Diagram IV.2. Regional hSSC and cooperation involving Regional Bodies.
Traditionally associated with cooperation in the framework of regional bodies (C) + (A)
Because of its features, one part (A) matches what is done in the framework of regional organizations, but it also includes collaboration in other spheres (B) Regional Cooperation
Regional Horizontal South-South Cooperation
(B) (A)
(C)
Source: Reproduced from SEGIB (2012).. WHEN ADDRESSING REGIONAL Horizontal South-South
Cooperation, the Reports on South-South Cooperation in Ibe-
ro-America have reiterated one idea: it is a form of coopera-
tion that requires the participation of several countries, but not necessarily of a regional body. In fact, the 2012 edition of the Report contained a figure (reproduced here as Diagram IV.2) that tried to illustrate this idea with intersecting ovals: it suggested that not all cooperation involving those bodies (areas C + A) is Regional Horizontal South-South Coopera- tion (A only), in the same way that there can be Regional Horizontal South-South Cooperation (A + B) that does not involve such bodies (B).
Similarly, the definitions of Regional Horizontal South- South Cooperation used in past reports assume (even ex- plicitly, in the case of the definition that prevailed until March 2013) the possibility that the regional authorities may participate in this form of cooperation by for endowing it with an institutional framework. However, this is a “pos- sibility”, not a “condition”, in contrast with the requirement that at least three developing countries participate (see Dia- gram IV.1 in section IV.2).
Consequently, it was considered of interest to identify the way in which both countries and regional bodies (and other intergovernmental bodies) participated in Regional Hori-
zontal South-South Cooperation: when they were involved, through whom, and with what formulas for combined ac- tion. Tables IV.5 (in this section) and A.5 (in the Annex) were drawn up for this purpose. For each of the programs and projects, respectively, that were implemented in 2012, they detail which actors (national and/or local) participated in representation of the Ibero-American countries; which did so on behalf of other partner countries; and which as part of the regional body.
It can be concluded that:
a) The actor necessarily present in the Regional Horizon- tal South-South Cooperation programs and projects was the national authority, institution, or sectoral body representing the participating country. Tables IV.5 and A.5 offer numerous examples. To name a few: health ministries and related institutions participated in Cen- tral American health programs; immigration offices and authorities participated in projects on border security; teaching institutions and education ministries partici- pated in CINTEFOR-ILO and in modernizing technical ed- ucation; and institutions related to the performing arts, cinema and audiovisual media participated in Ibero- American programs such as Ibermedia and Iberescena.
b) However, there were two different formats for partici- pation by these sectoral authorities: “individual”, i.e. at country level; and/or “group”, i.e. where counterparty in- stitutions from the country participated via another ac- tor, which tended to be the council, association, forum or ministerial meeting, among others. For example:
• In the projects under the Mesoamerican programs, and those registered for South America, in those under the CINTEFOR-ILO program and in some belonging to the Ibero-American space in the areas of Justice, Science & Technology and Diplomatic archives, the sectoral in- stitutions participated without having to integrate into or form part of another “supranational” actor.
• Meanwhile, for example, the ministries and sectoral institutes that participated in Programs 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 on health and nutrition under Central American cooper- ation were organized around CISSCAD (Council of Social Security Institutes of Central America and the Domini- can Republic) and COMISCA (Council of Central Ameri- can Ministers of Health); in 1.3 about food security, they were organized around the CAC (Central American Ag- riculture Council); and in 1.4, focused on strengthening border security, around OCAM (Central American Com- mission of Migration Directors).
c) Also, as shown in Tables IV.4 and A.5, some (but not all) of these new actors depended on and/or formed an organic part of regional or even international bodies. This is the case, for example, with all the aforemen- tioned South American actors (which belong to the SICA framework), and with others not mentioned but which responded to the same logic (including CAATEL—Andean Committee of Telecommunications Authorities, — with respect to CAN, and the Communications Working Group of COSIPLAN—South American Council of Infra- structure and Planning—for UNASUR).
d) Other representatives of countries that made a sporadic appearance in the various Regional Horizontal South- South Cooperation programs and projects were the Minis-
tries of Foreign Affairs and the Cooperation Agencies and Bureaus. They played a significant role in such programs as the Mesoamerican program (in which the Mexican and Colombian agencies participated); in some Ibero-American programs (where the Spanish agency played an active role); and in projects registered in the Andean and South American subregion, where the APCI (Peruvian Agency for International Cooperation) played a notable role.
e) Still in the area of country-level representatives, some programs and projects, by their nature, required the par- ticipation of local actors. This is the case of the Central American programs on food security and border secu- rity, of the Ibero-American Strategic Urban Develop- ment Program (CIDEU) and the South American project to develop mechanisms for exporting services in free- trade zones, which involved groups of municipalities, individual municipalities and mayors’ offices.
f) There were also programs and projects in which re- gional bodies, this time through the general secretari- ats, played a decisive role, since on them depended the provision of an institutional framework and/or rules for working together in Regional Horizontal South-South Cooperation. This occurred in the Mesoamerican pro- grams (with SICA); the Ibero-American program (with SEGIB, OEI, OISS and COMJIB, depending on the case); some of the Central American and Andean programs (with the WHO and PAHO); and in projects led by Peru under the Perez Guerrero Trust Fund (PGTF) of the Unit- ed Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
g) Finally, the map of actors is completed with representa- tives of other Latin American countries that participat- ed in programs and projects under Regional HSSC. This was the case generally of cooperation agencies (those of Germany, Australia, the US and Switzerland), which played the role of financier; and of specialized technical support institutions (e.g. participation by the US Cen- ters for Disease Control and Prevention in the Amazon Malaria Initiative).
table IV.5. Map of the actors that participated in Regional hSSC programs in representation
of a country and/or regional body. 2012.
PROGRAM
BODIES AnD InStItUtIOnS thAt PARtICIPAtED In thE PROGRAMS, CLASSIfIED DEPEnDInG On whEthER thEy REPRESEntED ...
REGIOnAL AnD/OR IntERnAtIOnAL BODIES OthER PARtnER COUntRIES IBERO-AMERICAn COUntRIES SUBREGIOn CODE At nAtIOnAL LEVEL At LOCAL LEVEL Institutions where grouped, specify the new
body*
what body it reports to
Central America
1.1 WHO/PAHO • Health, social security, water and sanitation institutes
• RESSCAD; CISSCAD • SICA
1.2 • Social Security institutes
• Health ministries
• CISSCAD; COMISCA • SICA 1.3 • Nutrition institutions • Agriculture ministries • Social Security institutes • Health ministries • INCAP, CAC, OSPESCA, CISSCAD, COMISCA • SICA • Groupings of municipalities • Regional municipalities 1.4 EU • Migration departments • Migration and Customs offices
• OCAM • OCAM • Frontier
municipal governments • Border police authorities • Commission of Central American Police Chiefs • Interpol Regional Office for Central America Mesoamerica 2.1 SICA (General Secretariat) • Cooperation agency (AMEXCID) • Ministries of foreign affairs • Institutions of the 6 priority sectors 2.2 SICA (General
Secretariat); CAF Cooperation agencies (AUSAID, USAID) • Cooperation agency (APC) • Ministries of foreign affairs • Institutions of the priority sectors Andes 3.1 • Telecommunications
regulators • CAATEL • CAN
South America 4.1 WHO/PAHO Cooperation agencies (USAID); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (UASA) • Ministries of public health • RAVREDA • PAHO/AMI 4.2 • Ministries of infrastructure planning (in charge of telecommunications)
• Telecommunications working groups, as part of COSIPLAN
table IV.5. Map of the actors that participated in Regional hSSC programs in representation
of a country and/or regional body. 2012. (Continued).
PROGRAM
BODIES AnD InStItUtIOnS thAt PARtICIPAtED In thE PROGRAMS, CLASSIfIED DEPEnDInG On whEthER thEy REPRESEntED ...
REGIOnAL AnD/OR IntERnAtIOnAL BODIES OthER PARtnER COUntRIES IBERO-AMERICAn COUntRIES SUBREGIOn CODE At nAtIOnAL LEVEL At LOCAL LEVEL Institutions where grouped, specify the new
body*
what body it reports to
Latin America
5.1 IAEA (coordinator of regional projects in the Latin American section)
• Nuclear institutions 5.2 CINTEFOR/ILO • Institutions in charge of learning and
professional training
Ibero America 6.1 • Representatives in the
area of archives
6.2 SEGIB • Culture ministries
and secretariats CERLALC UNESCO • Libraries • Organizations and foundations • Universities and research centers
6.3 SEGIB; OEI • Museology
institutions
• Brazilian Museums Institute (IBRAM)
• Cooperation agency (AECID)
6.4 SEGIB • Music authorities
6.5 SEGIB • Designated sectoral
authorities
6.6 • Universities AIESAD
6.7 COMJIB • Justice ministries
• Cooperation agency (AECID)
6.8 • Justice ministries
• Judges and prosecutors
6.9 SEGIB, OEI, Organization of the Andrés Bello Agreement
• Education ministries
6.10 COMJIB • Justice ministries
• Public prosecutors • Ibero-American Judicial Summit
• Ibero-American Association of Public Prosecutors
Ibero-American Conference
6.11 SEGIB • Performing arts
authorities
6.12 • Water management
bodies • Conference of Ibero-American Water Managers
Ibero-American Conference
6.13 SEGIB, OEI • Higher education
institutions
table IV.5. Map of the actors that participated in Regional hSSC programs in representation
of a country and/or regional body. 2012. (Continued).
PROGRAM
BODIES AnD InStItUtIOnS thAt PARtICIPAtED In thE PROGRAMS, CLASSIfIED DEPEnDInG On whEthER thEy REPRESEntED ...
REGIOnAL AnD/OR IntERnAtIOnAL BODIES OthER PARtnER COUntRIES IBERO-AMERICAn COUntRIES SUBREGIOn CODE At nAtIOnAL LEVEL At LOCAL LEVEL Institutions where grouped, specify the new
body*
what body it reports to
Ibero America 6.14 COMJIB • Justice ministries
6.15 • Cinema institutes
and audiovisual representatives
6.16 • Bodies responsible
for science and technology policy
6.17 SEGIB • Territorial
representatives
6.18 SEGIB Mayors’ offices
6.19 OEI • Education ministries
• Cooperation agency (AECID)
6.20 SEGIB • Cooperation agencies
and bureaus
6.21 • Ministries in charge
of industrial property • Ministers’ Forum Ibero-American Conference
6.22 SEGIB; OISS • Social Security
institutions 6.23 • Sector representatives • Foreign ministries • Cooperation agencies and bureaus • Cooperation agency (AECID) • Ministerial conferences
• Work groups and subgroups
MERCOSUR
6.24 • Heads of historical
archives at ministries
6.25 COMJIB • Justice ministries
6.26 • Education and
culture ministries
• Universities, Institutes, TV channels, etc.
6.27 SEGIB, OEA • Education ministries
* Acronyms (in order of appearance): RESSCAD (Meeting of the Healthcare Sector of Central America and the Dominican Republic); CISSCAD (Council of Social Security Institutes of Central America and the Dominican Republic); COMISCA (Council of Central American Ministers of Health); INCAP (Nutrition Institute of Central America and Panama); CAC (Central American Agriculture Council); OSPESCA (Organization of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector of Central America); OCAM (Central American Commission of Migration Directors); RAVREDA (Amazon Network for the Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance); CAATEL (Andean Committee of Telecommunications Authorities); COSIPLAN (South American Council of Infrastructure and Planning); CERLALC (Regional Centre for Book Development in Latin America and the Caribbean); AIESAD (American Association of Higher Distance Education); CUIB (Iberoamerican University Council).