ESCULTUR~N 1890 - 1940

No, you may not see the textbook. .

You can use a te-form if you want to combine two or more verbs, as in describing a sequence of events or actions ("I did this and then I did that"). In other words, the te-form does the work of "and" with verbs. (Note that two verbs cannot be joined by � , which only connects nouns.)

/ ^- r � 1-tr � --c , :1 t:o - L ! To

,.

I will borrow her notebook and xerox it.

2If you are talking to a very close friend or ^a member of your family, a ^te-fo_rm, by itself, can be used ^as a request.

� � r� �t - c

1t:' �� Open the window, will you?

+

a tL

� *

� : � � i:

, >fa 1£

L j L t� o

� .t 'i ^{;; (} 1: },; ...::.(,!·!;

Today I got up at six and studied.

� ':t t : .fr -:::> '{ , � _:'' tl � � �""' j L J: l o

L .t: <t:"1 \ ' � ... .; f:.

Let's go to the cafeteria and have lunch.

The te-form of a verb can also be used to connect a verb more "loosely" with the rest of a sentence. In the first example belo,,·, the verb in the te-form describes the manner in which the action described by the second verb is performed. In the second example, the

te-form describes the situation for which the apology is made.

/ '\'_A t : *-:::> '{ , %;f± t : .fr � j To

t7J 1.1·\' L '<" • '

I go to work by bus. (I take a bus to work.)

��A4:!

^�

� n --c , -t.;;

^j � �0

� ! 1 �· L t hf

I am sorry for not bringing in the textbook. (I left the book at home, and I am sorry.)

A sentence that ends with -h' I? (because) explains the reason or the cause of a situation, a proposal, and so forth.

(situation)o (explanation) 1J'6o

iL..tJ+Il>t>Ya1£ L j:

^To

cb

^{L t-: 7}

.A � IJ>' cb ry j:

T h ' � o

ht�L .: A..li'A..-"'A.-�!1

I will study this evening. (Because) we will have an exam tomorrow.

/ '\'.A t:* ry j: L J:

J o :9 7 � - tj: � \, \ '{''T h ' � o

?> r��·

Let's go by bus. (Because) taxis are expensive.

In Lesson 5 we learned � L J: 7 -h· meaning "let's . . . . " � L ·J: 7 -h' is also used in the sense of "let me do . . . , " in offering assistance. If you see somebody having a hard time opening the lid of a bottle, for example, you can offer help by saying:

I'll do it.

3The explanation clause may also precede the situation clause. Thus the first example above can also be paraphrased as :

� L t:. 7 7... l- 1J:� ry � -tn· G , :ft. IJ:�B.JtftM� L l To -"•1"-L ..:-<.. t..:..(..-...;A,.!-:-'i

We will discuss this further in ^Lesson 9.

Or to a person who is carrying a heavy bag:

Shall I carry your bag?

�J,R ./ - �

E x p r e s s i o n UJc5 1:flv

ill < /i!IL \IIIJJ• Although both Jl! ^\t) and � < mean "late," they have different

�� �� ^-� ·�

usages, since Jl! \t ) is an adjective and � < is an adverb. J!! \t) modifies nouns _{to� J•.:-} 8""

or works as a

p

redicate, and Jl! < mo,difies verbs. ^·

8�

I went to bed at one o 'clock yesterday.

It's late.

J&1 * h: �i, + � z:·· 0 iJ:g � 'L , J!! It ⁾ � .:· �;t lv �lit« * '9 ^a

t.,.,:):j:? L:»-:i L: 8 8-t' ;,� t:

On weekends, I get up around _10:00 and eat late breakfast.

I went to bed late yesterday.

You can also apply this rule to .!f! < / !j! \t). IH"> l;i\">

C 5 t>..,. t• -:? <b is normally used with J;) � -b� t :3 ^, as m t• -:? {) <b � -/,}) t -:?

(Thank you very much), or with '9 1}. * -lt lv, as _in c· -:? <b '9 1}. i -lt lv (I am very sorry/Thank you very much). When used alone, it is an abbreviation of t• -:? <b <b lJ -/,}) t -:5 or c· -:5 {) '9 1J. * -lt lv. Therefore, when you want to show your gratitude or regret, you can just say c -:? <b instead of saying a long sentence. c -:? <b functions in many ways, depending on the situation. Some people use c· -:5 {) as "hello" or "good-bye."

d5..,. Many words that begins with _:J3 can also be used without it. _:J3 in such words simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without changing the meaning of the words.

P r a c t

CD ��rmrt"L

_{*c ®}

< t.:t!t.'

c e

A. Change the following verbs into te-forms.

£ill

Example: h � -"5 ^---7 h � -c

1 . t:= ""' ; 2 . -h · 7 3 . l t: 4 . I; • <

7 . s .f ,..:, > ^{, __} 8. t: '6 _{9 .}

-t ;

^{10. \}

\

.f <·' 13 . L � 14. ti t: -t 15. I;• _{.:{_ ;}

5 . < ; 1 1 . \ \ <

B. Let's sing a te-form song! (Battle Hymn of the Republic)

£ill

.P l .

^{� 7 � -? -c � "?} � -? -c t: '6 t: -? -c l t; l 10 -c-- � .f '•' .. :, > s .f 10 "'('' L � L 10 -c--I;• < 1;• \ \ "( � t -t �t L -c \

\

.f <·' \ \ ,f \ \ "(''

� lv t: u-verb te-form

.P

^{2 . 7 --? '6 -? -c t.' ..} )� � 10 -c-- < \ \ -c <·' \ \ "('' (repeat twice)

T L -c u-verb te-form

6 . � "?

1 2 . tl '6

C. What will you say when you want someone to do the following things?

£ill

Example: to speak slowly ^---7 � -? < � � L -c < t::.· :: " \ ^o

!H:

1 . to call you tomorrow 2. to write a letter

3 . to open the window 4 . to drink tea

5 . to teach you kanji 6 . to bring a drink 7 . to wait for you 8 . to come with you 9 . to go to a hospital 10 . to return your book

1 1 . to bring a friend 12. to stand up

D. What would you say i n the following situations?

(1) (2)

(3) (4) (5)

E. Pair Work-Make your own request, such as "Please stand up" and "Please take a picture," and ask your partner to act it out.

Example: A : � -t. - � tz � "(" < t�- �

" \o

^� B pretends to drink coffee.

?)

CD ^{T v} t:::7d:� "L=bL 'L' c91J'/T v t:::7d:� z: r�L ' ':t*ttlv

� �

A. You are staying with a host family. Ask your host family for permission to do the following things.

Eill

Example: 7 v t:• � Jt � ^� 7 v _C:'' � Jt "C t I. \ I. \ "C''TIJ�o

;z,. ;z,.

1 . _{t� t;f ::} � '?& 7 2.

'tMi

� t;� t t � 3. .¥JL }; � g ^{� = A. �}

i" -c-A- ^{l? i> � �i· " IJ.\ '}

4 . _{h 'i:} ill < _lr!)� ^{i.. � 5 . 'k} _{� L} t�-� ^� 1t n --c < _-:> ^�

6. -w�

1-;h->l' ( ^{� Jkj <}

7 . R, :t t; � �t � 8 . 7 v I::'' 1f- t.. � T �

.1: <> '

B. What would you say in the following situations? Make sentences with -<:t,L' L Yc91J'.

1. You are in class. You realize you need to go to the bathroom as soon as possible . 2. You are in class. You feel sick and want to return home.

3. You have forgotten to do the h omew ork . You are sure you can bring it in tomorrow.

4. You want t o ask your teacher something, but you cannot phrase it in J apanese . 5. You w ant to smoke in a c offee sh op, an d there is someone sitting nearby.

6. You are at a friend's h ouse, and suddenly remember that you need to make a phone call.

7. Y ou have run into a celebrity. C onvenient ly, you h ave a camera with you.

8 . Y ou h ave arrived at a classroom. The air is stuffy.

9. Y ou and y our friend are in a dark room, an d you feel somewhat un comfortable .

C. You are a strict parent. Tell your child not to do the following things using the cues in A.

ED

D. Tell the class what we can and can't do at school and at a host family's house.

Ex ample:

��

"'C'' t�

tJ'-:

^{� *-"'?}

"'C tj

^{\' tt � -lt}

h,o

o•-,.: 'i T

@tijtg�z:, :::J-t::-��ctJ.* 9

®<! d5 (])

A. Look at the pictures below and combine the pictures using te-forms.

ED

Example:

�Jt� � "'C,

:J -l::- � 1x� � T o

�� � �

(1)

oo

(2) (3)

(4) (5)

B. Change the following into te-forms and make the rest of the sentences.

1. kt�''t 0 7 't t:ff <

t: t ^{l \}

4. kt�''t t:% 7

1:: t h

2.

5.

't t:l)�; 3.

lr i.,.

j:; }$\ g t:A 6 6.

.). J;, (;i:\\

® J�'A r:� � * � o B�FJJ7.1'® �*it fvfJ' bo

(J) t; 1J'Iv

A. Add reasons to the following sentences.

�lf!. � Ft ry

-c ,.;._ L '(> ,.

n

:k¥ t:1t <

t::\ 'I)'( ^,,

1. 7t.�tj:k� ·-e L t;:o ^2. &) 0�@ � JL j: -1t ,Z,o

-\::t/vl•P·) f:..\\..._lv ;(\1 I;� h.

;

3. &) 0 ^v A r 7 / t: 1t � j: L t;: ^a 4. � 0 7 � 7 A � 1*-h. j: L t;: o

\' '<>i'

5. (name of a friend) 1.J{:k.P:t �-{'''"to

t::."l. \ _,

B. Pair Work-Ask each other why you think the following.

Example:

-M

:: U: lv � iZ""'

.f -tt

^Iva

i> ::. f:..

� A :

:ft. tJ: -¥A

.::·· tJ: lv � 1Z"'"" .f -tt lv a

bf:L h :- f:

B : �-- �

L

^"'( "C'3n'o

A : &9:! ry J?�iJi'Jb

ry :!-tt

^lvn' t.:> a B � lv tJ:?

r-·h

B : :ft. t

.¥A

.::··tJ: lv �

iZ""':!

-tt lvo

.¥A,

^·tt

L

"' "'C"3n' t.:> o

bf:L i> �- t: i> � 1 •·M'

2.

� L t� Li V' :i --c··

^{3 o}

3.

�*'

(name of a movie) � Jt

:!

³ o

Ln>'il '? l-,.

4.

�

t7) �, (name of a restaurant)

t:,ff �:! L t::.o

5. J? �7;{-tf /v-tf /v J9 ry ;! _-tt" lvo 6.

*-�

lJ: E *-��>fa�!

L

^{;! -tt lvo}

"'''hh, 1: llh, :: ---:.z,:-l-1

7 .

*�'

(name of a place)

t:,ff �

.f 3 o

:,\ 'L•!)1 \\

0-rl/t:::�;� u* u� 5tJ'

It

Pair Work-Propose to do the following things, using

* v J: ?f.J'.@)

Example: T v e:·· � iff 3

1. �

^�

mnt

^�

:.� I>

4. 7!:.:£.

t:&fl <

It

7. ikh���f�-?"'C

<

^�

� t(7) t,

10. �

^{� M &tJ �}

l �- L

2.

rvc·���t�I>

�. 1t��7;·tt�

3.

-=t1�

^�

-r -? t::

6. ����t��

�: t "? L

·9. �Ji���

L �-LA, !::

@ ^* ccY'JO)*l� (Review Exercises)

and need your textbook to prepare for the test.

3-B

Yo u asked your friend to return your video to day . You need it

today because you want to watch it together with another friend.

(4)

4-A 4-B

You are now in your friend's house. You see a cake that looks very delicious. You loYe cakes.

You just baked a cake for your mother's birthday. Your friend is in your house now.

B. Answer the following questions.

1. A,� 0 �*' M � L :i _,- -h' o (Answer with "� "'C, � o ")

.: A...Lt!)1 Lt!)"lj" '"'? >:,..· �:

2. -71�0*, J: \ M� L :i L f::."h'o (Answer with "�"'C,�o")

.: �t � ... Jj,;.:

I::L�irl... <;.:

4. 1[ llt 0 _t? --c-- t::. _{t�r .::} � _*-"? --c t "' \ "' \--c--..,-.;;, 0

"i:'I...L" '"-'1.1• T

5. :k!f: t:M � f� "? --c � :i ..,-.;;,0

t:.·I.,IJ'< �·': L

6. J: \ �Jl!. t:*-₀ l..,"h,o

"("f...L<' ?>

7. 7't�, ffi;¥! � � h :i L t::.-h' o

<ti...L.;.� L•o<f::'·' hT

8. -71� 0 *, �--.:: --c--� t.f' :i L t:.-h' o

..: l::'t 1:::. h-'2

9. T1�0*, J: \ h�:: � � 4"-1�\r ^\ l L f::."h'o

..: � t � :. lr h � '? ""f

10. �·ft""'('' _{J: <} * � 11§- ₀ l ..,-.;;,0

1:: Ltb·l... UA, b·

11. J: \ :77.A�1*-hl..,"h'o

'(>-)

In document ABRIR VOLUMEN III (página 148-167)