ESAS RELACIONES SON MUY BUENAS Y POSITIVAS

RELACIONES QUE SE DAN ENTRE HOMBRES Y MUJERES EN EL ÁMBITO LABORAL

6.1. ESAS RELACIONES SON MUY BUENAS Y POSITIVAS

Agathosma betulina (P.J. Bergius) Pillans sCn: buchu

syn: Barosma betulina (Bergius) Bartl. & H.L. Wendl. oCn: round buchu; short buchu

Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans sCn: buchu

syn: Barosma crenulata (L.) Hook.

oCn: ovate buchu

Agathosma serratifolia (Curtis) Spreeth sCn: buchu

syn: Barosma serratifolia (Curtis) Willd. oCn: long buchu

part: leaf

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class: 2b

Interaction Class: A

C

ontraindiCations

Not for use in pregnancy except under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner (Bradley 1992; Collins and Graven 1996; Kaiser et al. 1975).

o

ther

P

reCautions

Use with caution in persons with kidney inflammation (McGuffin et al. 1997).

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

None known.

n

otiCe

Diuretic (Felter and Lloyd 1898; Moolla and Viljoen 2008; Remington and Wood 1918). (See Appendix 2.)

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

None known.

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Buchu contains the compound pulegone (2.4–4.5% of A.

betulina essential oil and 31.6–73.2% of A. crenulata essential oil) (Collins and Graven 1996; Kaiser et al. 1975). Pulegone is considered to be the primary compound in European pen- nyroyal (Mentha pulegium) responsible for the abortifacient activity of this plant (Anderson et al. 1996). Although no reports of abortifacient activity of buchu were identified, use of buchu during pregnancy is not recommended.

No information on the safety of buchu during lactation was identified. While this review did not identify any concerns for use while nursing, safety has not been conclusively established.

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eview

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etailS

i. d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions

No clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

Case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions

No case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions were identified.

animal trials of drug or supplement interactions

No animal trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

ii. a

dverse

e

vents

Case reports of adverse events

No case reports of adverse events were identified.

iii. P

harmaCologyand

P

harmaCokinetiCs human pharmacological studies

No relevant human pharmacological studies were identified.

animal pharmacological studies

No relevant animal pharmacological studies were identified.

in Vitro pharmacological studies

No relevant in vitro pharmacological studies were identified.

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Buchu contains the compound pulegone (2.4–4.5% of A.

betulina essential oil and 31.6–73.2% of A. crenulata essential oil) (Collins and Graven 1996; Kaiser et al. 1975). Pulegone is considered to be the primary compound in European pen- nyroyal (Mentha pulegium) responsible for the abortifacient activity of that plant (Anderson et al. 1996). Although no reports of abortifacient activity of buchu were identified, use of buchu during pregnancy is not recommended.

No information on the safety of buchu during lactation was identified.

Agrimonia eupatoria

A

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

Cytotoxicity

At concentrations up to 100 µg/ml, no cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of buchu species (A. betulina and A. crenulata)

was observed in the MTT cellular viability assay (Viljoen et al. 2006).

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Anderson, I.B., W.H. Mullen, J.E. Meeker, et al. 1996. Pennyr oyal toxicity: Measurement of toxic metabolite levels in two cases and review of the literature. Ann. Intern. Med. 124(8):726-734. Bradley, P.R. 1992. British herbal compendium: A handbook of scien-

tific information on widely used plant drugs . Bournemouth, UK: British Herbal Medicine Association.

Collins, N.F., and E.H. Graven. 1996. Chemotaxonomy of commer- cial buchu species (Agathosma betulina and A. crenulata). J. Essen.

Oil Res. 8:229-235.

Felter, H.W., and J.U. Lloyd. 1898. King’s American dispensatory . 18th ed., 3rd rev. 2 vols. Cincinnati: Ohio Valley Co.

Kaiser, R., D. Lamparsky, and P. Schudel. 1975. Analysis of buchu leaf oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 23:943-950.

McGuffin, M., C. Hobbs, R. Upton, and A. Goldberg. 1997.

Botanical safety handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Moolla, A., and A.M. Viljoen. 2008. ‘Buchu’— Agathosma betulina and Agathosma crenulata (Rutaceae): A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 119(3):413-419.

Remington, J.P., and H.C. Wood. 1918. The dispensatory of the United

States of America. 20th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott.

Viljoen, A.M., A. Moolla, S.F. Van Vuuren, et al. 2006. The bio - logical activity and essential oil composition of 17 Agathosma (Rutaceae) species. J. Essen. Oil Res. 18:2-16.

Agrimonia eupatoria L. rosaceae

sCn: agrimony

oCn: church steeples part: herb

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class: 1

Interaction Class: A

C

ontraindiCations None known.

o

ther

P

reCautions None known.

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

n

otiCe

Tannins (4.0–10.0%) (Wichtl 2004); see Appendix 1.

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

None known.

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

No information on the safety of agrimony in pregnancy or lactation was identified in the scientific or traditional literature. Although this review did not identify any concerns for use while pregnant or nursing, safety has not been conclusively established.

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eview

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etailS

i. d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions

No clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

Case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions

No case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions were identified.

animal trials of drug or supplement interactions

No animal trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

ii. a

dverse

e

vents

Case reports of adverse events

A

iii. P

harmaCologyand

P

harmaCokinetiCs human pharmacological studies

No relevant human pharmacological studies were identified.

animal pharmacological studies

No relevant animal pharmacological studies were identified.

in Vitro pharmacological studies

No relevant in vitro pharmacological studies were identified.

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

No information on the safety of agrimony in pregnancy or lactation was identified.

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

Genotoxicity

No mutagenic activity of agrimony methanolic extract was observed in the Ames test with or without metabolic activa- tion (Bilia et al. 1993).

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Bilia, A.R., E. Palme, S. Catalano, L. Pistelli, and I. Morelli. 1993. Constituents and biological assay of Agrimonia eupatoria.

Fitoterapia 64(6):549-550.

Wichtl, M. 2004. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals: A handbook

for practice on a scientific basis. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Albizia julibrissin durazz. fabaceae

sCn: silk tree

pn: he huan pi (bark) oCn:part: bark mimosa tree

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class: 2b

Interaction Class: A

C

ontraindiCations

Not for use in pregnancy except under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner (Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004).

o

ther

P

reCautions

None known.

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

None known.

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

None known.

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Texts on traditional Chinese medicine indicate that silk tree bark should be used with caution in pregnancy (Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004). One text indicates that silk tree bark stimulates uterine contractions (Chen and Chen 2004).

No information on the safety of silk tree bark during lactation was identified. While this review did not identify any concerns for use while nursing, safety has not been conclusively established.

R

eview

D

etailS

i. d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions

No clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

Case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions

No case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions were identified.

animal trials of drug or supplement interactions

No animal trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

ii. a

dverse

e

vents

Case reports of adverse events

No case reports of adverse events were identified.

iii. P

harmaCologyand

P

harmaCokinetiCs human pharmacological studies

Albizia julibrissin

A

animal pharmacological studies

No relevant animal pharmacological studies were identified.

in Vitro pharmacological studies

The compound julibrin II (4’-O-methylpyridoxine) was found to induce arrhythmias in isolated frog hearts. Other related compounds also isolated from silk tree did not induce arrhythmias (Higuchi et al. 1992). The compound 4’-O-methylpyridoxine is also found in ginkgo seed and is believed to be the compound associated with seizures reported after excessive consumption of ginkgo seed. The seizures are thought to be due to vitamin B6 deficiency, which

can be caused by 4’-O-methylpyridoxine (van Beek and Montoro 2009; Wada et al. 1985). No cases of seizures have been reported in association with traditional use of silk tree.

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Texts on traditional Chinese medicine indicate that silk tree bark should be used with caution in pregnancy (Bensky et

al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004) and indicate that silk tree bark stimulates uterine contractions (Chen and Chen 2004).

No information on the safety of silk tree bark during lactation was identified.

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

Silk tree bark contains the compound 4’-O-methylpyridoxine, a compound that can cause vitamin B6 deficiency symptoms

and is believed to be responsible for the toxic effects (seizures and gastrointestinal symptoms) of ginkgo seed con- sumption (see Ginkgo biloba seed entry) (Mooney et al. 2009; Wada et al. 1985). No toxic effects of silk tree bark have been reported in association with use in traditional Chinese medicine (Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004).

Cytotoxicity

Saponin fractions of silk tree exhibited cytotoxic activity in vitro (Ikeda et al. 1997).

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Bensky, D., S. Clavey, and E. Stöger. 2004. Chinese herbal medicine:

Materia medica. 3rd ed. Seattle: Eastland Press.

Chen, J.K., and T.T. Chen. 2004. Chinese medical herbology and phar-

macology. City of Industry, CA: Art of Medicine Press.

Higuchi, H., J. Kinjo, and T . Nohara. 1992. An arrhythmic-induc- ing glycoside from Albizia julibrissin Durazz, IV. Chem. Pharm.

Bull. 40(3):829-831.

Ikeda, T., S. Fujiwara, K. Araki, et al. 1997. Cytotoxic glycosides from Albizia julibrissin. J. Nat. Prod. 60(2):102-107.

Mooney, S., J.E. Leuendorf, C. Hendrickson, and H. Hellmann. 2009. Vitamin B6: A long known compound of surprising com- plexity. Molecules 14(1):329-351.

van Beek, T.A., and P. Montoro. 2009. Chemical analysis and qual- ity control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharma - ceuticals. J. Chromatogr. A 1216(11):2002-2032.

Wada, K., S. Ishigaki, K. Ueda, M. Sakata, and M. Haga. 1985. An antivitamin B6, 4’-methoxypyridoxine from the seed of Ginkgo

biloba L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 33:3555-3557.

Albizia julibrissin durazz. fabaceae

sCn: silk tree

pn: he huan hua (flower) oCn:part: flower mimosa tree

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class: 1

Interaction Class:

C

ontraindiCations None known.

o

ther

P

reCautions None known.

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

None known.

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

None known.

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Texts on traditional Chinese medicine do not indicate any cautions for use of silk tree flower during pregnancy or lactation (Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004). Although this review did not identify any concerns for use while pregnant or nursing, safety has not been conclusively established.

A

R

eview

D

etailS

i. d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions

No clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

Case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions

No case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions were identified.

animal trials of drug or supplement interactions

No animal trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

ii. a

dverse

e

vents

Case reports of adverse events

No case reports of adverse events were identified.

iii. P

harmaCologyand

P

harmaCokinetiCs human pharmacological studies

No relevant human pharmacological studies were identified.

animal pharmacological studies

No relevant animal pharmacological studies were identified.

in Vitro pharmacological studies

No relevant in vitro pharmacological studies were identified.

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Texts on traditional Chinese medicine do not indicate any cautions for use of silk tree flower during pregnancy or lactation (Bensky et al. 2004; Chen and Chen 2004).

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

No toxicity studies were identified.

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Bensky, D., S. Clavey, and E. Stöger. 2004. Chinese herbal medicine:

Materia medica. 3rd ed. Seattle: Eastland Press. Chen, J.K., and T.T. Chen. 2004. Chinese medical herbology and phar-macology. City of Industry, CA: Art of Medicine Press.

Alcea rosea L. malvaceae

sCn: hollyhock

syn: Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. part: root

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class: 1

Interaction Class: A

C

ontraindiCations None known.

o

ther

P

reCautions None known.

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Other drugs should be taken one hour prior to consumption of hollyhock or several hours after consumption, as mucilaginous plants such as hollyhock may slow the absorption of orally administered drugs (Brinker 2001; De Smet 1993; Mills and Bone 2005).

n

otiCe

Mucilages (Tomoda et al. 1983; Turowska et al. 1966); see Appendix 3.

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

None known.

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

No information on the safety of hollyhock in pregnancy or lactation was identified in the scientific or traditional literature. Although this review did not identify any concerns for use while pregnant or nursing, safety has not been conclusively established.

Alchemilla xanthochlora

A

R

eview

D

etailS

i. d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions

No clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

Case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions

No case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions were identified.

animal trials of drug or supplement interactions

No animal trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

ii. a

dverse

e

vents

Case reports of adverse events

No case reports of adverse events were identified.

iii. P

harmaCologyand

P

harmaCokinetiCs human pharmacological studies

No relevant human pharmacological studies were identified.

animal pharmacological studies

No relevant animal pharmacological studies were identified.

in Vitro pharmacological studies

No relevant in vitro pharmacological studies were identified.

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

No information on the safety of hollyhock in pregnancy or lactation was identified.

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

No toxicity studies were identified.

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Brinker, F. 2001. Herb contraindications and drug interactions. 3rd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications.

De Smet, P.A.G.M. 1993. Adverse effects of herbal drugs, Vol. 2. New York: Springer.

Mills, S., and K. Bone. 2005. The essential guide to herbal safety . St. Louis: Elsevier.

Tomoda, M., K. Shimada, and N. Shimizu. 1983. Plant mucilages. XXXII. A representative mucilage, “Althaea-mucilage R”, from the roots of Althaea rosea. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31(8):2677-2684. Turowska, I., S. Kohlmunzer , and Z. Maga. 1966. Studies on the

correlation between the concentration of the mucilaginous elements and the value of Althaea rosea as a mucilaginous raw material: I. Acta Biol. Cracov Ser. Bot. 9:111.

Alchemilla xanthochlora rothm. rosaceae

sCn: lady’s mantle

syn: Alchemilla vulgaris auct. non L. part: herb

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class: 1

Interaction Class: A

C

ontraindiCations None known.

o

ther

P

reCautions None known.

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

None known.

n

otiCe

Tannins (6–16%) (Fraisse et al. 1999; Wichtl 2004); see Appendix 1.

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

None known.

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

No information on the safety of lady’s mantle in pregnancy or lactation was identified in the scientific or traditional literature. Although this review did not identify any concerns for use while pregnant or nursing, safety has not been conclusively established.

A

R

eview

D

etailS

i. d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions

No clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

Case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions

No case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions were identified.

animal trials of drug or supplement interactions

No animal trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

ii. a

dverse

e

vents

Case reports of adverse events

No case reports of adverse events were identified.

iii. P

harmaCologyand

P

harmaCokinetiCs human pharmacological studies

No relevant human pharmacological studies were identified.

animal pharmacological studies

No relevant animal pharmacological studies were identified.

in Vitro pharmacological studies

No relevant in vitro pharmacological studies were identified.

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

No information on the safety of lady’s mantle during pregnancy or lactation was identified.

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

Genotoxicity

In the Ames test for mutagenicity with Salmonella

typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100, some mutagenic activity of an ethanol extract of lady’s mantle was observed in TA98 but not in TA100. Mutagenic activity in this and other plant extracts tested in the study was consistent with quercetin levels in the plants and the mutagenic activity was attributed to the quercetin (Schimmer et al. 1988). Reviews of quercetin have indicated that although mutagenic effects have been observed in vitro, such effects are not seen in vivo (Harwood et al. 2007).

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Fraisse, D., A. Carnat, A.P. Carnat, and J.L. Lamaison. 1999. Standardization of the aerial parts of Alchemilla. Ann. Pharm.

Fr. 57(5):401-405.

Harwood, M., B. Danielewska-Nikiel, J.F. Borzelleca, et al. 2007. A critical review of the data related to the safety of quercetin and lack of evidence of in vivo toxicity, including lack of genotoxic/ carcinogenic properties. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45(11):2179-2205.

Schimmer, O., F . Hafele, and A. Kruger. 1988. The mutagenic potencies of plant extracts containing quer cetin in Salmonella

typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Mutat. Res. 206(2):201-208. Wichtl, M. 2004. Herbal drugs and phytopharmaceuticals: A handbook

for practice on a scientific basis. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Aletris farinosa L. Liliaceae

sCn: aletris

oCn: blazing star; colic root; star grass; true unicorn part: rhizome, root

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class:

Interaction Class: A

C

ontraindiCations None known.

o

ther

P

reCautions None known.

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

None known.

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

None known.

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

One early animal study indicates a uterine depressant effect of aletris and reports that aletris may antagonize the oxy- tocin-stimulating effects of the pituitary gland (Butler and Costello 1944). There is no evidence to suggest this would

In document Acoso sexual. en el trabajo y masculinidad. Exploración con hombres de la población general. Centroamérica y República Dominicana (página 90-93)