VARIAS FUNCIONES DEL PIROPO

in Vitro pharmacological studies

Of 75 compounds isolated from yin-chen wormwood, 15 showed antiplatelet aggregation activity (Wu et al. 2001).

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Inhibition of implantation was observed in female rats orally administered 10 mg/kg of the compound scoparone. At doses of 25 or 50 mg/kg, the number of pups born, ratio of live/dead pups, and their weight gain were adversely affected, with skel- etal abnormalities observed in some pups (Chandhoke 1979).

No information on the safety of yin-chen wormwood during pregnancy or lactation was identified.

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

acute toxicity

The LD50 of the compound capillarin intraperitoneally

administered to mice is 262.5 mg/kg (Chen and Chen 2004).

short-term toxicity

Oral administration of the compound scoparone to male rats at doses of 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg daily for 75 days pro- duced a decrease in weight gain and dose-related mortality (Chandhoke 1979).

Genotoxicity

No mutagenic activity of an aqueous extract of yin-chen wormwood was observed in the Ames mutagenicity assay with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 or TA100 with or without metabolic activation by S9 (Yin et al. 1991).

In the mouse micronucleus and chromosomal aber- ration assays, some mutagenic activity was observed in mice intraperitoneally administered an aqueous extract of yin-chen wormwood at doses of 4.5, 9, or 18 g/kg. In the micronucleus assay, an increase of polychromatic erythro- cytes was observed at the 4.5, 9, and 18 g/kg dose levels. An increase in the incidence of chromosomal aberrations was observed at the 4.5, 9, and 18 g/kg dose levels, but not at the 0.9 g/kg dose level (Yin et al. 1991).

l

iteRatuRe

c

iteD

Bensky, D., S. Clavey, and E. Stöger. 2004. Chinese herbal medicine:

Materia medica. 3rd ed. Seattle: Eastland Press.

Cha, J.-D., M.-R. Jeong, S.-I. Jeong, et al. 2005. Chemical composi - tion and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Artemisia

scoparia and A. capillaris. Planta Med. 71(2):186-190.

Chandhoke, N. 1979. Scoparone effect on reproductive processes in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 17(8):740-742.

Chen, J.K., and T.T. Chen. 2004. Chinese medical herbology and phar-

macology. City of Industry, CA: Art of Medicine Press. Wu, T.S., Z.J. Tsang, P.L. Wu, et al. 2001. New constituents and

antiplatelet aggregation and anti-HIV principles of Artemisia

capillaris. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 9(1):77-83.

Yin, X.J., D.X. Liu, H.C. Wang, and Y. Zhou. 1991. A study on the mutagenicity of 102 raw pharmaceuticals used in Chinese tra - ditional medicine. Mutat. Res. 260(1):73-82.

Asclepias asperula (decne.) Woodson asclepiadaceae

sCn: inmortal part: root

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class: 2b

Interaction Class: A

C

ontraindiCations

Not for use in pregnancy except under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner (Conway and Slocumb 1979; Moore 2003).

o

ther

P

reCautions

Use with heart medications is cautioned (Moore 2003).

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

None known.

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

Overdose may cause nausea and vomiting (standard dose is listed as 2 teaspoons of root daily) (Moore 2003).

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Inmortal has been used to facilitate childbirth and to induce abortions (Conway and Slocumb 1979). Based on this, use during pregnancy is not recommended except under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner.

No information on the safety of inmortal during lacta- tion was identified. While this review did not identify any concerns for use while nursing, safety has not been conclu- sively established.

Asclepias tuberosa

A

R

eview

D

etailS

i. d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions

No clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

Case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions

No cases of suspected drug or supplement interactions were identified.

animal trials of drug or supplement interactions

No animal trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

ii. a

dverse

e

vents

Case reports of adverse events

No case reports of adverse events associated with inmortal were identified.

iii. P

harmaCologyand

P

harmaCokinetiCs human pharmacological studies

No relevant human pharmacological studies were identified.

animal pharmacological studies

No relevant animal pharmacological studies were identified.

in Vitro pharmacological studies

Some cardenolides isolated from inmortal have exhibited binding affinity for a p hysiological receptor, porcine kid- ney Na+_,K+_{-ATPase. The order of binding affinities for the}

cardenolides from highest to lowest was uzarigenin, desglu- couzarin, uzarin, and 6’-O-(E-4-hydroxycinnamoyl)desglu- couzarin (Abbott et al. 1998).

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Hot and cold water extracts of inmortal have been used in childbirth and large doses of decoctions have been used to induce abortions. Large doses are reported to cause nausea (Conway and Slocumb 1979).

No information on the safety of inmortal during lacta- tion was identified.

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

No toxicity studies were identified.

l

iteRatuRe

c

iteD

Abbott, A.J., C.G. Holoubek, and R.A. Martin. 1998.

Inhibition of Na+_,K+_{-ATPase by the cardenolide 6’-O-(E-4-} hydroxycinnamoyl) desglucouzarin. Biochem. Biophys. Res.

Commun. 251(1):256-259.

Conway, G., and J. Slocumb. 1979. Plants used as abortifacients and emmenagogues by Spanish New Mexicans. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1:241-261.

Kingsbury, J.M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and

Canada. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

List, P.H., and H. Hörhammer. 1973. Hagers handbuch der phar-

mazeutischen praxis. Vollst. 4. Neuausg. ed. Berlin, Heidelber g, New York: Springer.

Martindale, W., and J.E.F. Reynolds. 1996. The extra pharmacopoeia. 31st ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press.

Moore, M. 2003. Medicinal plants of the Mountain West. Revised and expanded edition. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press. Turner, N., and A. Szczawinski. 1991. Common poisonous plants and

mushrooms of North America. Portland, OR: Timber Press.

Asclepias tuberosa L. asclepiadaceae

sCn: pleurisy root part: root

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class: 2b

Interaction Class: A

C

ontraindiCations

Not for use in pregnancy except under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner (List and Hörhammer 1973; Moore 2003).

o

ther

P

reCautions

May cause nausea and vomiting (List and Hörhammer 1973).

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

None known.

n

otiCe

Emetic (List and Hörhammer 1973); see Appendix 2.

e

ditors

’ n

ote

While the standardized common name of the root of A.

tuberosa is pleurisy root, that of the plant itself is butterfly weed (McGuffin et al. 2000).

A

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

While one toxicology text indicates that ingestion of pleurisy root may cause irritation of the mouth, throat, and gastro- intestinal tract (Lewis 1998), a pharmacy text written in the late 1800s, when pleurisy root was commonly used, did not list such adverse effects (Felter and Lloyd 1898).

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

Uterine stimulation and uterotonic activity has been reported in animal studies (Costello and Butler 1949). One reference indicates that pleurisy root is probably inappropri- ate for use in “delicate pregnancies” (Moore 2003). Based on these reports, use in pregnancy is not recommended except under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner.

No information on the safety of pleurisy root during lactation was identified. While this review did not identify any concerns for use while nursing, safety has not been con- clusively established.

R

eview

D

etailS

i. d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions

No clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

Case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions

No cases of suspected drug or supplement interactions were identified.

animal trials of drug or supplement interactions

No animal trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

ii. a

dverse

e

vents

Case reports of adverse events

No case reports of adverse events associated with pleurisy root were identified.

iii. P

harmaCologyand

P

harmaCokinetiCs human pharmacological studies

No relevant human pharmacological studies were identified.

animal pharmacological studies

In an older study, estrogenic activity of a pleurisy root extract was observed in castrated rats (Costello and Butler 1949).

in Vitro pharmacological studies

Inhibition of ouabain binding to membrane Na+_,K+_-ATPase

and cross-reactivity with digoxin antibody in a radioimmu- noassay from a pleurisy root aqueous extract were observed in vitro (Longerich et al. 1993).

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

In vivo uterine stimulant action was observed in rabbits, dogs, and cats intravenously administered an ethanol- and isopropanol-based extract of pleurisy root (Costello and Butler 1949). Increased uterine tone was observed in cats and rabbits injected with an extract of pleurisy root (Hassan 1952).

One reference indicates that pleurisy root is probably inappropriate for use in “delicate pregnancies” (Moore 2003).

No information on the safety of pleurisy root during lactation was identified.

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

acute toxicity

An alcohol extract of pleurisy root administered intrave- nously to rabbits and intraperitoneally to rats at doses of 0.04 ml/kg induced partial paralysis (Hassan 1952).

short-term toxicity

Rats intraperitoneally administered 10 mg daily of an alco- hol extract of pleurisy root developed diarrhea and continu- ous tremors after 5 days (Hassan 1952).

l

iteRatuRe

c

iteD

Costello, C., and C. Butler. 1949. The estrogenic and uterine stimu- lating activity of Asclepias tuberosa. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. Ed. 39:233-237.

Felter, H.W., and J.U. Lloyd. 1898. King’s American dispensatory . 18th ed., 3rd rev. 2 vols. Cincinnati: Ohio Valley Co.

Hassan, W.E., Jr. 1952. Studies on species of Asclepias. VI. Toxicology, pathology, and pharmacology. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 41(6):298-300. Kingsbury, J.M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and

Canada. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Lewis, R. 1998. Lewis’ dictionary of toxicology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

List, P.H., and H. Hörhammer. 1973. Hagers handbuch der phar-

mazeutischen praxis. Vollst. 4. Neuausg. ed. Berlin, Heidelber g; New York: Springer.

Longerich, L., E. Johnson, and M.H. Gault. 1993. Digoxin-like fac- tors in herbal teas. Clin. Invest. Med. 16(3):210-218.

Martindale, W., and J.E.F. Reynolds. 1996. The extra pharmacopoeia. 31st ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press.

McGuffin, M., J. Kartesz, A. Leung, and A.O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs

of commerce. 2nd ed. Silver Spring, MD: American Herbal Products Association.

Asparagus adscendens

A

Mills, S., and K. Bone. 2005. The essential guide to herbal safety . St. Louis: Elsevier.

Moore, M. 2003. Medicinal plants of the Mountain West. Revised and expanded edition. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press.

Turner, N., and A. Szczawinski. 1991. Common poisonous plants and

mushrooms of North America. Portland, OR: Timber Press.

Asparagus adscendens roxb. Liliaceae

sCn: Asparagus adscendens

an: shveta mushali part: root

Q

uick

R

efeRence

S

ummaRy

Safety Class: 1

Interaction Class:

A

C

ontraindiCations None known.

o

ther

P

reCautions None known.

d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

None known.

a

dverse

e

ventsand

s

ide

e

ffeCts

None known.

P

harmaCologiCal

C

onsiderations

None known.

P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

No information on the safety of Asparagus adscendens in pregnancy or lactation was identified in the scientific or tra- ditional literature. Although this review did not identify any concerns for use while pregnant or nursing, safety has not been conclusively established.

Asparagus adscendens has traditionally been used to pro- mote milk secretion in lactating women (Kapoor 2001).

R

eview

D

etailS

i. d

rugand

s

uPPlement

i

nteraCtions

Clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions

No clinical trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

Case reports of suspected drug or supplement interactions

No case reports of suspected drug or supplement interac- tions were identified.

animal trials of drug or supplement interactions

No animal trials of drug or supplement interactions were identified.

ii. a

dverse

e

vents

Case reports of adverse events

No case reports of adverse events were identified.

iii. P

harmaCologyand

P

harmaCokinetiCs human pharmacological studies

No relevant human pharmacological studies were identified.

animal pharmacological studies

No relevant animal pharmacological studies were identified.

in Vitro pharmacological studies

An aqueous extract of Asparagus adscendens produced an increase in glucose-dependent insulinotropic actions in pancreatic β-cells. The extract also produced an increase in glucose uptake in adipocytes (Mathews et al. 2006).

iv. P

regnanCyand

l

aCtation

No information on the safety of Asparagus adscendens during pregnancy was identified.

Asparagus adscendens has traditionally been used to pro- mote milk secretion in lactating women (Kapoor 2001).

v. t

oxiCity

s

tudies

No toxicity studies were identified.

l

iteRatuRe

c

iteD

Kapoor, L.D. 2001. Handbook of A yurvedic medicinal plants . Boca

Raton, FL: CRC Press. Mathews, J.N., P.R. Flatt, and Y.H. Abdel-Wahab. 2006. Asparagus adscendens (shweta musali) stimulates insulin secretion, insulin action and inhibits starch digestion. Br. J. Nutr. 95(3):576-581.

In document Acoso sexual. en el trabajo y masculinidad. Exploración con hombres de la población general. Centroamérica y República Dominicana (página 146-155)