Diferenciación y estructuración progresiva de la actitud re-

1, (9) Randy Williams USA 8.24 2, (3) Hans Baumgartner FRG 8.18 3, (8) Arnie Robinson USA 8.03 4, (5) Joshua Owusu GHA 8.01 5, (6) Preston Carrington USA 7.99 6, (7) Max Klauss GDR 7.96 7, (2) Alan Lerwill GBR 7.91 8, (11) Leonid BarkovskiyUKR URS 7.75

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Williams 8.24 7.32 7.72 7.80 7.77 x Baumgartner x 7.99 8.18 x 7.83 8.05 Robinson x 7.89 7.95 x 8.03 x Owusu 7.71 7.77 7.88 7.70 7.98 8.01 Carrington 7.99 x x 7.95 7.63 7.69 Klauss 7.51 7.94 7.96 7.86 6.13 7.88 Lerwill x 7.91 7.69 x 7.78 7.85 Borkovskiy 7.56 7.53 7.75 7.61 7.56 x

With only Lynn Davies and Igor Ter-Ovanesyan – in his fifth Games – of the old elite still in competition, the long jump was in a state of flux. Neither man made the final, in a qualifying round which saw the best mark of the meeting, a world junior record of 8.34 for Randy Williams. Williams’s jump, the best of his career, lasted as the furthest ever by a junior for more than 30 years. Behind him Preston Carrington also set a lifetime best with 8.22.

In the final Williams opened with 8.24, and the rest were unable to catch up. Both Robinson and Carrington had trouble with their run-up. Baumgartner, in front of a home crowd, did best with two 8m jumps, the longer of which was a personal best 8.18 for silver.

Montreal, 29 Jul 1976

1, (1) Arnie Robinson USA 8.35 2, (11) Randy Williams USA 8.11

3, (3) Frank Wartenberg GDR 8.02 4, (2) Jacques Rousseau FRA 8.00 5, (10) João Carlos de Oliveira BRA 8.00 6, (4) Nenad StekićSRB YUG 7.89 7, (7) Valeriy PodluzhniyUKR URS 7.88

8, (12) Hans Baumgartner FRG 7.84

(Competitors: 33; Countries: 25; Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Robinson 8.35 8.26 x 8.04 8.16 7.91 Williams 8.11 7.81 x x x 7.81 Wartenberg 7.81 - x 8.02 7.84 x Rousseau 8.00 7.82 7.67 7.91 x 7.62 de Oliveira 8.00 x 7.76 - - 7.85 Stekić 7.75 7.81 7.89 7.80 x 7.77 Podluzhniy 7.70 7.88 7.77 x 7.84 7.66 Baumgartner x x 7.84 x x x

The most dramatic events of a lacklustre competition were the unfortu- nate fracture suffered by Larry Myricks, and the opening jump of the final. Myricks, who had improved from 7.84 to 8.26w to make the US team, broke a bone in his foot as he was on the runway warming up for the final. Robinson started the competition with his lifetime best of 8.35, into a slight headwind, to effectively end the competition. He had two further jumps beyond the best of Munich winner Randy Williams, with GDR’s Frank Wartenberg the only other man to leap more than 8.00.

Moscow, 28 Jul 1980

1, (10) Lutz Dombrowski GDR 8.54 2, (5) Frank Paschek GDR 8.21 3, (1) Valeriy PodluzhniyUKR URS 8.18

4, (3) László Szalma HUN 8.13 5, (12) Stanisław Jaskułka POL 8.13 6, (2) Viktor Belskiy BLR URS 8.10 7, (4) Antonio Corgos ESP 8.09 8 (6) Yordan Yanev BUL 8.02

(Competitors: 23; Countries: 11; Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dombrowski 8.15 8.32 x 8.21 8.54 8.34 Paschek 7.81 8.21 x x 7.85 7.94 Podluzhniy 8.07 8.08 7.97 8.18 x 7.82 Szalma 8.13 7.99 x 7.95 x x Jaskułka 7.73 7.76 7.97 7.87 7.97 8.13 Belskiy 7.79 7.15 8.10 7.76 7.74 x Corgos 8.02 8.09 x - x 7.97 Yanev 7.91 x 7.88 x 8.02 x

With no Americans the competition was severely devalued, although Larry Myricks and Carl Lewis would have had to excel themselves to be up with the winner. Paschek and Dombrowski led the qualifiers with 8.17, while injuries prevented Cuba’s David Giralt and Yugoslav European record holder Nenad Stekić from qualifying.

The excellent Ukrainian jumper Podluzhniy opened the competition with 8.07, but was quickly overtaken by Szalma (8.13) and Dombrowski (8.15). Podluzhniy improved to 8.08, but soon found himself in fifth, as Corgos (8.09) and Paschek (8.21) passed him on successive jumps. Dombrowski then boomed out to 8.32 to win the gold medal. The only jump of quality in round 3 came from baby-faced Belskiy, who edged into fourth with 8.10. Podluzhniy opened the sec- ond half of the final with his bronze medal winning jump – 8.18. Dombrowski (1.87/87kg) produced another quality jump in the fourth round (8.21). He pounded down the runway in the penultimate round and powered off the take-off board perfectly into his simple hang style, to land 8.54 away from the board. It was the second furthest jump ever, and the best at low altitude. He supported it with another fine jump – 8.34 – on his final attempt.

Dombrowski, who had triple jumped 16.61 at the age of 17, and high jumped 2.10, was one of the greatest ever European jumping talents. On a less savoury note it was found many years later that he had, under pressure, worked as an informer for the GDR secret police, helping ensure continued political correctness from that country’s athletes.

Los Angeles, 6 Aug 1984

1, (11) Carl Lewis USA 8.54 2, (2) Gary Honey AUS 8.24

3, (1) Giovanni Evangelisti ITA 8.24 4, (12) Larry Myricks USA 8.16 5, (6) Liu Yuhuang CHN 7.99

6, (8) Joey Wells BAH 7.97 7, (3) Junichi Usui JPN 7.87 8, (5) Kim Jong-Il KOR 7.81

(Competitors: 31; Countries: 25; Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lewis 8.54 x - - - - Honey 7.97 7.92 8.18 7.92 x 8.24 Evangelisti 8.09 7.94 7.90 x x 8.24 Myricks 8.06 7.99 x 8.00 8.16 6.28 Liu x 7.66 7.89 7.65 7.60 7.99 Wells 7.97 x x - - - Usui 7.63 7.82 7.87 7.72 7.09 - Kim 7.76 7.81 7.77 x 7.59 x

Undefeated since 1981, Lewis was such an overwhelming favourite that the question seemed to be whether he might break the world record, rather than simply win. After leading the qualifying round by 28cm with 8.30w, Lewis soared to 8.54 on his opening jump and the gold medal was decided. After a foul Lewis then passed his remaining jumps, mindful of his remaining competition at 200m and the relay. Behind him, Larry Myricks, favourite for the runner-up position, was having trouble. Trailing Italy’s slender Giovanni Evangelisti 8.06 to 8.09 in the first round, the US number two then dropped to fourth, behind Australia’s Gary Honey, who reached 8.18 in the third round. Myricks managed 8.16 in the fifth round, but both Evangelisti and Honey showed great competitive abilities by leaping 8.24 for national records and the minor medals. Jumpers missing from the fray who would have been medal factors were Jaime Jefferson of Cuba (8.36 in the Soviet bloc “Druzhba” meeting), Konstantin Semykin (8.38), and Lutz Dombrowski (8.45 the week before LA).

Seoul, 26 Sep 1988

1, (1) Carl Lewis USA 8.72 2, (5) Mike Powell USA 8.49 3, (9) Larry Myricks USA 8.27 4, (8) Giovanni Evangelisti ITA 8.08w

5, (2) Antonio Corgos ESP 8.03

6, (11) László Szalma HUN 8.00 7, (4) Norbert Brige FRA 7.97 8, (6) Leonid Voloshin RUS URS 7.89

(Competitors: 41; Countries: 31; Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lewis 8.41 8.56w 8.52 8.72 8.52 x Powell 8.23 8.11 8.49 x - x Myricks 8.14 8.27 x 8.17 x x Evangelisti 7.84 8.08w 7.63 - - - Corgos 8.03 x x 7.86 x 7.99 Szalma x x 8.00 x x x Brige 7.87 x x 7.97 x x Voloshin 7.87 7.78 x x x 7.89

Lewis and Myricks had produced a stirring duel in the US Trials, with Lewis emerging the victor 8.76 to 8.74. Seoul was expected to be sim- ilarly close. Just five men reached the automatic qualifying mark of 8.00, with 7.77 taken as the 12th finalist. Lewis opened the final with 8.41, followed by teammates Powell (8.23) and Myricks (8.14). No- one else reached 8.10 so the medals were already settled. Lewis improved to 8.56w in the second round, and Myricks passed Powell with 8.27. Lewis continued with 8.52, and Powell psyched himself up to jump a personal best of 8.49.

Myricks, who never performed to his capabilities in the Olympics, fouled three of his last four jumps, one of them over 8.50, but would have had to defer to Lewis. The greatest long jumper in history sealed the event in the fourth round with a monster jump. Barely reaching the board he landed 8.72 from the front end of the board – 8.90 from where he took off! Biomechanical analysis of the event gave toe to heel meas- urements of 8.57 for Powell and 8.44 for Myricks on their best meas- ured jumps.

Barcelona, 6 Aug 1992

1, (8) Carl Lewis USA 8.67 2, (11) Mike Powell USA 8.64 3, (6) Joe Greene USA 8.34 4, (3) Iván Pedroso CUB 8.11

5, (9) Jaime Jefferson CUB 8.08 6, (12) Konstadínos Koukodímos GRE 8.04 7, (10) Dmitriy BagryanovRUS EUN 7.98

8, (7) Huang Geng CHN 7.87

(Competitors: 50; Countries: 37; Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lewis 8.67 8.33 x x 8.50 8.50 Powell 7.95 8.22 8.33 x 8.53 8.64 Greene x x 7.88 8.34 8.14 x Pedroso 7.79 8.11 8.01 7.98 8.11 7.51 Jefferson 7.30 7.69 8.08 7.93 8.00 x Koukodímos 7.30 7.99 7.92 8.04 7.88 7.50 Bagryanov 7.79 5.74 x 7.98 7.88 7.84 Huang 7.33 7.58 7.87 7.79 7.55 7.65

Powell had beaten Lewis with a world record 8.95 at the 1991 World Championships. He repeated this victory (8.62 to 8.53) in the US Trials, and was favourite to win. Some athletes raise their game when the pressure increases, and Lewis was that type of competitor. To show he was in good condition Lewis led the preliminary round with 8.68, the best qualifying jump ever, and the best mark of 1992.

Lewis opened his account in the final by booming another big jump – 8.67. Powell began slowly with 7.95 and improved to 8.22 and then 8.33, with Cuba’s 19 year-old Pedroso in third with 8.11 after three rounds. Joe Greene, the pencil-thin US third string, moved past Powell with 8.34 in the fourth round, but Powell reacted with 8.53, though the World Champion was more concerned with gold than saving silver. With his final jump Powell cut the sand virtually level with the leading marker of Lewis, but the measurement showed it to be 3cm short. Lewis finished off his third Olympic final with two jumps of 8.50, to lead the fourth US clean sweep of the event.

Atlanta, 29 Jul 1996

1, (2) Carl Lewis USA 8.50 2, (13) James Beckford JAM 8.29 3, (11) Joe Greene USA 8.24 4, (12) Emmanuel Bangué FRA 8.19 5, (7) Mike Powell USA 8.17 6, (9) Gregor Cankar SLO 8.11 7, (1) Aleksandr Glovatskiy BLR 8.07 8, (8) Mattias Sunneborn SWE 8.06

(Competitors: 52; Nation: 40; Finalists: 13)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lewis x 8.14 8.50 - 8.06 - Beckford x 8.02 8.13 x x 8.29 Greene 7.80 7.79 8.24 x x x Bangué 8.19 8.10 x 7.88 6.46 6.87 Powell 7.89 8.17 7.99 x x x Cankar x x 8.11 x x 5.33 Glovatskiy 8.07 x 8.07 x x x Sunneborn 7.89 7.97 8.06 8.04 8.03 7.75

The three Americans were the same as in Barcelona, and Lewis (35) and Powell (32) were on the team together for the third time. Remarkably, Lewis had qualified for his fifth consecutive Olympics in the long jump, but he was not the favourite he had been at the past three Games. After two rounds of the qualifying stage, he had reached only 7.93. He then flew to the front of the qualifiers with 8.30, followed by Greene (8.28), surprising Russian Yuriy Naumkin (8.21) and Powell (8.21).

In the final the early leader was Bangué, who jumped 8.19 in the first round, and the Frenchman still led as Lewis got ready for his third jump. Giving it the “Full Monty, ” Lewis took off, landing slightly to the right of the pit, and coolly looked towards the markers to his right as he came down, checking the distance even as he flew. The measure- ment was worth looking at – 8.50 into a 1.3 wind. Greene also achieved his best jump in round 3 – 8.24 – and held second until Beckford, with his highly individualistic leg shoot, slipped past in the last round with 8.29. Lewis thus won his fourth title, surpassing Al Oerter as the most durable champion of all, winning in an event usually unkind to that kind of longevity.

Without detracting from Lewis’s win, he was fortunate not to meet a healthy Iván Pedroso. Between 1993 and 1995 the Cuban had estab- lished himself as the best jumper in the world, but required hamstring surgery in 1996. He nevertheless qualified for the final with 8.05, one of 13 to jump 8.00 or better, but placed only 12th in the final with 7.75.

Sydney, 28 Sep 2000

1, (12) Iván Pedroso CUB 8.55 2, (5) Jai Taurima AUS 8.49 3, (2) Roman Shchurenko UKR 8.31 4, (10) Aleksey Lukashevich UKR 8.26 5, (3) Kofi Amoah Prah GER 8.19 6, (9) Peter Burge AUS 8.15 7, (7) Luis Méliz CUB 8.08 8, (11) Dwight Phillips USA 8.06

(Competitors: 53; Countries: 38; Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pedroso x 8.34 x 8.41 x 8.55 Taurima x 8.18 8.34 8.40 8.49 8.28 Shchurenko 7.76 x 8.14 x x 8.31 Lukashevich 8.08 x x 8.22 8.26 x Prah 7.84 x 8.19 7.95 x 7.86 Burge 7.80 8.06 7.93 7.96 8.15 8.11 Méliz 7.97 7.94 8.08 x 7.82 x Phillips x 7.90 8.06 x x x

Iván Pedroso had failed to gain a medal on his two previous Olympic attempts, but had won eight world titles indoors or out. He only made the final with his third round jump of 8.32 to lead the qualifying round.

Taurima took the lead in the second round with 8.18 and was then followed by Pedroso with 8.34. Taurima matched this in the next round and improved to 8.40 in round 4. Pedroso had taken the lead earlier in the round with 8.41 (the jumping order changing after round 3 with 1st place jumping last). The Cuban fouled then fouled and Taurima flew out to 8.49, to the joy of the crowd. With one jump remaining Pedroso’s response was that of a champion, as he leapt 8.55, finally settling the gold medal.

Behind the big two, the bronze medal was a Ukrainian duel, won by Shchurenko ahead of Lukashevich, 8.31 to 8.26

Athens, 26 Aug 2004

1, (8) Dwight Phillips USA 8.59

2, (2) John Moffitt USA 8.47 3, (7) Joan Lino Martinez ESP 8.32 4, (6) James Beckford JAM 8.31 5, (12) Chris Tomlinson GBR 8.25

6, (3) Ignasious Gaisah GHA 8.24 7, (1) Iván Pedroso CUB 8.23 8, (11) Bogdan Ţăruş ROU 8.21

(Competitors: 40; Countries: 30; Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Phillips 8.59 x x - - 8.35 Moffitt 8.10 8.28 7.85 8.19 8.47 8.24 Martinez 7.79 8.32 8.02 8.06 - 8.06 Beckford 8.15 8.15 x 8.31 x 8.12 Tomlinson 8.25 8.04 8.11 8.09 8.05 7.92 Gaisah 8.01 8.06 x 8.24 8.12 8.09 Pedroso x 8.19 x 8.09 x 8.23 Ţăruş 8.21 x 8.08 x x 8.16

World Champion Phillips settled things quickly with an opening leap of 8.59, utilising his speed (6.47 over 60m), and an efficient jumping style similar to 80s star Larry Myricks. Ţăruş and Tomlinson responded well with jumps of 8.21 and 8.25 to close out the first round. Moffitt moved into second with 8.28 in the next round and was followed by Martinez, who appeared to have a board foul, but was given the white flag for a jump measured at 8.32.

There were no further jumps over 8.20 until round four, when Gaisah moved into fifth with 8.24 and was then overtaken by Beckford’s 8.31. The Jamaican with the distinctive landing technique then had a jump on the same part of the board as Martinez’s 8.32 but this jump (of around 8.50) was ruled a foul. Two jumps later the NCAA Champion Moffitt produced a lifetime best of 8.47 to win the silver medal. Defending champion Pedroso was able to produce his best in round six, but 8.23 only moved him one position upwards to seventh. Every jumper from fourth to 12th achieved the best for that position in an Olympic final. In the qualifying, Bulgaria’s Petar Dachev achieved 8.05 to be the best ever non-qualifier in athletics history.

Beijing, 18 Aug 2008

1, (5) Irving Saladino PAN 8.34 2, (8) Khotso Mokoena RSA 8.24 3, (9) Ibrahim Camejo CUB 8.20 4, (11) Ngonidzashe Makusha ZIM 8.19

5, (6) Wilfredo Martinez CUB 8.19 6, (12) Ndiss Kaba Badji SEN 8.16 7, (7) Luis Felipe Meliz ESP 8.07 8, (2) Roman Novotný CZE 8.00

(Competitors: 39; Countries: 32; Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Saladino x 8.17 8.21 8.34 x x Mokoena 7.86 x 8.02 8.24 x x Camejo 7.94 8.09 8.08 7.88 7.93 8.20 Makusha 8.19 8.06 8.05 8.10 8.05 6.48 Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Martinez 7.60 7.90 x 8.04 x 8.19 Badji 8.03 x 8.02 8.16 8.03 7.92 Meliz x 8.02 x x 7.98 8.07 Novotný 7.87 7.75 8.00 x 7.82 7.94

Just three men reached the automatic qualifying standard of 8.15. Saladino, who had jumped 8.73 earlier in the year and was recovering from injury, managed 8.01 to advance in ninth place of the qualifiers. Leading the way was Louis Tsátoumas who jumped 8.27. The Greek had spanned 8.44 a month earlier, but then had three fouls in the final. Saladino appeared to be favouring his injury, reaching 8.17 in round 2, behind Makusha’s 8.19. He then took the lead with 8.21 and ensured gold with 8.34 in the fourth. A tight battle for the other medals was won by Mokoena’s 8.24, with Camejo (8.20), edging Makusha and Martinez (8.19) for the bronze.

London, 4 Aug 2012

1, (5) Greg Rutherford GBR 8.31

2, (4) Mitchell Watt AUS 8.16 3, (6) Will Claye USA 8.12 4, (11) Michel Tornéus SWE 8.11 5, (1) Sebastian Bayer GER 8.10 6, (10) Chris Tomlinson GBR 8.07

7, (3) Mauro da Silva BRA 8.01 8, (7) Khotso Mokoena RSA 7.93

(Competitors: 42; Countries: 30, Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rutherford 6.28 8.21 8.14 8.31 x 6.33 Watt x 7.97 x x 8.13 8.16 Claye 7.98 8.07 7.93 8.12 7.96 x Tornéus 7.63 7.80 8.07 8.11 8.07 7.98 Bayer 7.87 x 7.96 8.10 7.96 7.98 Tomlinson 8.06 7.87 7.83 8.07 7.74 7.76 da Silva x x 7.96 8.01 x x Mokoena 7.93 x 7.62 x x x

This was the most open of field events, possibly due to the fall in world standards, which saw the pre-Games leading mark at 8.35, the lowest world leader since 1978. The qualifying standard of 8.10 was met by just two men.

Only Tomlinson was able to clear eight metres in round one of the final, reaching 8.06. His compatriot Rutherford took a more substantial lead for good in round two with 8.21. Claye edged into silver medal position in the fourth round with 8.12, but was overtaken by Watt who finished with 8.16. The Australian had missed much of the season through injury and didn’t look as quick as in 2011, when he had jumped 8.54. Rutherford cemented his win with a fourth-round 8.31 (8.383 from take-off). The cooling conditions and variable winds affected the distances achieved, with only Rutherford able to get close to his best.

MEN’S LONG JUMP The Best on Points

32 Carl Lewis USA 1984-1, 1988-1, 1992-1, 1996-1 23 Myer Prinstein USA 1900-2, 1904-1, 1906-1 21 Ralph Boston USA 1960-1, 1964-2, 1968-3

Most Finals

4 Igor Ter-Ovanesyan URS (RUS) 1956-nm, 1960-3, 1964-3, 1968-4 Lewis

Iván Pedroso CUB 1992-4, 1996-12, 2000-1, 2004-7

Most Appearances

5 Ter-Ovanesyan 1956-nm/final, 1960-3, 1964-3, 1968-4, 1972-13Q

4 Lewis Pedroso