FUENTES Y USO DE RECURSOS FINANCIEROS

A: Would you mind {sit) ... here? B: Not at all.

2. A: Sorry, I couldn't catch the last sentence you said. Would you mind [repeat] ... it?

B: No, not at all.

3. A: This lamp doesn't give off enough light to read by. Would you mind [switch) ... on the other light, too?

B: No.

4. A: I've got a bit of a headache. Would you mind [not, join) ... you this evening after all? B: Not at all. Shall I get

you an aspirin?

5. A: Oh, I haven't got enough money for this. Would you mind [lend) ... me some? I'll pay you back tomorrow. B:

Sure. How much do you need?

6. A: I seem to be a bit short of cash. Would you mind [borrow] ... some for a couple of days? B: Well, I'm a bit

short myself actually.

7. A: Would you mind [not, smoke) ...while I'm eating? The smell puts me off my food. B: Oh, I'm sorry, I thought you had

finished.

8. A: I didn't buy a newspaper this morning. Would you mind [stop) ... the car a minute at the corner so that I can buy one? B:

Not at all.

9. A: Would you mind [keep) ... my coat on? It is awfully cold in here. B: No, please do. I'm afraid our heating isn't working properly.

10. A: Would you mind [skip) ... football practice tonight, Sir? I went hiking with my parents yesterday and my feet have painful blisters on them. B: No, it's okay this time, but don't forget that being a member of our school team is a privilege.

2-5 POLITE REQUESTS with IMPERATIVES

Emir cümleleri de, ricada bulunurken kullanabileceğimiz yapılardan biridir. Özellikle, "please" ile yumuĢatarak, "emir" havasından çıkarıp, "rica" anlamı verebiliriz.

- Shut the door, please.

- Please try to speak a bit more quietly. - Be on time, please.

Emir cümleleri, Ġkinci tekil ya da Ġkinci çoğul Ģahıslara hitaben yapılır ve doğrudan, fiilin yalın haliyle baĢlar.

- Help me to lay the table, please. - Please turn off the lights. - Try to come on time, please.

- Please let me know immediately if you get any news. Olumsuz emir cümleleri "don't" ile baĢlar.

- Don't make so much noise, children. - Don't be late, please.

- Don't forget to call me, please. Emir cümleleri, özellikle, yön tarif ederken çok kullanılır.

Stranger: Can you tell me the way to the post office?

You: Go along this street. Turn right at the traffic lights, and then take the second turning on your left. It's there on the right.

EXERCISE 2: Ask polite questions In the situations given below. Use any appropriate modal, [may, can, could, would you mind, etc.)

1. You are in a strange city. You need to go to the post office to make a phone call, but you don't know where it is. So you stop a passerby to ask for directions:……… 2. Your phone is out of order, but you have to call someone urgently, so you ask to

use your next-door neighbour's phone:………. 3. You are in company and you want to have a cigarette, as long as no one else

objects. You say:……… 4. You notice that a fellow student has a book on his shelf that might be useful to you

for an essay you are writing. Wishing to borrow the book, you ask……….. 5. You are working in a stuffy, smoky office and you want to open the window. To get

your colleagues' consent, you say:………. 6. You are struggling into a bank with a pram and cannot open the door. The security

guard doesn't seem to have noticed, so you catch his attention by saying:………. 7. You are in the office at lunchtime and a colleague asks you for some advice on an

important project. As you have a meeting at 2 p.m., you want to eat your sandwich

while he explains, so you say:……….. 8. You need to find a bank, but you are in a strange town without a map, so you stop

a pedestrian and say:………. 9. Your classmates are going on a skiing holiday and you want to join them. You ask

your father for permission:……… 10. You are thinking of buying a car, but want to drive it first, so you say to the

salesman:……… 2-6 NECESSITY and PROHIBITION

2-7 NECESSITY: must, have to, have got to a) Form

Must, have to ve have got to, gereklilik ya da zorunluluk ifade eden yapılardır. Students must study hard in order to pass exams. Students have to

study hard in order to pass exams. Students have got to study hard

in order to pass exams.

"have to" nun soru biçimi, "do" kullanılarak oluĢturulur. - Do you have to leave now?

- Yes, I do. (Yes.I have to leave now.) - Does your brother have to work so hard? - Yes, he does. (Yes, he has to work so hard.)

"must" ve "have got to" nun soru biçiminde ise, "must" ve "have" yardımcı fiil olarak kullanılır. - Must you leave now?

-Yes, I must. (Yes, I must leave now.) - Have you got to leave now ?

- Yes, I have. (Yes, I have got to leave now.) 1OO ELS

"Must" ve "have to" nun olumsuz biçimi, "don't have to", "don't need to" ya da "needn't" dır. - Do you have to get up early tomorrow?

- No, it is my day off. I don't have to/don't need to/needn't get up early. - Does your brother have to get up early tomorrow?

- No, it is his day off. He doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't get up early. - Must a student study four hours a day?

- It depends on the student. Some students don't have to/don't need to/needn't study so much.

- Must you get a tutor?

- No, I can understand by myself. I donthave to/dontneed to/neednt get a tutor.

NOTE

"Must" in olumsuzu olarak, ilk anda akla "mustn't geliyor. Ancak "mustn't, zorunluluğu ortadan kaldıran değil, yasaklama getiren bir yapıdır.

"Must I stay in bed for a swift recovery ?" [Çabuk iyileşmek için yatmalı mıyım?)

diyen birine, "No, you mustn't" dersek, "Hayır, yatmamalısın." demiĢ oluruz ki, bu da bizim ifade etmek istediğimiz düĢünce değildir. Çünkü, bu soruyu soran birine "Hayır, yatman gerekmez." demek istemiĢizdir. " Bunu da "needn't, "don't need to" ya da "don't have to" ile ifade edebiliriz.

No, you don't have to/don't need to/neednt stay in bed, but don't go out.

"Mustn't" i ancak, "yapmamalısın" anlamında kullanabiliriz. Yani, "Bunu

yapmamalısın, çünkü yasak" ya da "Bunu yapmamalısın; eğer yaparsan, sonuç kötü olacak." gibi düĢünceleri ifade edebiliriz.

You mustn't smoke so much. You'll make yourself ill.

We mustn't sit here on the grass. The notice says it is forbidden.

"Have got to" nun olumsuz biçimi ise "haven't got to" dur.

- Have you got to meet your friend at the bus-stop?

- No, I haven't got to meet him. He knows the way, and he can come by himself. "Must", "have to" ve "have got to" nun past biçimi "had to" dur.

It was very busy at work yesterday. I had to work until late.

When I was a child, there weren't so many toys. We had to make our own toys.