La << Teoría de la Acción Razonada >> de Fishbein y Ajzen

1, Ellery Clark USA 6.35OR

2, Robert Garrett USA 6.00 3, James Connolly USA 5.84 4, Aléxandros Halkokondilis GRE 5.74

(Competitors: 9; Countries: 5)

MEN’S POLE VAULT The Best on Points

22 Bob Richards USA 1948-3, 1952-1, 1956-1 15 Bob Seagren USA 1968-1, 1972-2 14.5 Tadeusz Ślusarski POL 1976-1, 1980-2=

Most Finals

3 Richards

Ragnar Lundberg SWE 1948-5, 1952-3, 1956-5 Hervé D’Encausse FRA 1964-15=, 1968-7, 1972-nh/ Hrístos Papanikolaou GRE 1964-18, 1968-4, 1972-11

Ślusarski 1972-nh, 1976-1, 1980-2= Earl Bell USA 1976-6, 1984-3=, 1988-4 Thierry Vigneron FRA 1980-7, 1984-3=, 1988-5= Tim Lobinger GER 1996-7, 2000-13, 2004-11= Giuseppe Gibilisco ITA 2000-10=, 2004-3, 2008-nh/ Danny Ecker GER 2000-8, 2004-5, 2008-6

Most Appearances

4 Javier García ESP 1988-nh/Q, 1992-3, 1996-20=Q, 2000-16=Q

Lobinger 1996-7, 2000-13, 2004-11=, 2008- 16=Q

Roman Mesnil FRA 2000-30=Q,, 2004-18Q, 2008-14=Q, 2012-9

Denys Yurchenko UKR 2000-30=Q, 2004-9, 2008-3, 2012- ht/Q 3 30 men Placing Table G S B 4 5 6 7 8 M Points USA 17+2= 12+2= 9+2= 8+1= 5 5+1= 3 2+3= 44 403 GER 1 3 4 3 2 3 2 4 8 93 FRA 4 - 1= 2+1= 1+2= - 5 2 5 74.5 URS/EUN 2 2+1= 1 1 1 1+1= 1 2 6 61 SWE - 1 1+1= 2= 3 1= 3+1= 2 3 48.0 RUS - 2 1 2 2+1= - - - 3 41.5 GRE - - 1+2= 2 1+2= 1= 2 - 3 41.5 FIN - 2 1 - 2+1= 1+1= 2+1= - 3 41 POL 2 1= - - 1 2+1= - - 3 33.0 JPN - 2 1 - 1 2+1= - 1 3 31.5 CAN - - 1= 1+1= 2 1= - - 1 22.5 AUS 1 - - - 2= - - - 1 15 DEN - 1 - 1 - 1 - - 1 15 NOR - - 1 1 1= - - - 1 13 HUN - - - 1= 1= 2= 1 2 0 11.1 ITA - - 1 - - 1= - 1 1 7.5 ESP - - 1 - - - 1 6 UKR - - 1 - - - 1 6 KAZ - - - 1 - - - - 0 5 PUR - - - 1 - - - - 0 5 TCH(CZE) - - - 1+1= - 1 0 4.5 BLR - - - 1 - - 0 3 BRA - - - 1 - - 0 3 BEL - - - 1 - 0 2 RSA - - - 1 - 0 2 SUI - - - 1 - 0 2 ISR - - - 2 0 2 AUT - - - 2= - - 0 1.1 GBR - - - - 1= 1= - - 0 4 CZE - - - 1 0 1 Totals27+2= 25+4= 23+7= 23+6=21+11=18+15=22+2=20+3= 88 999

Breakdown of GER placings:

GER - 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 5 63

FRG - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 16

GDR 1 - 1 - - - 2 14

Totals 1 3 4 3 2 3 2 4 8 93

Breakdown of URS/EUN placings:

RUS 1 2+1= - - - 1 4 29.5

UKR 1 - - 1 1 1+1= 1 - 1 24.5

KAZ - - 1 - - - - 1 1 7

Three days before his high jump win, Clark won the long jump title on his third jump after two fouls. He had placed second in the 1895 US Championships, but even in 1896 a jump of 7m would have been required to give this the stamp of a top class event.

Paris, 15 Jul 1900

Qualifying

1, Alvin Kraenzlein USA 7.185OR 6.930

2, Myer Prinstein USA 7.175 7.175

3, Patrick LeahyIRL GBR 6.95 6.710

4, William Remington USA 6.825 6.725

5, Albert Delannoy FRA 6.755 6.755

6, John McLean USA 6.655 6.655

7, Thaddeus McClain USA 6.435 6.435

8, Waldemar Steffen GER 6.30 6.300

(Competitors: 12; Countries: 6; Finalists: 5)

Marks made in the qualifying round counted towards the final result, as they would until the 1936 Games. Prinstein led the qualifying round, held on a Saturday, with 7.175 on his second jump. Kraenzlein was sec- ond on 6.93. Prinstein’s college (Syracuse) refused permission for him to jump on Sunday as it was the Sabbath (though as a Jew the Saturday was Prinstein’s Sabbath), and the two top men agreed not to compete on the Sunday.

Prinstein was enraged to discover that Kraenzlein did indeed jump on the Sunday – overtaking him by 1cm – and had to be restrained from hitting Kraenzlein. A challenge to settle the matter in competition the following day was declined by Prinstein.

St. Louis, 1 Sep 1904

1, Myer Prinstein USA 7.34OR

2, Daniel Frank USA 6.89 3, Robert Stangland USA 6.88 4, Fred Englehardt USA 6.63 5, George Van Cleaf USA 6, John Hagerman USA

(Competitors: 9; Countries: 3)

Irishman Peter O’Connor, the world record holder, was the principal absentee, leaving Prinstein as the favourite, though his loss to Daniel Frank a few weeks earlier gave the contest a more competitive air. In the event, Prinstein won by almost half a metre, his best jump coming in the final round.

Athens, 27 Apr 1906

1, Myer Prinstein USA 7.20 2, Peter O’ConnorIRL GBR 7.025 3, Hugo Friend USA 6.96 4, Hjalmar Mellander SWE 6.585 5, Sidney Abrahams GBR 6.21 6, Thomas Cronan USA 6.185 7, Gunnar Rönström SWE 6.15 8, István Somodi HUN 6.045

(Competitors: 27; Countries: 10; Finalists: 3)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prinstein 7.20 x x 6.845 x x O’Connor 6.81 6.63 x 6.825 6.74 7.025 Friend 6.685 6.635 6.705 6.365 6.49 6.96 Mellander 6.42 6.22 6.585 Abrahams x 5.54 6.21 Cronan 6.185 5.635 x Rönström 5.86 6.15 5.705 Somodi x 6.01 6.045

This eagerly-awaited clash was settled in the first round. O’Connor protested that only one judge was present for Prinstein’s jump, and

complained when his own third round jump was ruled a foul because he fell back on landing – the rule of the time. Mellander’s 6.585m jump from toe to heel was more than seven metres.

London, 22 Jul 1908

(Jumping order shows section and then numerical order; Sections were A-4/B- 7/C-5/D-6/E-9)

1, (C5) Frank Irons USA 7.48OR

2, (B5) Daniel Kelly USA 7.09

3, (E4) Calvin Bricker CAN 7.08 4, (A4) Edward Cook USA 6.97 5, (B3) John Brennan USA 6.86 6, (C3) Frank Mount Pleasant USA 6.82

7, (B4) Albert Weinstein GER 6.77 8, (B7) Tim Ahearne IRL GBR 6.72

(Competitors: 31; Countries: 9; Finalists: 3)

Edward Cook had won both the IC4A title and the Eastern trials, but it was the Central US Trials winner, Irons, who struck form at the right moment. The tiny (1.66/60kg) Irons took control in the qualifying round, reaching 7.44, which would have been good enough to win gold, as the top three jumpers were allowed three further jumps in the final. The jumpers were split into five pools, and only Irons, Kelly and Bricker were able to exceed 7m. Tim Ahearne, who reached 7.57 at home in Ireland two weeks after the Games, could only reach 6.72. Having been unfancied even by the Americans, Irons then extended his Olympic record with 7.48 in the final.

Stockholm, 13 Jul 1912

1, Albert Gutterson USA 7.60OR

2, Calvin Bricker CAN 7.21 3, Georg Åberg SWE 7.18 4, Harry Worthington USA 7.03 5, Eugene Mercer USA 6.97 6, Fred Allen USA 6.94 7, Jim Thorpe USA 6.89 8, Robert Pasemann GER 6.82

(Competitors: 29; Countries: 12; Finalists: 3)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gutterson 7.60 7.48 7.25 7.18 7.09 7.09 Bricker 6.92 7.07 7.21 7.04 6.85 Åberg 7.04 6.70 6.99 6.98 7.18 6.63 Worthington 7.03 6.96 6.65 Mercer 6.97 6.84 6.84 Allen x 6.94 6.91 Thorpe 6.67 6.89 6.62 Pasemann 6.82 6.80 x

Frank Irons had followed his 1908 win with US titles in 1909-10, and had won the US Central trials with a relatively modest 6.94, while Harry Worthington, a 20 year-old schoolboy (!) had won the Eastern trials with 7.26. Irons opened group one of the qualifying round with 6.80 – which proved good enough only for ninth place, and was quickly overtaken, first by Allen with 6.94 and then Åberg 7.04.

Gutterson then produced the second best jump of all-time, just one centimetre behind O’Connor’s world record, [7.60], which he followed up with a good 7.48 in round 2. In the second group Bricker qualified for the finals with 7.07, which he then improved to 7.21, while Worthington won the final group, but missed catching Åberg by a sin- gle centimetre. Gutterson tailed off in the final, but still produced a six- jump series which averaged 7.28 – well ahead of Bricker’s best of 7.21. Åberg improved in the finals to 7.18, but tried too hard in the last round, messing up his run-up to leave the 1-2-3 the same as it had been after the qualifying.

Antwerp, 18 Aug 1920

Qualifying (17 Aug)

1, William Pettersson (Björneman) SWE 7.15 6.94

2, Carl Johnson USA 7.095 6.82

3, Erik Abrahamsson SWE 7.08 6.85

4, “Dink” Templeton USA 6.95 6.63

5, Erling Aastad NOR 6.885 6.62

6, Rolf Franksson SWE 6.73 6.73

7, Sol Butler USA 6.60 8, Einar Ræder NOR 6.585

(Competitors: 30; Countries: 11; Finalists: 6)

Series 1 2 3 Pettersson 6.97 7.15 7.12 Johnson 7.07 7.095 x Abrahamsson 6.99 7.08 x Templeton x 6.68 6.95 Aastad 6.62 x 6.885

Sol Butler had won the US title with 7.52, and looked set to become the first black American to win an individual gold medal – until the first round of the Olympic final, when he damaged his left achilles tendon landing in the pit. After changing his name to Björneman, Pettersson later graciously wrote “the best man was unlucky in the event”.

Carl Johnson (7.34) and Pettersson (7.26) had shown good form in 1919, but it was the Swede who triumphed on the day. Leading the qualifying round with 6.94, Pettersson wrested the lead back from Johnson’s opening 7.07 with a leap of 7.15, which was enough to tri- umph.

Paris, 8 Jul 1924

Qualifying

1, (A1) DeHart Hubbard USA 7.445 7.12

2, (D1) Ed Gourdin USA 7.275 7.19

3,(B14) Sverre Hansen NOR 7.26 7.26

4, (B3) Vilho Tuulos FIN 7.07 7.07

5, (C2) Louis Wilhelme FRA 6.99 6.99

6, (B9) Christopher Mackintosh GBR 6.92 6.92

7,(D12) Virgilio Tommasi ITA 6.89 8, (C7) Jaap Boot NED 6.86

(Competitors: 34; Countries: 21; Finalists: 12)

The day before the long jump Robert LeGendre created a sensation by jumping a world record 7.765 during the Pentathlon, but was not on the team for the long jump. William Comins, who had jumped 7.51 in win- ning the IC4A title, pulled a muscle in the qualifying round, after foul- ing a jump of 7.45.

DeHart Hubbard, who had jumped 7.63 in the US Trials, was the favourite, but after the qualifying round was only third, with 7.12, behind Hansen (7.26) and Gourdin (7.19). Gourdin then took the lead and was succeeded by Hubbard, who fell back from around 7.80 on his winning jump. Hubbard, a 9.6 man over 100y, broke the world record with 7.89 the following year and in 1927 was deprived of the first 26 foot jump when his 7.98 was ruled invalid because the pit was found to be an inch below the level of the take-off. The jumping order shows the qualifying round sections and the order of jumping within the section.

Amsterdam, 31 Jul 1928

1, (A7) Ed Hamm USA 7.73 2, (A1) Silvio Cator HAI 7.58

3, (B6) Al Bates USA 7.40 4, (B4) Willi Meier GER 7.39 5, (A3) Erich Köchermann GER 7.35 6, (D8) Hannes de Boer NED 7.32

7, (C7) Ed Gordon USA 7.32 8, (C8) Eric Svensson SWE 7.29

(Competitors: 43; Countries: 23; Finalists: 14)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hamm x 7.73 7.68 7.66 7.22 - Cator x 7.50 7.58 7.20 7.22 x Bates 7.40 x x 6.79 6.92 6.75 Meier 7.35 7.39 7.05 x 7.27 7.23 Köchermann 7.35 7.16 7.25 7.05 x 6.85 de Boer 7.04 7.22 7.32 x x x

Hamm was the prohibitive favourite, having set a world record of 7.90 in the US Trials. He had shown great consistency with five other com- petitions of 25 feet (7.62) or better. Remarkably the event contained six Olympic Champions in horizontal jumping events; Hamm, Hubbard and Gordon (long jump), and Tuulos, Oda and Nambu (triple jump).

Hubbard, nursing an injured ankle, was bracketed in 11th place with Tuulos and Oda at 7.11, with Nambu just ahead of them in ninth (7.25). Sixth place was determined by a jump-off with de Boer reaching 6.96 to Gordon’s 6.57, and so taking three more jumps. At the head of the competition Hamm jumped 7.73 in round 2, after having had a foul in round 1 reportedly just below 8 metres. Cator also had a long foul (7.80+) with his opener, followed by 7.50. The only Haitian ever to win an Olympic medal had been the world’s number two man in 1925, jumping 7.65, but had done little of note since then. He improved to 7.58 in the next round, but Hamm responded with jumps of 7.68 and 7.66, and clearly deserved his gold medal. Cator, who captained the Haitian soccer team, would have his day in September, when he took Hamm’s world record with the first ever 26 feet jump – 7.93. It was the only mark from that season good enough to rank in the world’s top 100 in any event in the last year of the 20th century.

Los Angeles, 2 Aug 1932

1, Ed Gordon USA 7.64 2, Lambert Redd USA 7.60 3, Chuhei Nambu JPN 7.45 4, Eric Svensson SWE 7.41 5, Dick Barber USA 7.39 6, Naoto Tajima JPN 7.15 7, Héctor Berra ARG 6.66 8, Clovis Raposo BRA 6.43

(Competitors: 13; Countries: 9) Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gordon 7.64 7.00 7.43 x x x Redd x 7.60 x 7.39 x 7.49 Nambu 7.45 x x 7.32 7.39 x Svensson 7.27 7.24 7.41 7.06 - -

Cator, second in 1928, had a dismal competition in 1932 jumping only 5.93, while Amsterdam non-qualifiers Gordon, Nambu and Svensson, took three of the top four places in Los Angeles. The tall (1.94) Gordon settled things early with 7.64 in the first round – and all the medals had been decided by the end of the second round.

One of the foul jumps by Redd was measured at 7.95. The plasticine next to the board had apparently not been laid down correctly and was about 2cm higher. Reportedly, Redd’s shoe barely touched the tip of the the elevated clay. The jump was measured, but eventually declared a foul.

Berlin, 4 Aug 1936

1, (3) Jesse Owens USA 8.06w 2, (8) Luz Long GER 7.87w 3, (15) Naoto Tajima JPN 7.74w =4,(12) Wilhelm Leichum GER 7.73w

(2) Arturo Maffei ITA 7.73w 6, (9) Bob Clark USA 7.67w 7, (14) John Brooks USA 7.41w

8, (7) Robert Paul FRA 7.34w

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Owens 7.74w 7.87w 7.75w x 7.94w 8.06w Long 7.54w 7.74w 7.84w 7.73w 7.87w x Tajima 7.65w x 7.74w 7.52w 7.60w x Leichum x x 7.52w 7.38w 7.25w 7.73w Maffei 7.50w 7.47w 7.73w 7.22w 7.42w 7.39w Clark x 7.60w 7.52w 7.60w 7.67w 7.57w Brooks 7.34w 7.41w 7.19w Paul 7.34w 6.39w 7.08w

Owens had already dazzled onlookers with his 100m running, and August 4 saw him sprinting 200m heats in the morning and qualifying in the long jump. He had two fouls before reaching the qualifying dis- tance of 7.15 after taking off more than half a metre behind the board. Long, the leading European, also had difficulties but made it through to the final with his second jump.

Berlin marked the first time that qualifying marks were not carried forward to the final. Owens led early with 7.74, and improved to 7.87 in the next round. All jumps were wind-assisted with the official report quoting a breeze of 3.5 to 3.7 metres per second, though wind readings on specific jumps were never released. Long responded with 7.84 in the third round, with Tajima improving from 7.65 to 7.74 to take third posi- tion from Maffei in this remarkably high level competition. Owens finally won the gold medal on his fifth jump, with 7.94, to which Long responding with 7.87. Owens rounded out his competition with the sec- ond furthest ever – 8.06 – on his last jump, while Leichum moved up from sixth to equal fourth with 7.73. All told, Hamm’s Olympic record of 7.73 was reached 12 times.

London, 31 Jul 1948

1, (9) Willie Steele USA 7.825OR

2, (4) Theo Bruce AUS 7.555 3, (6) Herb Douglas USA 7.545 4, (11) Lorenzo Wright USA 7.45 5, (2) Prince Adedoyin NGR GBR 7.27

6, (5) Georges Damitio FRA 7.07 7, (10) Harry Whittle GBR 7.03 8, (12) Felix Würth AUT 7.00

(Competitors: 21; Countries: 17; Finalists: 11)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6

Steele 7.825 7.68 - - - -

Willie Steele was the most talented jumper to appear in the 12 years since the retirement of Jesse Owens. Steele jumped 7.81 in 1942 as an 18 year-old, and jumped 8.07 in 1947, as well as a hairline foul of 8.18. Only the inconsistent Lorenzo Wright had any 1948 pre-Olympic mark within range of Steele (7.90 versus the 7.97 for Steele), and the next best of the contenders were Douglas (7.69) and Ted Bruce (7.57).

Steele led the qualifiers with 7.78, with just four men qualifying as of right by reaching 7.20 or better. In the final, Steele, suffering from an ankle injury, took just two jumps – 7.82 and 7.68 – before retiring. None of the others got close, with Bruce just edging Douglas for sec- ond. Wright placed fourth, but would fare better as a reserve relay run- ner in the 4x100m relay. Britain took fifth through Prince Adegboyega Folaramni Adedoyin, a Nigerian whose country was not part of the Olympic movement until 1951.

Helsinki, 21 Jul 1952

1 (12) Jerome Biffle USA 7.57 2, (9) Meredith Gourdine USA 7.53 3, (5) Ödön Földessy HUN 7.30 4, (3) Ary Façanha da Sá BRA 7.23

5, (1) Jorma Valtonen FIN 7.16 6, (8) Leonid Grigoryev RUS URS 7.14 7, (11) Karl-Erik Israelsson SWE 7.10 8, (13) Paul Faucher FRA 7.02

(Competitors: 27; Countries: 19; Finalists: 13)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Biffle 7.21 x 7.57 x x x Gourdine 7.38 6.58 7.53 7.49 7.36 7.51 Földessy 7.04 7.23 x 7.17 7.30 7.12 da Sá 7.15 6.77 7.06 7.22 7.20 7.23 Valtonen x 7.06 7.16 x x 6.97 Grigoryev x 7.14 6.92 5.55 x 6.57 Israelsson x x 7.10 Faucher x 6.96 7.02

The 1952 world rankings saw George Brown ranked first in the world for the second time in a row. He won 14 of his 17 competitions and averaged 7.57 for 16 of those meetings, but his three losses included the US Trials and Helsinki. In the Olympics he had a qualifying jump of 7.32, but then had three fouls in the final.

Neville Price of South Africa, who had jumped 7.36 in the prelimi- naries, reached only 6.40 in the final, leaving Gourdine, the US Trials winner, and Biffle, considered very much the US third string, to battle for the gold. Both men achieved their best jump in the the third round, with Biffle’s 7.53 sufficing for the win by 2cm. Földessy, Europe’s best jumper, won the bronze with a modest 7.30.

Melbourne, 24 Nov 1956

1, (4) Greg Bell USA 7.83OR

2, (10) John Bennett USA 7.68 3, (11) Jorma Valkama FIN 7.48 4, (2) Dmitriy Bondarenko RUS URS 7.44 5, (12) Karim Olowu NGR 7.36 6, (13) Kazimierz Kropidłowski POL 7.30 7, (7) Neville Price RSA 7.28 8, (9) Oleg Fedoseyev RUS URS 7.27

(Competitors: 31; Countries: 21; Finalists: 13)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bell 6.98 7.83 7.77 x x 7.16 Bennett 7.68 7.61 x - x - Valkama 7.11 x 7.48 7.07 7.22 7.00 Bondarenko 7.44 x 7.13 x 6.89 6.99 Olowu 7.28 6.77 7.36 6.42 x 6.91 Kropidłowski 7.27 6.92 7.30 6.95 7.03 6.94 Price x 7.28 x Fedoseyev x 7.25 7.27

The event was held in very windy conditions, with wind readings rang- ing from minus 14 to plus 9m per second. Additionally, the run-up was soft and loose, and only 38m long, instead of a more usual 45m. The qualifying distance of 7.15 was reached by 13 of the 39 entrants, eight of whom did not participate – including Rafer Johnson, who was bat- tling an injury and saving himself for the decathlon.

In view of the weather conditions it was fortuitous that the best two jumpers wound up in the top positions. The best qualifier (Henryk Grabowski, 7.52), finished tenth. Bennett, who had tied Bell in the US Trials, opened with his best mark of the day – 7.68 – after spiking him- self. After a second jump of 7.61 his leg stiffened up, while Bell reached 7.83 on his second jump, and backed it up with 7.77 in the next round before getting cramp in his leg on his fourth attempt. All of the top jumpers leapt 25-30cm less than the distances they would have achieved in good conditions.

Bell had a marginal foul jump of 8.33 a week after the Games which more accurately reflected his abilities.

Rome, 2 Sep 1960

1, (2) Ralph Boston USA 8.12OR

2, (10) “Bo” Roberson USA 8.11

3, (8) Igor Ter-OvanesyanRUS URS 8.04 4, (9) Manfred Steinbach GER/FRG 8.00 5, (6) Jorma Valkama FIN 7.69 6, (1) Christian Collardot FRA 7.68

7, (11) Henk Visser NED 7.66 8, (4) Dmitriy BondarenkoRUS URS 7.58

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Boston 7.82 x 8.12 7.80 x 7.96 Roberson x 8.03 7.88 7.75 7.62 8.11 T. Ovanesyan 7.90 7.80 x x 7.68 8.04 Steinbach 7.81 x 7.76 x x 8.00 Valkama 7.52 7.69 7.36 7.31 x 7.29 Collardot 7.61 x 7.68 6.96 7.50 x Visser 7.59 7.43 7.66 Bondarenko 7.27 7.58 7.37

The almost mythical world record of Jesse Owens, 8.13, finally fell after more than 25 years, when Boston jumped 8.21 three weeks before Rome. Unproven in big time competition, Boston was rated even with Ter-Ovanesyan, the talented European Champion and record holder. It was Ter-Ovanesyan who led after round 1 with 7.90, and was then overtaken by Bo Roberson, sporting a bandaged left thigh, with 8.03. Roberson was nominally the US number three, but Tony Watson, the 19 year-old who had jumped 7.85 at the US Trials, had managed only 7.32 in the qualifying when 7.40 was the required distance.

Boston launched into his hitchkick in round 3, landing at 8.12, the fourth longest jump ever. Steinbach was in fourth place after three rounds with 7.76, and the places remained unchanged until the last round. Boston jumped a solid 7.96 and was followed by Ter- Ovanesyan. The Ukrainian-born Russian resident of Armenian descent produced a fine jump, cutting the sand at 8.04, a new European record. Steinbach had jumped 8.14 in the German championships to have the jump ruled windy, rather than a world record, because the wind gauge had not been operated. Now he reached an official German record of 8.00 and a guaranteed fourth place. Roberson was last to jump. The powerful (1.85/84kg) football star from Cornell University landed in the vicinity of Boston’s best. An optical measuring device – being used for the first time – showed that Roberson had missed gold by 1cm. Only once before had two men jumped beyond 8m in the same compe- tition.

Tokyo, 18 Oct 1964

1, (3) Lynn Davies GBR 8.07 2, (2) Ralph Boston USA 8.03 3, (4) Igor Ter-Ovanesyan RUS URS 7.99 4, (11) Wariboko West NGR 7.60 5, (7) Jean Cochard FRA 7.44 6, (1) Luis Areta ESP 7.34 7, (9) Mike Ahey GHA 7.30 8, (8) Andrzej Stalmach POL 7.26

(Competitors: 32; Countries: 21; Finalists: 12)

Series 1 2 3 4 5 6 Davies 7.45 x 7.59 7.78 8.07 7.74 Boston 7.76 7.85 7.62 7.88 x 8.03 T. Ovanesyan 7.78 x 7.64 7.80 7.99 7.81 West 7.56 7.51 7.50 7.40 7.60 x Cochard x x 7.44 7.43 7.26 7.10 Areta 7.20 7.31 7.34 5.16 x 6.99 Ahey 6.99 7.00 7.30 Stalmach 7.26 7.10 x

Just five men reached the automatic qualifying distance of 7.60 in the cold (14°C) and wet conditions, and 7.46 sufficed to qualify. The final was even colder (12.5°C), and the jumpers had to contend with head- winds. As a result only the two best jumpers of 1960-64 – Boston and Ter-Ovanesyan, plus Davies, a newcomer, were able to jump beyond 25 feet (7.62). Even these quality athletes were unable to get beyond 26 feet (7.92) in the first half of the competition, with Boston (7.85) lead- ing from Ter-Ovanesyan (7.78) and Davies (7.59). Gayle Hopkins, NCAA champion and an 8.16 jumper, had such difficulty with the con- ditions that he was unable to register a fair jump, and the Commonwealth Champion, the talented but erratic Mike Ahey, just missed the final six.

The top three all improved in the fourth round. The wind lulled to a relatively calm -0.7 as Davies prepared for his fifth jump. The condi- tions, not far removed from average weather for Wales, may have

affected Davies less than the others. Whether it was this or the qualities

In document Actitudes religiosas, valores y razonamiento moral. (página 65-71)