Formación en centro - Formación continua del profesorado

Capítulo 2. FORMACIÓN E INNOVACIÓN

2.2. Formación continua del profesorado

2.2.1. Formación en centro

15. NUCLEAR WINTER

Part of this chapter was published in the

Part of this chapter was published in the New New YYorork Tik Times mes MMagagazazininee, April 5, 1987, with the title "Demystifying the Bomb.", April 5, 1987, with the title "Demystifying the Bomb." Paul R. Ehrlich, Carl Sagan, Donald Kennedy, and Walter O. Roberts,

Paul R. Ehrlich, Carl Sagan, Donald Kennedy, and Walter O. Roberts, The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War (New York: (New York: Nor

Nortotonn, 198, 1984), a c4), a cololllectectiion on of of pappaperers fs from rom ththe fe fiirsrst Nut Nuclclear ear WWiinnteter cor connffereerennces ces iin 1n 1983983. It s. It setets ths the age agenenda fda for lor latater dier discuscussssiionons of s of nnuuclclear wear wiinnteterr. A. Ann extensiv

extensive lie literature has grown up iterature has grown up in response n response {310} {310} to it. Ato it. As exampls examples of the offies of the official response, scial response, seeee The Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major The Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major Nuc

Nuclelear Excar Exchahangngee (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1985), written by a United States National Academy of Sciences committee, or (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1985), written by a United States National Academy of Sciences committee, or En

Envirvirononmenmental Cotal Consnsequequenences oces of Nuclf Nuclear Wear War ar , SCOPE, 28, Vol. 1., SCOPE, 28, Vol. 1. Phy Physisicacal and Al and Atmostmosphpherieric Effectsc Effects (New York: Wiley, 1985), written by a (New York: Wiley, 1985), written by a committee of the International Council of Scientific Unions. The effects of wet soot on radiation transport are given only a brief mention in these reports committee of the International Council of Scientific Unions. The effects of wet soot on radiation transport are given only a brief mention in these reports (pp. 104-105 of the Academy report, p. 117 of the SCOPE report).

(pp. 104-105 of the Academy report, p. 117 of the SCOPE report). Robinson Jeffers,

Robinson Jeffers, The Double Axe and Other Poems, Including Eleven Suppressed PoemsThe Double Axe and Other Poems, Including Eleven Suppressed Poems (New York: Liveright, 1977), p. 164. The poem (New York: Liveright, 1977), p. 164. The poem "Curb Science?" is one of the eleven poems suppressed by Random House editors when

"Curb Science?" is one of the eleven poems suppressed by Random House editors when The Double AxeThe Double Axe was published in 1948. was published in 1948. Marc Kaminsky,

Marc Kaminsky, The Road from HiroshimaThe Road from Hiroshima (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), pp. 107-108. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), pp. 107-108.

16. THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Two passages from this chapter were published in

Two passages from this chapter were published in OmniOmni magazine (February 1986 and June 1986). magazine (February 1986 and June 1986). J. B. S. Haldane,

J. B. S. Haldane, D Daedaedalalusus, o, or Sr Scicienence ce anand thd the Fe Futuruture, oe, op. p. cicit.t., pp. 59-63, 89-90., pp. 59-63, 89-90. Sir James Lighthill,

Sir James Lighthill, Arti Artificificial al InIntelltelligigencence, a e, a GenGeneraeral Sl Sururveyvey (London: (London: ScienScience Research Councice Research Council Report, 1972), l Report, 1972), pp. pp. 27, 27, 38.38. B. R. Finney and E. M. Jones, eds.,

B. R. Finney and E. M. Jones, eds., In Intersterstelltellar Mar Migigraratiotion ann and the d the HHumauman Expn Experieriencencee (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). More (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). More direc

directly tly relevant trelevant to this chapo this chapter is ater is an earlier arn earlier article by Finney and Joneticle by Finney and Jones, "Fros, "From m Africa to tAfrica to the Stahe Stars: The Evolutirs: The Evolution of the Exploring on of the Exploring AnimAnimal" (Los al" (Los AlamAlamosos Nat

Natiiononal al LLaboaboraratotoryry, R, Repoeport rt LLAA-UR-UR-83-92-83-929, 9, 1981983).3).

For the mass-driver, see G. K. O'Neill, "The Colonization of Space,"

For the mass-driver, see G. K. O'Neill, "The Colonization of Space," Phy Physisics cs TodTodayay, 27: 32-40 (1974). Reports on the performance of working, 27: 32-40 (1974). Reports on the performance of working models are in the quarterly newsletter of the Space Studies Institute, "SSI Update" (P.O. Box 82, Princeton, N.J., 08540). My version of the twenty- models are in the quarterly newsletter of the Space Studies Institute, "SSI Update" (P.O. Box 82, Princeton, N.J., 08540). My version of the twenty- first century owes a great deal to G. K. O'Neill,

first century owes a great deal to G. K. O'Neill, 2081, A Hop2081, A Hopeful View of eful View of the Human Futurethe Human Future (New (New York: York: SimSimon anon and Schuster, 1981)d Schuster, 1981). . {311}{311}

17 17. BUTTERFLIES AGA. BUTTERFLIES AGAININ

Robert Graves, "To Bring the Dead to Life," in

Robert Graves, "To Bring the Dead to Life," in Fa FaberberBBooook k of Modof Modern Vern Verersese (London: Faber and Faber, 1936), p. 233. This was the first (London: Faber and Faber, 1936), p. 233. This was the first pu

publbliicatcatiion on of of ththe pe poem oem (s(see ee p. 3p. 347)47)..

For the Einstein story, see John G. Griffith "Albert Einstein at Winchester 1931" in

For the Einstein story, see John G. Griffith "Albert Einstein at Winchester 1931" in The Trusty Servant The Trusty Servant (Winchester, Engl.: Culverlands Press, (Winchester, Engl.: Culverlands Press, 1986), no. 62, p. 5. The exact words of Einstein were: "Ach! Ich verstehe. Der Geist der Gestorbenen geht in die Beinkleider der Lebenden hiniiber." 1986), no. 62, p. 5. The exact words of Einstein were: "Ach! Ich verstehe. Der Geist der Gestorbenen geht in die Beinkleider der Lebenden hiniiber." The translation is by F. A. Lindemann, later Lord Cherwell, who was acting as interpreter for the benefit of Griffith.

The translation is by F. A. Lindemann, later Lord Cherwell, who was acting as interpreter for the benefit of Griffith. J. D. Bernal,

J. D. Bernal, The World, the Flesh and the Devil, op. cit.The World, the Flesh and the Devil, op. cit., p. 3., p. 3. H. G. Wells, "The Discovery of the Future,"

H. G. Wells, "The Discovery of the Future," Natu Naturere, 65: 326-331 (1902)., 65: 326-331 (1902).

The two questions of Wigner are quoted from private conversations. For Wigner's views on the mind-body problem, see Eugene P. Wigner, The two questions of Wigner are quoted from private conversations. For Wigner's views on the mind-body problem, see Eugene P. Wigner, Symmetries and Reflections

Symmetries and Reflections (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1967), chapters 13-14, pp. 171-199. (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1967), chapters 13-14, pp. 171-199. E. Schroedinger,

E. Schroedinger, WhWhat Is Lifat Is Life?, op. cit.e?, op. cit., pp. 87-91., pp. 87-91.

For the anthropic principle, seej. D. Barrow and F. J. Tipler,

For the anthropic principle, seej. D. Barrow and F. J. Tipler, The Anthropic CosmologicalPrincipleThe Anthropic CosmologicalPrinciple (New York: Oxford University Press, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).

1986).

Dante Alighieri,

Dante Alighieri, The Divine ComedyThe Divine Comedy, translated by John Ciardi (New York: Norton, 1977), p. 241., translated by John Ciardi (New York: Norton, 1977), p. 241.

< <<< {{331133}} >>>> INDEX INDEX Abstraction, 14–19, 107–12 Abstraction, 14–19, 107–12 Academic science, 13, 36–37, 40 Academic science, 13, 36–37, 40 Adaptation, 104–12, 283–87 Adaptation, 104–12, 283–87 Advan

Advanced autced aut omomation, 279ation, 279–81–81 Aerobee

Aerobee rocket, 164rocket, 164–65–65 Agriculture, 275–76 Agriculture, 275–76 Aims, u

Aims, ultimltimate, ate, 9, 294, 2979, 294, 297–98–98 Allende meteorite, 165–66 Allende meteorite, 165–66

Alvarez, Luis, 149 Alvarez, Luis, 149 Amundsen, Roald, 186–87, 192 Amundsen, Roald, 186–87, 192 Anthropic Principle, 296, 297, 298 Anthropic Principle, 296, 297, 298

Anti–Ballistic Missile Treaty [1972], 218–19 Anti–Ballistic Missile Treaty [1972], 218–19 Apollo period of space science, 163–66 Apollo period of space science, 163–66 Arabia, 246–47

Arabia, 246–47

Argument from design, 294, 296–97, 298 Argument from design, 294, 296–97, 298 Aristotle, 163–64 Aristotle, 163–64 Arms control, 201, 210–12, 213–14, 216–18, 230–32, 272 Arms control, 201, 210–12, 213–14, 216–18, 230–32, 272 Arrhenius, Svante, 51 Arrhenius, Svante, 51 Artificial inte

Artificial intellilligengence, 197–98, 277–83, 286ce, 197–98, 277–83, 286 Assessment, technology, 137–57 Assessment, technology, 137–57 Asteroids, 175 Asteroids, 175 As Astrochicken, trochicken, 196196–200–200 As

Astromtrometric setric spacecraft, 174–7pacecraft, 174–755 Athens, 13, 36–37, 40

Athens, 13, 36–37, 40 Austria, 230–42 Austria, 230–42

Austrian State Treaty [1955], 230–32, 238–40, 241 Austrian State Treaty [1955], 230–32, 238–40, 241 Automata, 62–63

Automata, 62–63 Avery, Oswald, 56, 78 Avery, Oswald, 56, 78 Back

Background ground radiation, 98–99radiation, 98–99 Bacteriophage, 59–61, 63, 67 Bacteriophage, 59–61, 63, 67 Balance of power, 201–12, 230–42 Balance of power, 201–12, 230–42 Bar

Barghooghoo rn, Elrn, Elsoso, 88, 88 Bernal, Des

Bernal, Desmmondond , 112–13, 118, 112–13, 118, 119, 291, 119, 291 Big Bang, 43, 52, 109–10 Big Bang, 43, 52, 109–10 Big crunch, 109–10 Big crunch, 109–10 Billion–year accident, 142–43 Billion–year accident, 142–43 Biochemistry, Biochemistry, 104104, 139, 139 Black holes, 19–23, 34 Black holes, 19–23, 34 Blake, William, 90, 131–33, 134 Blake, William, 90, 131–33, 134 Bohr, Niels, Bohr, Niels, 41,441,433 Bombardier beetle, 200 Bombardier beetle, 200 Boost–

Boost–phasphas e defense defens e, 220e, 220–23, 2–23, 227–227–299 Br

Brenner, Sydenner, Syd ney, ney, 102102–3–3 Br

Brotherhootherho od ood of mf men, 9–10en, 9–10 Bulli

Bulliet, et, Richard, Richard, 246246–47–47 Burbage, Richard, 120–21 Burbage, Richard, 120–21 Butt

Butterflieserflies , 14, 14, 33–34, , 33–34, 118, 118, 178–79, 28178–79, 288–99 8–99 {314}{314} Cairns–

Cairns–SmSmith, ith, GGraham, 78–80, 103raham, 78–80, 103

Catholic Bishops of America, 13, 208–10, 244, 267 Catholic Bishops of America, 13, 208–10, 244, 267 Causation/p

Causation/p urposurpos e, 295–96e, 295–96, 297–9, 297–988

"Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response" [Catholic Bishops of America], 13, 208–10, 244, 267 "Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response" [Catholic Bishops of America], 13, 208–10, 244, 267 Challenger mission, 186–89, 192

Challenger mission, 186–89, 192 Chance, 294–95

Chance, 294–95 Chandrasekhar, Sub

Chandrasekhar, Sub rahmrahmanyan, anyan, 4141–43–43 Cherry–Garrard, Apsley, 187

Cherry–Garrard, Apsley, 187

Christian Fundamentalism, 7–10, 12, 77–78, 296–97 Christian Fundamentalism, 7–10, 12, 77–78, 296–97 Chri

Christian tstian t ranscenranscendentalism, 1dentalism, 100 Clay crystals, 78–80, 103 Clay crystals, 78–80, 103 Colombo, Giuseppe, 166 Colombo, Giuseppe, 166 Comet creeper, 287 Comet creeper, 287 Comets/Comet showers, 23–32, 34, 116, 149 Comets/Comet showers, 23–32, 34, 116, 149 Com

Commmitteesittees , , 170170–71–71

Complementarity, notion of, 43 Complementarity, notion of, 43 Com

Computputer metapher metaphor, 56–58, 62–64, 71, 93or, 56–58, 62–64, 71, 93, 95, 95 Computers:

Computers: and artifi

and artificial cial intelligencintelligence, e, 197197–98, –98, 277–81277–81;; as a

as a benefit benefit of of technotechnology, logy, 182182–85, –85, 18188–208–2000 Copernicus

Copernicus [orbiting ultraviolet t[orbiting ultraviolet t elescope], elescope], 16160–620–62, 169, 169 Cosmic ecology, 51, 97–121 Cosmic ecology, 51, 97–121 Cosmology Cosmology, 47–54, 97–103, 109, 47–54, 97–103, 109–10–10 Crab Nebula, 164–65 Crab Nebula, 164–65 Craters, 24–30 Craters, 24–30 Creationis Creationis mm, 11–12, 77–78, 296–97, 11–12, 77–78, 296–97 Cri

Crick, Francck, Francis, 46–47, 50–51is, 46–47, 50–51 Cuba, 241

Cuba, 241 Cul

Cultural htural history, istory, 91–991–966 Cultural roots, 126–34 Cultural roots, 126–34 Customers' needs Customers' needs , 188, 188–95–95 Darwin, Charles, Darwin, Charles, 46, 47, 54, 81, 9246, 47, 54, 81, 92, 101–2, 101–2 Dawkins, Richard, 93–96 Dawkins, Richard, 93–96

Death,

Death, 85–86, 2885–86, 288–998–99 Deep Space Net, 185–86 Deep Space Net, 185–86 Delbruck, M

Delbruck, Max, 59ax, 59–61–61 Delta launcher, 189–90 Delta launcher, 189–90 Diplom

Diplomacy, acy, 236236–37–37

Directed Panspermia, idea of, 50–51 Directed Panspermia, idea of, 50–51 Disraeli, Benjamin, 13, 35, 37–38, 40–41 Disraeli, Benjamin, 13, 35, 37–38, 40–41 Diversifiers/unifiers, 36–41, 44–47, 107 Diversifiers/unifiers, 36–41, 44–47, 107 DNA, 105, 112, 179, 197, 289 DNA, 105, 112, 179, 197, 289 Drell, Sidney, 218 Drell, Sidney, 218 Dyson

Dyson's [Freem's [Freeman] toy an] toy mmodel of todel of the ohe origirigin of n of lilife, 80fe, 80–91–91 Ecology, Ecology, 91–96, 9791–96, 97–121–121 Economic forecasting, 180–81 Economic forecasting, 180–81 Economics, 91–96 Economics, 91–96 Economies o

Economies o f sf scale, 145, 146–47cale, 145, 146–47, 148–49, 156, 148–49, 156 E

Economies of sconomies of s peed, 156peed, 156 E

Eddingtoddingto n, Arthn, Arthur, 41–4ur, 41–433 Education, 10, 40 Education, 10, 40 Ei

Eigengen, Ma, Manfred, nfred, 59–61, 65–6859–61, 65–68, 73, 78, 80–81,94, 73, 78, 80–81,94, 103, 103 E

Einstein, instein, Albert:Albert: and

and chance, chance, 29295;5; Ham

Hamilton ilton compared compared with, with, 205205–6;–6; and

and peace/war peace/war issuissu es, es, 201201–2, –2, 20205–6;5–6; and

and Rutherford, Rutherford, 4141–43;–43; and the

and the spspiriirit t of of the the paspast, t, 28288–898–89;; and the theo

and the theo ry of ry of relativityrelativity, , 6, 6, 17, 17, 20, 20, 31, 31, 41–43, 41–43, 44;44; as

as a a unifier, unifier, 45;45; view

view of of the the universe universe of, of, 66

Einstein X-ray Observatory, 166–67, 168 Einstein X-ray Observatory, 166–67, 168 Energy, 21–22, 104–12, 115, 149–54 Energy, 21–22, 104–12, 115, 149–54

Energy, U. S. Department of, 149, 150–51, 152 Energy, U. S. Department of, 149, 150–51, 152 Energy tree, 155 Energy tree, 155 Entropy, 22, 108 Entropy, 22, 108 Error catastrophe, 81–83, 84–86 Error catastrophe, 81–83, 84–86 Error tolerance, 92–96 Error tolerance, 92–96 Eschatology, 99 Eschatology, 99 E

European uropean Space AgeSpace Agency, 171–7ncy, 171–733 E

Everestverest, George, 6, George, 6 Evolution: Evolution:

of the cell, the cell, 59–61, 59–61, 65–71, 65–71, 73;73; cultu

cultural, ral, 93–96;93–96; neutral

neutral theory theory of, of, 7272–73;–73; Theo

Theory of ry of [Darwin], [Darwin], 46, 46, 47, 47, 54, 54, 81, 81, 92, 92, 101101–2.–2. See also

See also E Evovolution olution of lf life ife {315{315}} E

Evolution volution of life; and coof life; and co mmet set s howers, 32, 34howers, 32, 34;; and

and diversdivers ity, ity, 74–96, 74–96, 287287;; and

and evolution evolution of of the the universe, universe, 28287;7; and

and the the latest latest commcommon on ancesances tor, tor, 88–988–90;0; preb

prebiotic, iotic, 74–93;74–93; st

stages ages of, of, 74–774–777 Experiments: Experiments:

need need for, for, 9696;; and the

and the origin origin of of life, life, 65–71, 65–71, 103103 Ex

Extrattraterreserrestrial civilizationstrial civilizations , 50–52, 104, 50–52, 104–7, 273–77–7, 273–77 Faith and reas

Faith and reas on, 293–9on, 293–999 Fant Fantasasy, 103–4, 180–81, 19y, 103–4, 180–81, 195–200, 295–200, 2911 Farley, Philip, 218 Farley, Philip, 218 Federali Federaliststs, s, 203203–6–6 Field Committee, 170–71 Field Committee, 170–71 Finland, 223–25, 233–34, 240–41, 256 Finland, 223–25, 233–34, 240–41, 256 Finney, Ben, 281–82, 288 Finney, Ben, 281–82, 288 Forss, Stefan, 223 Forss, Stefan, 223 Fossils, 71, 77, 88–90 Fossils, 71, 77, 88–90 Free will, 90–91, 294, 295 Free will, 90–91, 294, 295 Friedman, Herbert, 164–65 Friedman, Herbert, 164–65 Fundamentalism, Christian, 7–10, 12, 77–78, 296–97 Fundamentalism, Christian, 7–10, 12, 77–78, 296–97 Fusion reactors, 149 Fusion reactors, 149 Future–oriented science, 51 Future–oriented science, 51 G

Galileo missalileo mission, ion, 171, 173171, 173 Gamow, George, 98–99 Gamow, George, 98–99 G

General eneral AtAtomic, 140omic, 140–44, 145–47–44, 145–47 Genes, 78, 86, 90, 93–96. Genes, 78, 86, 90, 93–96.

See also

See also Cairns–Smith, Graham; Eigen, Manfred; Oparin, Alexander; Schroedinger, Erwin Cairns–Smith, Graham; Eigen, Manfred; Oparin, Alexander; Schroedinger, Erwin Genetic code, 78, 90, 93

Genetic code, 78, 90, 93 Genetic drift, 72–73 Genetic drift, 72–73 G

Genetic enetic engineering:engineering: and

and artificial artificial intelligencintelligence, e, 197197–98;–98; ben

benefits efits of, of, 155–56155–56, , 197–98197–98, , 273273–77;–77; and

and biochemibiochemiststry, ry, 104104;; cos

costs ts of, of, 286286;; dan

dangers gers of, of, 156–57156–57, , 275–77275–77;; and

and diversity, diversity, 10104–124–12;; and

and future future technotechnologies, logies, 27273–773–77;; large–s

large–s cale, cale, 273–77273–77;; and l

and life ife in in sspacepace, , 104–12104–12, , 197197;; m

mechanical echanical indusindustry try compared compared to, to, 15155–575–57;; nuclear

nuclear physphys ics ics as an as an analogy analogy to, to, 139139–48;–48; and

and spspace ace physphys ics, ics, 28282–832–83 Genetic takeover, 80 Genetic takeover, 80 Geophysical processes, 74, 77 Geophysical processes, 74, 77 Germany, 208, 230–42, 265–66 Germany, 208, 230–42, 265–66

Gifford [Adam] Lectures, 3–5, 51–52, 117 Gifford [Adam] Lectures, 3–5, 51–52, 117 G

Giotto iotto spspacecraft, 185–8acecraft, 185–866 Godel, Kurt, 52–53 Godel, Kurt, 52–53 G

Gosposp el of manifel of manifest est densdens ity, 133ity, 133–34–34

Grand Unified models of the universe, 44, 111, 112 Grand Unified models of the universe, 44, 111, 112 Graves, Robert, 288, 289

Graves, Robert, 288, 289 Gravity:

Gravity: and

and Black Black hoholes, les, 19–23, 19–23, 34;34; and

and lilife fe in in spspace, ace, 10104–124–12 G

Guantanuantanamamo bo base, ase, 242411 Gurney, Ivor, 110 Gurney, Ivor, 110 Hakluyt,

Hakluyt, Richard, 128–30, 133, 134Richard, 128–30, 133, 134 Haldane.J

Haldane.J. B. S., 113, 275. B. S., 113, 275–76–76 Halley's

Halley's ComComet, et, 25, 18525, 185–86–86 Ham

Hamilton, ilton, Alexander, 203–6, 207Alexander, 203–6, 207 Hartshorne, Charles, 119, 295 Hartshorne, Charles, 119, 295 Hawking, Stephen, 19–23, 102–3 Hawking, Stephen, 19–23, 102–3 Hay Theory of Histo

Hay Theory of Histo ry, 135ry, 135 Henry, Thomas, 39

Henry, Thomas, 39 Hersch

Hersch el, Williamel, William, 116, 116 Hil

Hills, ls, Jack, 27–28Jack, 27–28

Hipparcos mission, 171–73, 174–75 Hipparcos mission, 171–73, 174–75 Hirosh

Hiroshimima, a, 249249–50, 252–53–50, 252–53 Hi

Histstory, of sory, of s cience, 35–5cience, 35–53;3; trans

transitions itions in, in, 24245;5; and

and unifierunifiers, s, 4444 Holloway, David, 218 Holloway, David, 218 Hom

Homeoseostastasis, 86–96is, 86–96 HTG

HTGR [High–TemperatuR [High–Temperatu re Gas–re Gas–Cooled Cooled Reactor], Reactor], 140–44140–44, 146–47, 14, 146–47, 1488 Hubb

Hubble Spacle Space Telese Teles copcope, 168–69, 170e, 168–69, 170, 171, 173, 171, 173, 174, 175, 174, 175, 176, 176 Human subject experimentation, 156–57

Human subject experimentation, 156–57 Humanism, scientific, 8–10 Humanism, scientific, 8–10 Hut, Piet, 29–32 Hut, Piet, 29–32 Huxley, Thomas, 100 Huxley, Thomas, 100 Huygens

Huygens , Chri, Christstiaan, 48iaan, 48–49–49 Hydrog

Hydrog en boen bommb, 182, b, 182, 192 192 {316{316}} Immortality, 120–21

Immortality, 120–21 Indus

Indus trial Rtrial Revolution, evolution, 38–438–411 Indus

Indus trial science, 36–4trial science, 36–433 Infallibili

Infallibility, ty, 1111 Information: Information: as the

as the essess ential ential component component of of the new the new technotechnology, logy, 271271;; trans

transmmission, ission, 114114–15;–15; warfare

warfare as as a a batbattle tle for, for, 223–27223–27.. See also

See also Information processing Information processing Information processing:

Information processing: and

and artificial artificial intelligencintelligence, e, 197197–98;–98; and

and asastrontronomy, omy, 172172, , 176176, , 179;179; and

and future future technotechnologies, logies, 27273, 3, 27277–817–81;; and

and genetic genetic engineering, engineering, 197197;; and the

and the spspace ace program, program, 17177, 7, 216216–17–17

Infra–Red Astronomy Satellite [IRAS] mission, 169, 170, 175 Infra–Red Astronomy Satellite [IRAS] mission, 169, 170, 175 International Ultraviolet Explorer [IUE] mission, 169–70, 175 International Ultraviolet Explorer [IUE] mission, 169–70, 175 Inventors, 138–39, 157

Islam, Jamal, 99 Islam, Jamal, 99 Israe Israel, 202, 22l, 202, 2233 Japa Japan, n, 170–71170–71, 173, 246–47, 249–57, 173, 246–47, 249–57 Jeans

Jeans, Jam, James, 18es, 18 Jeffers, Robinso

Jeffers, Robinso n, 259–60n, 259–60

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 185–88, 191–92, 200 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 185–88, 191–92, 200 John Paul II, 244

John Paul II, 244 Jones, Eric, 282 Jones, Eric, 282 Junk DNA, 95–96 Junk DNA, 95–96 Jupiter [planet], 171, 186 Jupiter [planet], 171, 186 Just

Just war, 2war, 20909 Kam

Kaminskyinsky, Mark, 268–69, Mark, 268–69 Kantrowitz, Arthur, 177–78 Kantrowitz, Arthur, 177–78 Kimura, Motoo, 71–73, 80 Kimura, Motoo, 71–73, 80 Kirkpatrick, Donald, 150 Kirkpatrick, Donald, 150 Knitting, 136 Knitting, 136 Kutter Cheese

Kutter Cheese ComCompany, pany, 153153 Lacroute, Pierre, 171

Lacroute, Pierre, 171 L

Languaganguag e of se of s cience, 54cience, 54–55–55 Laser propulsion, 177–78, 285, 286 Laser propulsion, 177–78, 285, 286 L

Lasersasers , X–ray, 215, X–ray, 215 Ley, Willy, 181 Ley, Willy, 181 Li

Lighghthill, James, thill, James, 278278

Limited Test Ban Treaty [1963], 261 Limited Test Ban Treaty [1963], 261 Linteris, Gregory, 152 Linteris, Gregory, 152 Local causation, 97–98, 295–96 Local causation, 97–98, 295–96 Loss cone, 27–28 Loss cone, 27–28 Magnetic co

Magnetic confinemnfinement ent fusion fusion program, 1program, 14949 Manchester, 37–41

Manchester, 37–41

Manifest destiny, gospel of, 133–34 Manifest destiny, gospel of, 133–34 Manuel, Frank, 49–50 Manuel, Frank, 49–50 Margulis, Lynn, 68–71, 73 Margulis, Lynn, 68–71, 73 Mariner spacecraft, 163, 166, 262 Mariner spacecraft, 163, 166, 262 Mars

Mars [planet[planet ], 163, 16], 163, 166, 168, 176, 168, 171, 262–641, 262–64 Martian pot

Martian potato, 286–8ato, 286–877

Mass extinctions, 25–26, 28–29, 292–93 Mass extinctions, 25–26, 28–29, 292–93 Mass

Mass –driver, 285–driver, 285–86–86 Materialism, scientific, 7–8 Materialism, scientific, 7–8 Matter, 8, 36, 102–3, 111–13, 118, 297 Matter, 8, 36, 102–3, 111–13, 118, 297 Meme, 94–96 Meme, 94–96 Memory, 290 Memory, 290 Mercury [planet], 31, 166 Mercury [planet], 31, 166 Metabolism: Metabolism: of

of amiamino no acidsacids , , 79;79; and the D

and the Dysyson toy mon toy model of odel of the origithe origin of n of lilife, fe, 8080–91;–91; as a

as a function function of of cellcells, s, 5757–58;–58; and

and homeostashomeostas is, is, 86–886–87;7; and

and life life in in sspacepace, , 104–12104–12;; and the

and the origin origin of of life, life, 80–83;80–83; origin

origin of, of, 68;68; and

and the the parasitic parasitic theory, theory, 6969–70;–70; of

of proteinsproteins , , 7979;; and

and replireplication, cation, 63;63; Schroedinger's

Schroedinger's views views aboutabout, , 58–658–62;2; and

and the the single–origin single–origin theory, theory, 8080–81;–81; von

von NeumNeumann's wann's work ork on, on, 6262–64–64 Metaphor:

Metaphor: comput

computer, er, 56–58, 56–58, 62–64, 62–64, 71, 71, 93, 93, 95;95; of

of the the rain rain forest, forest, 9696;; uses

uses of, of, 5555

Meterology, 165–66, 182–83, 262–64 Meterology, 165–66, 182–83, 262–64 Microfoss Microfossilils, s, 89–989–900 Microspacecraft, 177, 179, 196–200 Microspacecraft, 177, 179, 196–200 Miller, Stanley, 75 Miller, Stanley, 75 Minin

Mining worm, g worm, 155 {317}155 {317} Molecu

Molecular biologlar biology, 46–47, 58, 61, 63, 65y, 46–47, 58, 61, 63, 65, 87–88, 96, 100, 87–88, 96, 100.. See also

See also Genetic engineering Genetic engineering Molecular evolution, 59–61, 65–71, 73 Molecular evolution, 59–61, 65–71, 73 Monarch

Monarch buttbutterflerflies, 14, 33–3ies, 14, 33–344 Monod, Jacques, 100, 294, 295 Monod, Jacques, 100, 294, 295 Moon, 24, 164–65

Muller, Rich, 29–32 Muller, Rich, 29–32 NAS

NASA [NA [National ational AeronauticAeronautical al and Space and Space Agency], 1Agency], 16161, 1, 16565–66–66, 1, 16969–70–70, 1, 17575, 1, 17777, 1, 18888, 1, 18989 Nati

Nationalionalism, sm, 20201–11–12, 2, 222211 NATO

NATO [N[North Atlorth Atlantic antic TreTreaty Oraty Organizganization]ation], 2, 22525, 2, 23232–33–33, 2, 23434 Natur

Natural al gas, 19gas, 194–94–955 Natur

Natural al selectiselection, 7on, 72–72–73, 3, 8181 Natur

Natural al TheolTheology, 3ogy, 3–4, –4, 111177 Nem

Nemesis, 2esis, 29–39–32, 2, 171755 Neptune [

Neptune [planet]planet], 3, 30–30–31, 1, 18186, 6, 202000 Neum

Neumann, John von, ann, John von, 6262–64–64, 7, 73, 3, 18182–82–84, 4, 18187–87–88, 8, 191922 Neur

Neurophysophys ioliology, 2ogy, 27979–81–81 Neutr

Neutral al theory of theory of evolutievolution, 7on, 72–72–733 Neutr

Neutraliality.ty. SeeSee Au Au stria; stria; FinlFinland; and; SwiSwitzerltzerlandand New

Newton, Isaac, ton, Isaac, 4545, 4, 48–58–50, 0, 5151, 1, 10000–10–101, 1, 101077 Ni

Nicolson, Marcolson, Marjorjorie ie Hope, Hope, 13130–30–311 Non–nucl

Non–nuclear ear defense, 2defense, 21010–12–12 Nucl

Nuclear ear industry, 1industry, 14040–44–44, 1, 14545–47–47, 1, 14848, 1, 15757, 1, 19292–95–95 Nucl

Nuclear ear physics, 41physics, 41–43–43, 1, 13939–48–48 Nucl

Nuclear ear weapons:weapons: abo

abolition lition of, of, 209209, , 243243–57, –57, 266–69266–69;; and the

and the balance balance of of power, power, 208208–10;–10; as i

as insnstrumtruments of ents of ststabiliability ty and and secusecurity, rity, 24243–573–57;; and

and the the mmilitary, ilitary, 265–66265–66;; m

myths yths aboutabout, , 26265–665–66;; Soviet

Soviet views views aboabout, ut, 266266, , 267267–68;–68; as

as useless useless and and dangerous dangerous toys, toys, 26268;8; utility

utility of, of, 257.257. Nucl

Nuclear ear wiwinter, nter, 25258–68–699 Nucl

Nucleic eic acids, 5acids, 56–66–62, 2, 6565–67–67, 7, 79–89–80, 0, 8787–88–88, 8, 89.9. Nucl Nucleotides, 6eotides, 65–65–67, 7, 7070–71–71.. One–shot syndrome, 167–69, 173, 174, 189 One–shot syndrome, 167–69, 173, 174, 189 O'Neill, Gerard, 285 O'Neill, Gerard, 285 Oort Cloud Oort Cloud, 23, 24, 27–28, 34, 23, 24, 27–28, 34 Oparin, Alexander, 77–78, 80–91 Oparin, Alexander, 77–78, 80–91 Optical astronomy, 168, 176 Optical astronomy, 168, 176 Optical interferometry, 175–76 Optical interferometry, 175–76 Optical sys

Optical sys tems, 21tems, 2155

Orbiting Astronomical Observatories, 161, 173–74, 176 Orbiting Astronomical Observatories, 161, 173–74, 176 Orgel, Leslie, 59–61, 65, 67–68, 73, 78 Orgel, Leslie, 59–61, 65, 67–68, 73, 78 Parasitic theory, 63–64, 69–71 Parasitic theory, 63–64, 69–71 Particle physics, 17, 43, 44, 45, 53, 111 Particle physics, 17, 43, 44, 45, 53, 111 Pauling, Linus, 261 Pauling, Linus, 261 Peace, Peace, 12–13, 20112–13, 201–12–12 Penzias, Arno, 98–99 Penzias, Arno, 98–99 Perrin, Noel, 246 Perrin, Noel, 246 Philosophy, 96, 115–17, 294 Philosophy, 96, 115–17, 294 Planck, Ma Planck, Maxx, 21–22, 21–22 Planets, 30–31, 48–49. Planets, 30–31, 48–49. See also

See also name of specifname of specific planet ic planet Pluto [planet], 31

Pluto [planet], 31

Polanyi, Michael, 51–52, 53 Polanyi, Michael, 51–52, 53 Population

Population biology, 71–73, 84biology, 71–73, 84 Prediction

Prediction s, s, 30–31, 18030–31, 180–81, 183, 193–81, 183, 193, 262, 262 Preston

Preston, Robert, 173–7, Robert, 173–744 Princeton Ice Pond, 149–54, 157 Princeton Ice Pond, 149–54, 157 Protein Proteins, s, 56–58, 6556–58, 65–67, 70–71, 77–80–67, 70–71, 77–80.. Pupin, Michael, 138–39, 157 Pupin, Michael, 138–39, 157 Purpose/causation, 295–96 Purpose/causation, 295–96 Quantum mechanics, 21–22, 43, 60–61, 297 Quantum mechanics, 21–22, 43, 60–61, 297 Quasars Quasars, 16, 1677 Raab, Julius, 231, 240 Raab, Julius, 231, 240 Radiati

Radiation, thon, th eory of, 22eory of, 22 Radicalism, 40

Radicalism, 40

Radio astronomy, 161, 176 Radio astronomy, 161, 176 Rai

Rain foresn fores t metaphor, 96t metaphor, 96

Reagan [Ronald] administration 271. Reagan [Ronald] administration 271.