Organización de los problemas e identificación de los componentes del

• Lead co1npouods nre used 10 the mnnuflld.urc of plasucs. rubbers, me1ols, mnJchcs nrn­

mumucs lireworl.s o.nd c.,plosl\CS

• J..e:,d compounds nrc used 10 p1gmcn1.5, drcs. pmnlS llJld C04Uogs. rodcnlic1dc:s, 1nsce11cidc:s, pollcry &lo.1.cs. bro.lcs shoes. 1bmc relllrdJm1s for plosl1c:s. lc:id hglu1og.

cnlnl)'SIS for 1nduslnal produc\lon and epo,) cunog agents (Atmosphere pubhca.11ons, Austral13, 2007)

• Pure lc:ul 1s insoluble 10 wllcr, ho,,-c:-,,:r, the lead compounds as mcn11oncd nbo,c. ,nr.

10 solub1ht> from insoluble ¹⁰ ,v:uc,- ^soluble.

Some DJUSI.S \il1og 011-bnsed pmtts conuouo l0 use lead airboNllc "hnc. citing 11S propcrucs 10 compansoo with the a11Cffl3ll\C:S Lc�·bnscd �icooduaors. )ucl1 ^l!I lead h!llundc, lellod sclcrudc and lei.cl anumorudo ore lind1og apphtallons 10 pho10,ohruc (solnr energy) a:I� 1111d 1nfr111cd dc:tcctoB. (I\Jmnc:AnC clcmcriu. pubhc;:111ons 2007)

Lc:;i.J ISKI 11s compowidJ may be released from 00nt4m.uwc:d 10!1 near lend relincncs und \\�\lel sJlo ntld from lcod-«1rum1n11 paint. ·ll\c) ^m:I) be rclc.,Jllld ^to 1111 from parol s1.11111n J1�pmiing

lc:ad fud Tiiey 11111)' be rdeascd lo lald anJ ":aiCt from lca&1-<00uumng rOl.lmocid ^\:S nnJ 1nucu,1do onJ r1om lellll pallets fron, spc,11 nn1nrun111on UNIVERSITY

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There nrc mull amount ,n the earth's cruslS usually present as lead sulphide. lead o,1de or lead c:arbonntc Lcrul ^is nlso crruned from \Olcinoes and forest fires Le:id mm· also be ern111cd

by vehicles using leaded fuels, 1ncludJng lt1\\nmo,,-ers

Consumer produeis conllllrung lead mclude bMteries, nmmwuuon. mctnl products (solder ond pipes), roofing. old p:unt products, leaded petrol ll.rt.lSts. pigments. some ccmnucs. plnsucs {PVC). nnd JC\VCIICI') and lend core ,vicL. enndles

2.2.S IIEAL TII EFFECfS OF LEAD COl\1POUNDS

E,posurc 10 lend ond lc:id a,mpounds could be from brcnthing 11.1r. dnnl1ng ,Ylller nnd ea11ng soil, dust, prunt or foods llu1I conwn lend or lend compounds These con1pounds find their ^WO)

into the ^l1lf "'c bre:uhc from the burning of le:idl!d fucls (.pctnl) cn11u1ons from iron nnd slecl production. lend smelling opemuons. le:ld b:111ery m:inufocl\inng the burning of lc:id-prun1ed surfoc:cs, ond dusl from 3f"CIIS ofle:ld ennchment

t.cad nnd IClld con,pounds ^can enter the wDlcr "'c dnnL. from ICAd plumbins bomca., �choob ond other bu1ld1ni;s: lc:id-conwmng dust corned 1n10 the ,,'lllcr b) ^\\'lnd 1111d nun, cmwaons from 1ndus1ncs lh:U use le:ld :rod/or lc:ld compounds, ond ou10mobilc cdl11us1

La,d and lend compounds may ^be: ,nga\Cd ""hen 1-S c:onU1>n1ng d1a1 &cts onto food e>nd crop:.

\\h ^l le 1hey ^lll'C growing or dunnr prOCCSS1ng. pbnis an tnl.c up lead from the ¹⁰¹¹ ,n orca-; or hcA,1. c,posurc (e.g. ^arc:IIS of 11111omob1lc traffic) Children nu)' s,,11ll0\, prunt chips. c:11 soil.

or put 11e1,u 1n thctr mouths lh:U lul, c conuurun:ued din or dust on them CNcedlcnun. _:?00-4, 1\tmosphcrc publlc:111100. AU' 111Ju1. 2007)

l.c:aJ 11 po1.i,onou·. ¹¹¹ all fo,n� &he poison n cumul1111\c and the &o\.ic cfTects ere m1111, a.nd sc,crc lni;,::iuon of a IML-c amounl of ^Ill) .oJublc lc.,,,I salt or or�olcrui compound (a p. lead nunnc. lc:aJ o,1dc, le1111 wlpMI� tctm melh) I lead) m:,y c:nuse (1n 1ncrcm1ngl� h•i;hcr dusc:1) J100r appet1it. nama. pain. lctt cmmps, muscle "Clll.ncss, d� IO the bnun. �Hllle\'I anJ

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reproducuve org:u,s, and dc:uh. Bcha\ ioral erTecis are :i1so present 1n some cases Lead chromate 1s clnss1fied by the N11uonal Occup3llonal tlc11hh nnd Sllfd) Comnuss1on (NOJ-ISC)

ns a cntcgory 2 cnrc1nogen (subs111ncc rcg:irdod as p0SSJbly C11r0nogen1c to humans)

In terms of env,ronmentnl fMc lead docs not brcal,;down ,n either so,I or \\11ICT bul li:ad compounds ore changed by sunlighL. 111r 1111d wa1cr If released 10 lhc nir from mdusll). the burning or fos.sal fuels. or ^\\'!ISie, lead ^mll) rcmrun OJJ"bomc for llbout 10 dnys, dependins on

,,e.'Uhcr cond111ons. Lead ,,,II stay an soil dust and sediments ror ^ITWl) years (Atmosphere Pubhe1111ons, Austmho. 2007)

Env,ronmentnlly. lend an the rur ^cat be c:nmcd long d1stonocs and ^\\lit oJUlch to dusL The lend con1llln1ng dust ,n rcmo,ed from 1hc 111r b) rOJn. and hca,y rrun ^c:in wush ¹¹ 1010 nvcrs. drums c1c The 11nmed111Jc dTccu of exposure to lead can ^mc;in lhc de:uh or on1mrus. birds or fl5h nnd

dcnlh or lo,, gro,,1h rule m plllnts Espccinll> 1n son ,,·:ucr lc:ld ^is tughl) poLSOllous 10 pl:ints birds ond land :in,nuls. Long tcnn effects on man and nn1m:1l hrc are shoncned life sp:m.

reproducll\c problcn\S. lo,vcr fm1h1y nnd c:tuu,gcs ,n appc:;sninc;c or bch:I\ ,or

l.2.6 STEREOCH£1\11STRY 01' Pb (II) co,1POUNDS

LQd 00mpowwh nro hc:mt ducctcd for low CCH1rthnn11on numbers (2-S) They nro holod ^in. -c1ed for high co-onl,nnhon numbers (9-10). ^either for 1n1crmeduuc coord1111111on number, (<..8)

(Shlmon1•Lt,TI)' et al, 19')8)

C0t1•crting ^D bcm1 diroc:ted complc.'< u\lo o holod1n:c1cd oomplC'( n:,qu,rc:, 11ppro"ma1ch K-12 t.cal/mol for lhc: 11mplc (omuillli unch:ir�cd ligands NH,. Pit,, OM, nnd SI h lnccrucuons

�1,,een hKJllld' ^c:in ,ncn:mc or decren»e l� enefl)· ^to1t 11gn11ican1I)'

n1e lone patr or c:lccuuo oo the Pb (II) ¹¹¹ lho hem, d1n:c1cd OO"'f'lc,a ., pn=h c.�.

polan,4:d by • 1urJ1nsini;I) ·,mall P c:omnbuuon 1hD1 ¹¹ rcsJl(liu1blc ro, the ,o,iJ '" lhl' d111nbuuon of hg;and1 l11e lone fllllr ortul.111 1n I.ho holodinc1cd co.mplC'\n uc cn1ucl� UNIVERSITY s ¹⁰

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ch:1tru:ter For hem, directed Pb ²⁴ complc.,es. charge is transferred from the ligands to le.id As the electro negnliVlly of lhc hgand1ng group dccre:iscs more charge is transferred to lhe 6p

orb11nls on the lead llus added dulrgc docs not increase lhe p ch:uuclcr of the lone pnir orb1llll's, but increases the p charnacr of the Pb ¹ -X bonding orb1llli ·s. resulung 1n n decrease

in the exterior X-Pb ^{24 -,} nnglcs, (Shimoni-L1vny ,:t of. 1998).

2.3 LEAD POISONING

Le3d po150n1ng (nlso ln0\\1\ as PlumbtSm Cohea piclonum, satumism. OC\On colic, or p01ntcrs cohc), 1s o medical cond111on c:iused by increased le\cls or lhe he:i\} ntcllll, lead, 1n

lhc body Lc:ld poisoning ^\\'IIS among the first lllO\\n nnd most ,, 1dcly studied \\Ori.. on Cll\lJ'onincnllll homrds (Floru et al 200ll)

I.cad nccumuln1cs stO\\ly 1n the body 1111d c,cn IO\v doses an C\cnlually le:id 10 po1sonmg.

95�o or le:id ^Ill the body ^IS dcposlled 1n the bones and lCIClh \\hllC 90% or le:id ¹⁰ blood ^IS ossoculled \\llh crythrc>C)1CS Lead 1n1i:ncrcs \\llh a ,11nc1y or bod� processes nnd 1s 10,1c 10

m:111} organs nnd ussuc:s 1nclud1nii !ho hc;ut. bones. 1n1cs11nes l1dncys nod reproduc11ve nnd ncnoUJ systems. Lca.d poisoruns c:in c:111SC! ncnous system IO"CJQI}' nnd rcnnJ tubulnr dyi.runc11on lc.id1ng 10 ,�cmblc ,n1cst1n:il pcrphrosis "1th proansu,c rcn:11 1mp:11rmcn1 nnd hyl)CTlCl\5100 Lead :ilso dcpn:sJCS beanuynlJICSIS and shoncns the hrc

^$pllll

or Cl") IJuoC) ICS

cuus1ni: o h)·po chronic m1croC) uc &ndl\UI. One study �110,,ei.1 11.ltero!d h1pf)OCnmpnl \ olumc and br:lln mclllbol11cs 111 \\Orlcrs occupnuon:illy °'pog:d 10 ICld (J111ns r, ^al 2008) Anoth,�r stud}

Jlo,,cd 1ncrc:i.sc ill 1.hc frequency or chromot0m:il abc:mu10ClS ill \\OrL.cn C'\flOSOO to le�

compared to the control, CMlklhau r1 al 20ml) Steroid produc11oll 1s lllso 1mprun:J No we threshold for lead 1,."'lposvrc h:as been d11e0, erod lha1 ^is. there 1s ^oo lno"ll nn1oun1 or lt.'ld

tll!ll 11 100 Sl'IWI lf'I CDIISI' the bod) harm

Class,c:ally "11*1 po11o0ru1111 ^w or .. ,-i tllto�oc:allOfl" ha hccn dcfill<'d o.s C'\JM)iutc h.l tui:h lc\cl, of l�, l)'p1cally a'l$0C1alc:d "llh se,cn hcahh crTc:c1.1 I lo"C\c:r, profm1ollah oncn ^ll!IC "lcild

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poising� ond �lend toXJCJl)" 1ntcrcb:mgc:ibly, ond official sources do not ah\D)S restnct the use of 'lend po1son1ng .. to refer onl) to symptomauc cfTeCIS ofle:id (Grant et al. 2009)

The nmounl of lend 1n the blood and ussucs a.s \\·ell ns the ume course of e.,posurc. detemune tox1c1ty, lead po1Soning rruly be acute (Crom intense e.xposure of shon duro11on) or chronic (from repeat lo,v-levcl exposure over a prolonged penod), but the later ^IS much ntore common

(1 lcnlth Proux:uon Agency UK. 2011) 0lllgllosis and treniment of le:id �posure nrc based on blood lend levels, measured 1n m1crogrums of lead per dcc1hter of blood (µg/dL) There 1s no kn0\\11 safo el\posure lil\cl for lend The effect oflonttenn cle\11lcd 11!:ld levels on clnldren 1s

of n _pnn1culnr concern _:ind can _{lend 10} n reduC1Joo of IQ and to dlSf\lptl\C bchn, 1or A sun ^C) b) the HC3llh Protecuon Agency 1s undcn,11} to g;uhc:r dllla nbout 11-e UlC1dcncc of chn1call) d1nwioscd blood lend coneefltnlllons � lOµg/dL ^lll duldrm ngod O 15ycms 1n the UK and Republic of ln:lnnd (I le:illh Protccuon Agency, UK. 2011)

Children under the ngc of three arc p:ut1culllrly at nsl becnuse 1nges11on or foreign m:ucnnl ¹⁵ more hlcly DI lh1s 11gc (l',1nrcus, 2010) In odult.s. lt:3d polSOIUllg 1S mOSll) oc:cupnuon rclDlcd 'The occ:upauom rTWnly ,n,olvcd an: lhc smclun&, rcfinrng. o.llo) 1ng nnd C11Sllng 1ndU.\ll)

(19 1,'o), the Ind bllllCf) 1nJUSlt) (1112%) ond lhe sc:rnp 1nd�lf) (7 .i,o) (Health 1111d Snfc1, AU)lrllhll. 20 I I)

U.1 SIGNS ANO SV!\ll'TOMS

U:111 ¹⁾⁽⁾¹ ontnQ can aiusc 11 �1lllCI) or S)'mptoms CUlll ^{111!1\S \\h1eh} ,ury dc:pcndrng on the tnd1,1dual and lho dunlllon of lead opo�urt S)'mp1oms DIC non spealic OJld n1.1, be subtle.

and sun100nc ... 1u, c:l�111cd ll:lld lcvclJ ^11\3� ha,c no symptoms fro111 C'pc><Urc 10 orii;i,11c lc:id, ,,111�h 1s probabh more'°''' lh:u1 1nori;;in1c lc:id due to lb llp1d M>lub1hry, occur nipidl)

PouoNng b) organic lmd compound, ,� S)mptonu pro:lon111Wlll) ,n th,• ccntml nmous t)Jletn (Kh.ilt• tt of, 2011) UNIVERSITY

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In document Diseño de un plan estratégico de comunicación institucional para socializar la gestión local y el modelo de intervención social de la Junta Parroquial de Papallacta, del cantón Quijos de la Provincia de Napo en el año 2011 (página 110-116)