Contenido de Fructosa, Glucosa y Sacarosa

Denscombe (2014) argued that the credibility of qualitative data in social studies is not easy like for quantitative data, to measure the social environment is quite difficult compared with measuring natural and physical science research, qualitative research is impossible to be verified as quantitative research since the social environment of qualitative research depends on time and people where both change. For this reason the research verification of reliability and validity is an essential all the time. According to Bryman (2012) the aim of reliability is that the research result could be repeatable and so reliability is more accessible in quantitative data due to the nature of data, while the

validity concerns the integrity and accuracy of the research conclusion which is more applicable in qualitative research. However, reliability is testing the research quality and shows understanding of the situation or it may cause confusion. For this reason, Golafshani (2003) explained opinions of interpretivist researchers about reality in qualitative research in terms of reliability and internal and external validity of data collection.

Internal validity is about measuring the accuracy of the conclusion relating to dependent and independent variables of the research where the external validity is to measure if the conclusion can be applicable beyond the specific research and extend to generalization. The purpose of validity is to demonstrate that the measurement measures what must be measured and it is possible to take many ways to achieve the data and because qualitative data is more about a subjectivism approach based on attitudes, beliefs and opinions, so validity is to be an approximate degree not an absolute degree of that (Cohen et al., 2011). Regarding a constructivism stance, people have multiple realties in their mind and that changes over time, whether the surveyor wishes that or not, so it is essential to achieve the credibility and validity of multiple realities by using an appropriate method and tools of collecting and analysis of data (Golafshani, 2003). For this reason, the credibility and validity of the study is applied through the design science method as internal and external validity in which internal validity is presented by key factors of relating variables to specifications, while the external validity is shown by applying specifications in another context whether environmental or social. Wisker (2008) indicated that validity is central to measuring the comprehensive conceptual framework of the research by cohesion of a theoretical approach, methodology, method, techniques and finding answers to the research questions, the research here is about how to measure behavior and attitudes in social research and therefore inappropriate to set in charts such as documentation, thus some of these sensitive issues need to be captured through qualitative analysis.

Design science is an iteration method that allows for multiple project testing throughout its activities, explicating the problem, outlining the requirements, demonstrating, and evaluating the artefact. Vaishnavi et al., (2007) revealed the solution needs to be

evaluated and validated regarding the research community, several ways are developed to achieve the validations, demonstrating, experiments, simulation, and others, however each approach has unique properties that might fit with specific research characteristics and its community. The research presents a new knowledge that formulates specifications for refugee shelters in a hot-dry climate; accordingly demonstration is a suitable validation pattern of such research characteristics based on providing a novel solution for an existing problem. Vaishnavi et al., argued that demonstrating might show the solution as inappropriate or not, and in each case the iteration of testing will increase the confidence of the solution, additionally well designed testing construction is another factor to validate the constructed solution.

Regarding reliability and validity of the questionnaire, it must indicate the research stands on qualitative design data, however the research uses a mainly quantitative tool of data collection to analyze qualitative data. The research validated the stability of the quantitative tool of questionnaires through a randomized sample, context freedom, using check questions to see participants’ responses and different target groups, besides measuring the consistency of participants’ responses where the same responses must be given for the same questions. In addition, the research considers reliability through using the same questionnaire in other fields in the pilot survey process as discussed in section (3.17) which allows measurement of questionnaire data in different fields and compares the result by using SPSS software to analyze the data (Denscombe, 2014).

The research validates that the specifications are developed based on explicating the problem and outlining the requirements in phase one and two respectively, in this regard the research formulated validation questions in phase four for a group of stakeholders that are involved in housing refugees in camps; they are experts, researchers, and professionals. After one to one interviews with those experts, the complications and complexity were clear and the discussion opened further areas to look at and consider in the list of specifications.

According to Wieringa (2013) the validation questions asked should be contextual, in this case about the feasibility of the specifications list in its context, such as will it work, and

why might it work or not, and measuring the satisfaction of stakeholders about the specifications list which is presented on a prioritization of stakeholders.

Regarding the evaluation phase, the specifications list was not represented by an actual shelter, so the question here was how to evaluate something that does not exist. The validation of research in design science could be simulated in practice, so the research constructed validation by choosing architects that were not involved in housing refugees and asked them to illustrate refugee shelters depending on the specifications list as references to measure the result validation. However, the limitation in this validation is that it asked to illustrate a shelter located in a complex environment, yet revisiting the list of specifications makes it applicable as far as a validation conclusion.