Elementos presentes en la visión local

Map 7.1 shows the regional pattern of R&D per- sonnel distribution across Europe. Data on R&D personnel are expressed as percentages of total employment. Looking at the regional dispari- ties, the ratio for the top region Wien (4.14%) is about three times higher then the EU-25 average. Among the top regions with more than 2% of all persons working in R&D, almost 40% are in Germany. A high “R&D density” is also ob-

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served in the majority of regions in the Nordic countries. Five of the eight regions in Sweden (Stockholm, Övre Norrland, Östra Mellansve- rige, Västsverige and Sydsverige), three of the five regions in Finland (Pohjois-Suomi, Etelä-Suomi and Länsi-Suomi) and Denmark as a whole are found among the top regions.

R&D personnel is clustered in the major indus- trial and technological regions and in the capital regions across the EU-25. Apart from in northern

Europe, the concentration of regions with the highest share of R&D personnel in total employ- ment is observed in the southern part of Germany as well as in the regions situated between Madrid and Paris: Île de France (FR), Comunidad de Ma- drid (ES), Midi-Pyrénées (FR), Comunidad Foral de Navarra (ES) and Rhône-Alpes (FR).

Some of the well-performing regions in terms of the share of R&D personnel are also capital re- gions of the new Member States, with two in the

AÇORES P 0 100 MADEIRA P 0 25 CANARIAS E 0 100 GUADELOUPE F 0 25 MARTINIQUE F 0 20 RÉUNION F 0 20 GUYANE F 0 100 0 100 500 km > 2.0 1.0 − 2.0 0.5 − 1.0 <= 0.5 Data not available

0 50

CYPRUS

0 10

MALTA

2003 − NUTS 2

Brandenburg (DE4), EL: NUTS 1 AT: 2002; FR: 2001; SE: 1999

R&D personnel

as a percentage of persons employed, All sectors

EU−25 = 1.44, EU−15 = 1.54 (Eurostat estimates)

BE: National level

Niederbayern (DE22), Oberpfalz (DE23): confidential data IE, NL, PT, SI: estimated data

Statistical data: Eurostat − Database: REGIO © EuroGeographics, for the administrative boundaries Cartography: Eurostat − GISCO, 07/2006

R e g i o n s : S t a t i s t i c a l y e a r b o o k 2 0 0 6 95

top 10: Praha with 3.69% (CZ) and Bratislavský kraj with 3.30% (SK), followed by the Hungar- ian region of Közép-Magyarország (2.28%). The same pattern is repeated for the capital region of Romania — Bucuresti (2.06%).

Regions in Bulgaria (Severozapaden) and Roma- nia (Sud-Est) head the list of the regions with the lowest share of R&D personnel in total employ- ment, with 0.06% and 0.17%, respectively. They are followed by the Czech Severozapad (0.22%),

Poland’s Świętokrzyskie (0.27%) and Åland in Finland (0.30%). The ratios for Cyprus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, and Slovenia, which all correspond to NUTS-2 regions, do not exceed the EU-25 average (1.44%).

Looking at national differences, the spread between regions with the lowest and highest proportions of R&D personnel is particularly large in Austria (3.75 percentage points be- tween Wien and Burgenland), Germany (3.75

Figure 7.1: Regional disparities in terms of Total R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP at NUTS 2 level, 2002

Note

Exceptions to the reference year: LU, SE: 2003; DE, FR, PT: 2001; IT: 2000; EL and UK: 1999 NUTS 1: UK

Countries which comprises a single NUTS 2 region: DK, EE, CY, LV, LT, LU, MT and SI

National average Lowest regional R&D intensity Top regional R&D intensity EU-25 Severozápad EU-25 BE CZ DK DE EE ES EL FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT SI SK SE FI UK BG RO % Strˇední Cˇechy Braunschweig Weser- Ems Comunidad de Madrid Illes Balears Île-de-France Kriti Notio Aigaio Corse Southern and Eastern Border, Midland and Western Lazio Calabria Közép-Magyarország Észak- Magyarország Noord-Brabant Drenthe Wien Burgenland Mazowieckie S´wie tokrzyskie Centro (P) Alentejo Bratislavsky´ kraj Vy´chodné Slovensko Pohjois-Suomi Åland East of England Northern Ireland Severozapaden Yugozapaden Sud-Est 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Bucuresti mastro_en.indd 95 26-09-2006 15:41:21

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percentage points between Braunschweig and Lüneburg), Finland (3.49 percentage points between Pohjois-Suomi and Åland), the Czech Republic (3.47 percentage points between Praha and Severozapad) and Sweden (3.19 percentage points between Stockholm and Småland med öarna).

Ireland is the country with the smallest national difference between regions in terms of the share of R&D personnel in total employment (0.63 percentage points), followed by Greece (1.06 per- centage points), Portugal (1.21 percentage points) and Bulgaria (1.39 percentage points).

Regions with high shares of R&D personnel in total employment are also regions with a high R&D intensity (R&D expenditure as a percent- age of GDP).

There are large differences in R&D intensity be- tween regions across the EU countries, as shown in Figure 7.1. The region of Braunschweig in Germany is the unchallenged leader with R&D expenditure at 7.11% of regional GDP. The R&D intensity of the top region in five other countries exceeds 3.0% of GDP, the European target set at the Lisbon and Barcelona Councils in 2000 and 2002. These regions are: Pohjois-Suomi (FI) — 4.18%, East of England (UK) — 3.89%, Středni Čechy (CZ) — 3.49% and Île-de-France (FR) and Wien (AT) — 3.36% each. Fifteen na- tional top regions or countries at NUTS 2 level had an R&D intensity lower than 1.93% (EU average). Six Member States (Malta, Cyprus, Latvia, Slovakia, Lithuania and Estonia) as well as the acceding country Romania even had an R&D intensity below 1%. In five countries (Bul- garia, Greece, Poland, Romania and Finland), the lowest regional R&D expenditure did not exceed 0.2% of GDP.

There are also large disparities between regions within countries, the largest being in Germany (6.61 percentage points between Braunschweig and Weser-Ems), Finland (4.03 percentage points between Pohjois-Suomi and Åland), the Czech Republic (3.24 percentage points between Středni

Čechy and Severozapad) and the United Kingdom (3.04 percentage points between East of England and Northern Ireland). Ireland has the lowest national disparity between regions (0.33 percent- age points).

Human resources