original ideas and reaches the same goal by different means.

The courage to forge ahead and bold innovation. The entrepreneurial

spirit of business leaders should primarily be reflected in his sense of innovation. They should have high aspirations and determination as well as being be careful and attentive. They must be diligent in thinking and perception, and then the power of understanding and inspiration, and a sense of innovation will ensue. The British economist Marshall once said that the entrepreneur’s task is to create both a consumer and producer surplus. Another economist Schumpeter indicated that the entrepreneur’s task is to destroy creatively, which means to boldly abandon useless elements and decisively choose the elements leading to successful work in his environment. The Japanese contemporary economist Ikemoto Jungjun pointed out that the essence of entrepreneurial behavior is to detect potential opportunities, and to exploit the relative relationship of input and output, and to take advantage of this opportunity flexibly. Their words have one thing in common which is that entrepreneurs in a

market economy must have a sense of innovation. Only with a sense of innovation, can they look for an opportunity for corporate development and profit in the imbalances of diverse and changing markets.

Entrepreneurs’ conscious innovation should be manifested in the following ways. First, he can accurately seize the opportunity to look for and discover the opportunity for business development and profit in a rapidly changing and hostile market economy environment. Various opportunities include real and potential opportunities, as well as opportunites seen by others but not yet utilized. Second, he should not only be good at capturing an opportunity, but also be good at taking advantage of it. Taking advantage of the opportunity itself involves innovative behavior. Third, he should keep on researching and exploring effective management ideas in the light of its general trend and adjusting to changing circumstances, and modifying business strategies in accordance with developing and changing objective conditions.

The creative thinking of entrepreneurs needs to follow two basic principles of creativity science. First, it needs to learn to regard a familiar thing as strange and to study it in accordance with new theoretical ideas. Because things you are familiar with are understood and studied in a new way, and new conclusions are drawn. For example, merchandise that everyone is familiar with; Marx started researching it and found the laws of capitalism, discovered the law of surplus value, and revealed the trend of capital accumulation, and finally wrote it all down in Das Kapital. The other principle is to treat unfamiliar things in a familiar way. People often feel defensive about unfamiliar things, because they dare not or refuse to reach out and study them because of their unfamiliarity and not understanding their inner secrets. However, as entrepreneurs with innovative awareness, they should make analogies and an analysis of associations of unfamiliar things with the familiar, thus finding them to be acceptable.

Be bold at taking risks and competing. Entrepreneurs must be bold at

taking risks and competing, because to some extent, many opportunities are to be found in adventure and competition. If they have no spirit of adventure and dare not enter unfamiliar areas, they will lose a lot of opportunities. But some entrepreneurs, especially those who have built up some achievements, prefer stability and are scared of taking opportunities due to the risk factor. This is almost a universal phenomenon.

China is a nation of small-scale production. In other words, it is a nation consisting of a small-scale peasant economy. In these times of

moving towards modernization, this sense of a small-scale peasant economy in some ways is still acting on the thinking processes of modernization. Some of the more distinctive features of a small-scale peasant economy are repetitive labor, recycling and a lack of an ability to take risks. People engaged in a small-scale peasant economy are timid, cautious, small-minded, and have weak characters. They lack the courage for adventure, and have no instinct for competition. In China, many entrepreneurs with a family background of farmers or who are surrounded by a peasant mentality tend to repeat their behavior, which has little chance of taking risks. This determines that their business development can only reach a certain level, and therefore it is difficult for them to move forward. The business is either kept static or pushed aside by the market economy.

Section 7. The improvement of leaders’

qualities

The qualities of leaders are the most vital part of leadership management and to enhance these qualities it is crucial to strengthen the leadership management’s capacity for building. Leaders need not only to enhance learning and improve their qualities, but also to establish a good image and to strengthen management. They need to pay attention to self- discipline and take the lead, so that by using their charisma they can drive forward, influence and boost the morale of the members of an organization to improve their work and to strive for common goals.