1. El Desarrollo sustentable
2.1 El desarrollo local impulsado por los gobiernos locales en el Napo
3. 8. Onto Collection Procedure�
Two nioin approaches ,verc mode in 1hc study namely:
.malyllt.il mc:thods in\'olving rhe collecrion of ,,111cr :ind bi0Jop 1 cal -..implc�
Md
Dcseripti\'c cp1demiologicul methods invoh in�
odininistrution, in-depth in1cn·1c,v and direct obser\'otion. quc ,11onn11i re
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3.6.
Collection and Prcparutioo ofn·atcr samplc!i
Materials for lhe determination of ,'\s concentration an \Vater include \\-Ster sampling bottles and Perkin flmcr's Fo, the 3 PU'J>(l,e of detennfoing physico-ehem,eol ,\tomic Absorption Spectrophorome1er p,opc"'"' lhe use of Coming Modol ( \A�)
pfl me1e,, G,U,oorunp crucib le, Oolleoownp muffle f urn ace. Galleneamp Desiccmo,,, B& I oven nnd Mculer's \\cigh
1ng scale, filter paper, filtration unit \Vere used.
•
Once a ,veil has been located
for snmphng, the researcher obtained permission to s,unple (or conlirm permi
ssion) from the cornmunitJ I-lead or his reprcscntaln c and
then hold • sho" '""� iew -,u, the ownc, of 1he ,,.,., poi al o, m ""' of o public """
polm w;t1, an oduh eommuni1y age o.s ,vell ns o01cr relevant membe, neo,by to dctennioe the dep1h of lhe foeili1>, its infonnu11on eontarned 1n the ,,utc:r sampling qucsLionnairc/chccklist (BGS. 200 I).
TI1e follov;ing Parameters ,vere assessed·
a. 1\rsenic concentrorion (expr
essed in mg/I) fron1 each sample of \\'Iller using AAS;
b. Total dissolved solids (expressed in mg/I) rron1 ench S11n1ple or \\'llfcr;
c. Age of \\atcr source/year or installation adult mcmbc:r of each communit)' dunng sumple collection, ob1ained tl1rough in1crviev.- of d. San11ruy u.sstssmcnt of the 1mm1.'Cllntc vicinit using a prcpl.lred chccklht und lrnnscct \\Olk, y of each or rhc \\Dier poinr c. Geologieol/hydro-gcological hisrory or e.ich wi1h the community ll!ld cxrensive litcraiurt search Cl.'I through rn depth inlcrvic\\ ofkc} 1nfom1nn1s including relevant cxpcl'b from Univcrsil) of lbad nn nnd orher ins111ut1on,. co,nmunity ohwincd ,vc:11 nduh a.\ consuha1ron members of
J. ,. Anulysh of n otcr ond biologicnl M11nplc5
Holf lilre S3mplc bottle., \\ere prc:pa�d 1n 1hc lobo r- ,llory prcp11ra1or; lor licfd
\\·or,.. ey \\'ere • ,. Th thoroun'ily \VD.Shed v,ith distilled \\·n1cr, O\cn dried nnd kept · 1•0 ti' sc.rlcd to n Three snmplinp bottles \\Crc prepared fiir c,tch \vu1cr pnin1 ovo,d dus1 contnmrno '
(i) nu: nnd rctric\•nl; boulcs \\C:rc labcllul using a cooing sys1c1n lnr cas) 1dc111ific :11ion
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(ii) In the field. lhosc \Valer points filled ubout 5 minutes \vhile community \VOS taking place and bottles were filled \Vilh \Voter. the inrervie,, of an the previously oven-dried sampling \vith hund pump ,,ere adult member pumped of rhe for
(Hi) In the case of wells ";1ho"1
hand P"mp, samples were colk�t<d "sin,
the usual dra,v1ng buckets ,,,ruch
,verc pre\-iously ,,ashed ,virh ,,:11er obtained from a nearby househ old.
(iv) discarded 11nn1cdiately aflcr pl I meter and lbc value recorded on the field determination of pl I of ,varcr Ihc third san1pling bo1tle after filled ,.,_;lh \vtller ,vas used for sample fh dc1ern1ina1ion. questionnaire. The sample 1 s ,,•ru; done using a field pH \Vlls the
3.7.J. Prc-tre.nto1cnt or \Voter Sao1p le�
(i) The samples are acidified ,vi1h 1\nalo a conccntrotion or I o,,o I INOJ (BOS, 200 r grade eonccn1rn1cd nitric uc I). 1 d 10
3.7.2.
(ii) Each san1ple bottJc nnd ,,as clearly marked ,vitb BJ 1,0\\ ,,ns lnbcllc:d 10 corrcspand \\ilh the ques1io identity and boulc numbers nna,re (iii) One sample each ,vas sent for analysis 01 faciliues main!, for rescon::h purposes. Obafem, A,,·olo,vo University llc:-ltc for the using the ,\.·\S method. lhc lnboratory 1s equipped ,vith s101e of 1J the Cen1rn1 L.iborntory of the de1crmino1ion or Arscn,c 1 c an (iv)AJI the "alucs ,vell tnformolion collected from c:.ich ns on 1he \\ere recorded in the dn10 book murntaancd for field quc:Mionn11ircs 10 n1u1ch \\Olt:r poin1. \vrth other rclc,·w11 the ,vorl-. us
Collection nnd PrepnrJ!lon of U1ologlc;1I �nrnplcs
Biological ..amplcs (blood and unn ) ,,ere collccrcd lrom vofunic:crcd respondent� in c::1.ixnmcnwl und con1rol c:on1n1uni1ic�. 1:rom the s,x S1nrc:s cann,1r�c:u for 1h1s s1ogc of Ilic .sludy, onf> lour �1111cs \\ere fin,1lly selected for 1hc collcc1ion of biolog1cal s.1111plcs due lo r1:sls1anc c nnd uncoopeni 1,1. I 011 1 ·1udcs or sonic communuy le;1tfcrs nnd indi,·rdu:tls lrorn ·
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Tnblc 3.2:
Stoic Delta
Osun Katsrna
�nsara,va
lhc t,vo other Slates. The Slates from \\'hich community mernbe rs cooperated ,vcre Delta Osun, Katsina and Nasam,\"d. From each of these States, one high-nrsenie and one lo,1-a rs enic ,voter sourcc:s ,vere selected mndon1ly These ,vater points are as indicated belo,v
LGAs :ind St:llcs fron1 "'hich biological somplcll "ere collectt'd LG1\ \Varri South Og,vc-bitc: Communil) As status LO\\ O.OOn1g/l Level or \s
Ekorede- lligh 0.85mgtl Sekiri
Ede South Sckono High 0 7 mg/I Knnkia Dutsrnn1n High Low 0.75
Road
Lo,v 000
Keffi Ang,wn Tiv High 0.8 mg/I
Lo,v 0.05
In each of these communi1ies, one \l'Olcr point ,vith high a�enic level und another one \\ith lo\\ n.rscnic level \\Crc randomly selected for lhc collection of bio
Sllmplcs from respondents who were dependent on these ,,ntcr sources. 1::kon:dc Sekin (Delta Stoic). Sckono (Osun), Kan.kin (Katsina) nnd An£1111n T,v {Nnsnro,,a) \\ere SClccied for the high arsenic communities. For the lo" ur�cn,c communi11c5, 0 1:' '''c-Birc (Delta), Sckono (0\UII), Dutsinm:i Road in Knnkio (Ko1s1nll) illld College Road, l\ng11ru, li\ (NusurJ,vu) ,vcrc sclcc1ed for 1he low urscnrc conununi11ts. ,\rsenrc lc,cls 11crc measured and cxprcs�-d in mg/I
3·7.J. \lclhod, of c111lcc1111n of biol111,:icnl innipll·�
ScvcruJ K LD 1 \ boll le. ,, ere purch11�cd from loc,11 dingno,1lc �hors nround fie-Uc: \\lth I OT No. 5071116 Sullicicnl n11111bcrs for lhc .rutly "·ere mode tt\·oiluhlt 5 ml or blood \VU� colle1:1cd from each 5Uhjc\;( in K ror,, 1.01 No. SO'llib ilnd delivered to the lnbon11ory for unalysis. lllood nnd unnc ...implcs \\ere l'ollcctcd l t(lJ1 1
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�, om, ve,n ('"b;oal) of ,II ,on"'otfog
""'""' '"bi«• not bolo" ,,, sh. os;,, Venoject tubes anticoagul an t. (VP-I OOSOK; Terumo, Lcuven, Belgium), containing EDT A (K 2) as an
Spot urine samples \\ere collected 1n acid-\va shed containers (Concha ct al, 1998) and stored under refrigerated conditions using ice packs in a cold box)
Selection of subjects \Yas done \Yith the assistance of committee and staffs fron1 the loc-01 henhh centres. fhcy also assisted in the collection the leaders of the local health of the samples in addition to personnel recruited for the stud}. Collect,on of urine and blood \\US
done through the help of loClll health centre staff ns part of the routine clinical procedures, using qualified trained personnel for the collection. I he samples
\Vere deli\'ered to the same laboratory for the detcm11nn11on of the concentration of llrsenio levels in them.
3. 7. 3 Anni ) sis of Blood Snnrplc\
(i) About 3.5 mis of blood \\JS collected 1n EDT·\ boul es
(ii) The sample \\lllS spin do\vn and the scrun1 (supc:motnnt) separated (iii) I nil of I 0 0 1o nitric acid \\':lS added to 2 ml of serum ( I 1n 3 ml)
(iv) recorded in mg/I of SJ1nple. Tite sample \Vas then re.id under GrJph11e lumncc \AS and the reading
3. 7 .4.
(I)
(ii)
Analysis of Urine Sumplci
The unnc . \VllS co ectc 1 II d n previously \\'ashed nnd oven dried bottle�
cd · · nerd \\'OS added 10 9 ml of urine ( I in 9 nll) and I ml of conccnlrllt n,tr,c
I 'd ,, u shcd pol)cthylcnc: boulc:s The t..1n1plc \\' ll s 1hcn transferred to I 00-m nc,
\c nd the rc:iding n.-cordcd in rng/1 of san1plc.
read under Graphite furnace A. "'a
3 -11. i\Jc1hot1, o uc, r Q l 1 ·onnoirc ndrninhrnarion
nirt' ,,,111ch Jic>O included n set of ch�-c�list ,,1,s A set of truclUJ"Cd quesuonn
. .
. . .,nrJing rlu: \\'Dh:r supply po1111, ( \pr,cnJ,, I) ns ldoptc:d in collecting anfonnnuon n:
c-. c-. .
a nplc:s In 11dd111on ro rlus, ,1 �S llc111 )tnactutcd
&ur>r>ortivc infonn:uion for the \\Utc:r s, 1
llcct n:lc\11111 d,Hn lrom the �spondcnts h.,1 qu�1ionrniirc \\'US developed to co
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