VALORACIÓN EN PEDIATRÍA BASADA EN EL MODELO DE INTERACCIÓN PADRE-HIJO DE KATHRYN BARNARD
SERVICIOS DE SALUD
1. DATOS INFORMATIVOS TEMA: Inmunizaciones.
information, a decision was made to remove them completely to keep the DHAQ at a practical length for participants to complete. As such, although validity and reliability of recall for these sections was not strong within the current study, further investigations involving more detailed instruments are required in order to be certain of the consistency with which athletes, parents, and coaches can recall information pertaining to coaching history, access to, and utilisation of, support services, as well as injury and illness history.
Major Contributions
The methodological approach and results of this thesis provide three major contributions to the field of sport expertise development. Notably, these contributions extend beyond athlete development into domains such as public health, medicine, psychology, and memory. The contributions of this thesis to our understanding of the development of sport expertise plus potential applications to additional areas of research are discussed in detail below. Major Contribution One: The Creation of the Developmental History of Athletes Questionnaire
Many previous investigations have created measurement tools for the collection of athlete developmental history information (Carlson, 1988; Côté, 1999; Côté et al. 2005; Durand Bush & Salmela, 2005; Gibbons et al., 2002; Hodges & Starkes, 1996; Moesch et al., 2011; Oldenziel et al., 2003; Phillips et al., 2010a; Soberlak & Côté, 2003; Ward et al., 2007; Weissensteiner et al., 2009). While the majority of these tools were subjected to reliability and/or validity assessments, consistency of recall was typically only assessed on a small sample of items. One unique feature of the DHAQ is that validity and/or reliability was assessed for all items, as well as for a number of additional measures obtained via calculations involving a combination of responses. Very few, if any, athlete developmental history questionnaires or interview guides have been examined with such scrutiny prior to use, rendering the DHAQ perhaps the most strongly validated athlete developmental history questionnaire available. This can be said about the DHAQ even now in its current format, before the proposed amendments are made and the recommended assessments to confirm validity for the updated, online version of the DHAQ are conducted.
A second unique feature of the DHAQ is its online format. Traditionally, studies of sport expertise development have involved either one-on-one data collection in the form of
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qualitative interviews (Baker et al., 2003a; Baker et al., 2003b; Baker et al., 2005; Berry et al., 2008; Bloom, 1985; Carlson, 1988; Côté, 1999; Durand-Bush & Salmela, 2002; Law et al., 2007; Phillips et al., 2010a; Soberlak & Côté, 2003; Weissensteiner et al., 2009), or distribution of a paper-based questionnaire. Paper-based questionnaires can be completed during supervised data collection sessions (Oldenziel et al., 2003; Ward et al., 2007); administered directly by a researcher/representative, but completed unsupervised and returned by hand (Ford & Williams, 2008; Hodges & Starkes, 1996; Memmert et al., 2010; Oldenziel et al., 2003; Starkes et al. 1996); or distributed and returned via mail (Gibbons et al., 2002; Hodges & Starkes, 1996; Oldenziel et al., 2003). Supervised data collection methods and approaches involving some degree of face-to-face interaction with participants limit the potential sample size of the investigation, and mail-based questionnaires incur additional expenses and time considerations.An online questionnaire circumvents these limitations, allowing for administration to large sample sizes in a cost-effective and timely manner. As outlined within earlier discussions of study phase three, additional benefits of online data collection methods include: semi- automated participant management procedures including informed consent, completion instructions, and distribution of reminder and thank you emails; personalised completion of the questionnaire via the ability to automatically direct participants to the next relevant item; and semi-automated data entry and analysis procedures through direct export of responses to an external database. With the increasing ease of access to the Internet, web-based data collection is becoming a more viable, attractive alternative to face-to-face and mail-based methods, particularly for investigations involving large sample sizes. The current series of studies, plus a recent investigation of patterns of sport specialisation in Danish athletes that also utilised a web- based practice history questionnaire (Moesch et al. 2011), suggest that online data collection methods are suitable for obtaining athlete developmental history information, and may represent a methodological shift within the field of sport expertise development.
Yet another key feature of the DHAQ is the wide-ranging scope of the questionnaire. Addressed within the updated, online DHAQ are participant demographics, the attainment of sporting career milestones, pathways of progression through various representative levels of competition, a comprehensive practice history, details of participation in other organised sports, familial characteristics and participation in sport and physical activity, and places of residence. Therefore, in reference to the four major approaches to research examining the development of sport expertise outlined in the introduction to this thesis, the DHAQ will facilitate investigations of the contributions of practice to sport expertise development, the role of environmental and contextual factors in the development of sport expertise, and multi-factorial studies of sport expertise development as well. It is, however, acknowledged that there are a number of other