Principales resultados
A. Crecimiento del sector financiero en comparación con el del sector no financiero
Out of the total of about 260 manuscripts that preserve BHL 1663 and its derivatives, only four were written before 110092. A close examination of these four manuscripts can yield further clues for localizing and dating BHL 1663.
Ɣ ANGERS, BM, ms. 121 (113) is a lectionarium copied for the abbey of St Nicolas at Angers93. It consists of 289 folios, measures 33.5 x 24 cm, is written in two columns of 31 liQHVHDFKDQGFRQWDLQVVDLQWV¶/ives from December to January, all of which are divided into readings. The Life of St Katherine is on ff. 274-280, between that of St Lambert (BHL 4679a)
91 I. VAN ¶T SPIJKER, *DOOLDGX1RUGHWGHO¶2XHVW/HVSURYLQFHVHFFOpVLDVWLTXHVGH7RXUV
Rouen, Reims (950-1130), in Hagiographies. Histoire internationale de la littérature hagio-graphique latine et vernaculaire en Occident des origines à 1550, ed. G. PHILIPPART, vol. 2, Turnhout, 1996, pp. 239-290, esp. 245.
92 Bern, Burgerbibl., ms. 133, has been assigned to the eleventh-twelfth century, but its provenance is not confirmed: Catalogus codicum Bernensium (Bibliotheca Bongarsiana), ed.
H. HAGEN, Bern, 1875, p. 182. The presence of a Passion of Thomas of Canterbury at the end of the manuscript (ff. 128r-130v) suggests that this text, at least, was added after 1120. Most of the saints in this volume are more or less universal, although St Benignus of Dijon (BHL 1153;
ff. 63v-66v, just in front of St Katherine) gives it a French flavour, along with the Passion of St Aegidius (= St Giles from Provence, BHL 94, ff. 58v-63v).
93 J. VEZIN, Les scriptoria G¶$QJHUVDXXIesiècle (= %LEOLRWKqTXHGHO¶eFROHGHVHautes Études. Sciences Historiques et Philologiques, 322), Paris, 1974, pp. 76-78 and 232-233. See also L. W. JONES, 7KH/LEUDU\RI6W$XELQ¶VDW$QJHUVLQWKH7ZHOIWK&HQWXU\in Classical and Mediaeval Studies in Honour of Edward Kennard Rand, ed. L. W. JONES, New York, 1938, p.
159, where he identified this manuscript as a likely candidate for one of the three lectionaries listed in the twelfth-century library catalogue of St Aubin at Angers.
and St Lucy (BHL 4992)94. This text is an abbreviated version of BHL 1663 (without the prologue), divided into twelve readings. It shares a number of errors with Paris, BNF, lat. 5343 (see below), but not all of them. It does not share any errors with the other two eleventh-century manuscripts (see below).
Nicolas takes centre stage in this manuscript, while the presence of saints such as Lucinius, Albinus, Maurus, and Maurilius contributes to its Angevin flavour. The abbey of St Nicolas, St Jerome, and St Lazarus was founded in 1020 by Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou. Vezin was able to pin-point the copying of this manuscript to Angers due to the fact that Nic-RODV¶QDPHLVWKHRQO\RQHKLJKOLJKWHGLQYHUPLOLRQWKURXJKRXWDQGWUDFHG
in larger letters ahead of the text. He also pointed out that the translation of St Nicolas at ff. 157-166v is a later addition to the manuscript, to be dated after 1052, on the grounds that ff. 162v-166v contain the account of WKHWUDQVODWLRQRI1LFRODV¶DUPZKLFh took place in 1052 under Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou. The same scribe also transcribed ff. 235-253v and 276-280v. Folios 68v-72 contain the translation of the body of St Nicolas of Myra to Bari in 1087; the hand responsible for the writing on these fo-lios appears to be a little later than those of the original manuscript and the first addition (at ff. 162v-166v), which allows dating of the original and first addition to before 1087, and perhaps even to before 105295. For the Katherine Life this results in the following: ff. 276r-280v can be dated to the period between 1052 and 1087. Folios 274r-275v were transcribed by a hand from the first half of the twelfth century96.
The epitome in Angers 121 is an example of how quickly BHL 1663 was subject to abbreviation (and probably within decades of its compo-sition), although this particular epitome did not engender its own tradition.
BHL 1663 was too long to be read in its entirety at mass, during the office, or in the refectory and thus needed to be shortened97. Radical cutting of
94 For a detailed list of the contents see J. VANDER STRAETEN, Les manuscrits hagio-JUDSKLTXHVG¶2UOpDQV7RXUVHW$QJHUV (= Subs. hag., 64), Bruxelles, 1982, pp. 199-213.
95 Catalogue des manuscrits en écriture latine portant des indications de date, de lieu ou de copiste. VII: Ouest de la France et Pays de Loire, ed. M.-C. GARAND ± G. GRAND± D.
MUZERELLE, Paris, 1984, p. 19 and plate XVIII.
96 The most likely explanation for the change of hand is that someone had erased so much of the text that it was easiest simply to recopy it or that the original leaves were damaged and needed to be replaced. Given that it looks like the writing has been retraced at the bottom of fol. 274ab, and that at that same place parts of the text have been crossed out, it is likely that ff.
274r-275v are supply-leaves.
97 G.PHILIPPART, Les légendiers latins et autres manuscrits hagiographiques (= Typologie des sources du Moyen Âge occidental, 24-25), Turnhout, 1977, pp. 112-118.
the full text has resulted in the suppression or omission of the centrepiece, the encounter between Katherine and the philosophers. In the same way, the construction of the whHHODQRWKHUHVVHQWLDOIHDWXUHRI.DWKHULQH¶3DV-sion, has been omitted. 7KLV OHDYHV WKH HPSHURU¶V GHFLVLRQ WR KDYH WKH
queen tortured without an antecedent, and is thus another indication of the HSLWRPL]HU¶VGLVLQWHUHVWLQDORJLFDOGpQRXHPHQWRIWKHVWRU\ The presence of phrases such as sola contra quinquaginta viros pugnatura and expectat quam mox invitetur ad laborem certaminis98 supports this supposition. All
³XQQHFHVVDU\´ material has been eliminated and very few attempts have been made to smooth over the gaps. In other words, the primary interest here was to shorten the text, with almost no intervention to make the new product read smoothly from one passage to the next.
Ɣ BRUXELLES, BR, ms. 18018, is a lectionarium copied at the Bene-dictine abbey of St Peter at Lobbes. It consists of 194 folios, measures 31.2 x 22.3 cm, is written in two columns of 40 lines each, and contains VDLQWV¶/ives from all the months of the year. Many of the saints are uni-versal (Ambrose, Barbara, George, Martin), but a good number betray a local flavour (Begga/Andenne BHL 3885, Remaclus/Stavelot BHL 8021, Servatius/Tongeren BHL 5552, Rainelde/Hainaut BHL 7967, and others).
The Life of St Katherine is on ff. 25v-37r, sandwiched between Sts Marius, Maria, and companions (BHL 5532) and St Barbara (BHL 913)99. The text is BHL 1663 with the prologue (although it lacks Dobson ll. 96-187 due to a missing leaf between folios 26r and 27r). It was used by Dobson who as-signed it the siglum G100.
The provenance for this manuscript rests on a twelfth-century note in the margin at the top of fol. 56r which reads laubiensis mona[sterium].
On folios 25v-26r, Léon Gilissen identified the hand of the scribe Goderan, who left Lobbes for the abbey of Stavelot in 1093. Goderan was one of the two scribes who signed the Stavelot Bible (London, BL, Add. 28196 and 28107), written in 1097, and the Lobbes Bible (Tournai, Bibl. du Grand Séminaire, ms. 1), written in 1084, as well as a manuscript of JoVHSKXV¶
De bello judaico (Bruxelles, BR, ms II.1179), written before 1105101. The
98 DOBSON, Seinte Katherine, p. 322.
99 For a detailed list of the contents see Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum Biblio-thecae Regiae Bruxellensis. I: Codices latini membranei (= Subs. hag., 1), vol. 2, Bruxelles, 1889, pp. 414-419, where the shelf-mark is erroneously given as 18108.
100 DOBSON, Seinte Katerine, p. 133 also gave the shelf-mark as 18108, and followed the catalogue in dating the manuscript to s. XIIin.
101 See L. GILISSEN, /¶H[SHUWLVHGHVpFULWXUHVPpGLpYDOHV UHFKHUFKHG¶XQHPpWKRGHDYHF
application à un manuscrit du XIe siècle: le lectionnaire de Lobbes, Codex Bruxellensis 18018
remaindHU RI .DWKHULQH¶V 3DVVLRQ IROLRV r-37r) was transcribed by the
³scrLEHRIWKHSDVVLRQDU\RI/REEHV´, so called because he transcribed the greater part of the manuscript102.
ƔPARIS, BNF, lat. 1970 contains a collection of treatises written by Augustine (Super epistolam Iohannis), Bede (De Tabernaculo), St Maxi-minus of Tours (Sermones de S. Laurentio), and the Passion of St Kath-erine103. It consists of 153 folios and measures 25.5 x 16.5 cm. The Life of St Katherine, BHL 1663 with prologue, is on ff. 54r-70v. This manuscript was used by Dobson (siglum M). It is listed in the eleventh- and twelfth-century catalogues from Fécamp, as well as in the thirteenth-twelfth-century ordinarium from the same place104.
Ɣ PARIS, BNF, lat. 5343 contains a legendarium copied at La Trinité de Vendôme (founded in 1034 by Geoffroy, count of Angers, and his wife Agnes). It consists of 156 folios (fol. 110 bis), measures 29 x 20 cm, and was written out by several hands of the eleventh and twelfth centuries on 37 long lines (XII = ff. 84r-91r, and 103r-116r). The Passion of St Kath-erine, BHL 1663 with prologue, is on ff. 135r-137v and 140r-148v. It is preceded by various tracts on the date of Easter (homiliae variae de Paschae), interrupted by the Life of St Saturninus (BHL 7495 and 7507), and followed by St Denis et al. (BHL 2175). It was used by Dobson who assigned it the siglum O. The saints contained in this manuscript have their feast days from May until November and range from the universal (Augustine, Benedict, Paul, Peter) and the more or less local (Denis/Paris, Photinus/Lyon, Radegunde/Poitiers, Saturninus/Toulouse, Sigismund/ Burgund), to the obscure (Reverentius/Bayeux BHL 7199)105.
(= Publications de Scriptorium, 6), Ghent, 1973. See also A. G. WATSON, Catalogue of Dated and Datable Manuscripts, c. 700-1600, in the Department of Manuscripts, the British Library, London, 1979, for a picture of the Stavelot Bible, pp. 70-71, no. 321, pl. 52.
102 Bruxelles, BR, 14924-34, a passionary from Lobbes, was transcribed by the same hand. See GILISSEN, /¶H[SHUWLVHGHVpFULWXUHVPpGLpYDOHV« p. 9, and also p. 10 where a table listing the scribes of Bruxelles BR 18018 can be found.
103 Catalogue général des manuscrits latins. II: Nos 1439-2692, ed. Ph. LAUER, Paris, 1940, p. 26, where the date is given as s. XII.
104 Fr. DOLBEAU, Anciens possesseurs des manuscrits hagiographiques latins conservés à la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris, in 5HYXHG¶+LVWRLUHGHV7H[WHV 9 (1979), p. 190. See also NORTIER, Les bibliothèques médiévales, pp. 9-10 and 235. The eleventh-century catalogue is on fol. 55v of Rouen, BM, ms. 1417 (U.45), while the twelfth-century catalogue is on fol. 180 of Paris, BNF, lat. 1928.
105 For the contents see: Catalogus codicum hagiographicorum latinorum antiquiorum sae-culo XVI qui asservantur in Bibliotheca nationali Parisiensi (= Subs. hag., 2), vol. 2, Bruxelles, 1890, pp. 269-270. On Reverentius see J. LAIR, eWXGHVVXUOHVRULJLQHVGHO¶pYrFKpGH%D\HX[
In sum, there are three witnesses to BHL 1663, including the prologue, from the eleventh century, and one eleventh-century witness to an abbre-viated version of BHL 1663. The dates of likely copying at each prove-nance are as follows: Angers (1052-1087), Fécamp (1000-1100), Lobbes (1084-1093), and Vendôme (1034-1100).
Their dissemination is clearly concentrated in Northern France. There is an obvious division in geographical terms between Fécamp (Normandy) and Lobbes (Hainaut) in the north, and Angers (Anjou) and Vendôme a little further to the south-west. The latter two are connected by the river Loir (and about 140 km apart)106. The manuscript from Angers shares a number of errors with the manuscript from Vendôme, despite the fact that it contains an abbreviated version107.
By superimposing the geographical localization of celeranter and tarinca on the above, two geographical pockets emerge: Fécamp and Rouen on the one hand, and Amiens, Corbie, St Amand, Valenciennes, St Quentin, and Lobbes on the other hand. Angers and Vendôme do not share a proximity with the localization of celeranter and tarinca. On the basis of this evidence the localization of the composition of BHL 1663 could very well lie within the geographical area between Fécamp and Lobbes.