E JECUCIÓN P RESUPUESTARIA DEL P ROGRAMA

3. She's just being spiteful. You ... allow her to upset you like this. 4. You ... iron that t-shirt. I'm going to wear it under a jumper, so no

one will see it anyway.

5. It won't be a formal occasion. You ... wear anything special. 6. You ... interrupt people while they're talking. It's very rude.

7. The hiking club provides all the equipment, so you ...bring your own. 8. You ... make your bed. I am going to change all the sheets today.

9. Experts say that we ... sunbathe between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m., when the sun's rays are the strongest and thus harmful for the skin.

10. You ... keep bleach in the bottom cupboards. The baby might be able to reach it.

EXERCISE 4: Use "must/have to", "needn't/don't (doesn't) have to/dont (doesn't) need to" or "mustn't" in the following.

1. This month is a dead season for summer resorts. You ... book your rooms in advance. There are plenty of rooms.

2. This is a very busy month for summer resorts. You... book your rooms well in advance if you don't want to face accommodation problems.

3. I want to tell you something in confidence, but you ... promise not to tell anyone else.

4. Because of stricter security measures following the bombing of several buildings in the city, I ... register at reception when I went to visit Mum at the hospital yesterday.

5. We ... plant these seeds this week; otherwise, it will be too late in the season and they won't germinate.

6. She is so lucky. Because she finds maths very easy, she ... study hard for tomorrow's exam like the rest of us. Instead, she's going to the cinema tonight. 7. All visitors to the prison ... undergo a security check. 8. You ... sit around in those wet things. You will catch a cold. 9. When you are standing in the queue at the bank, you ... stand too

close to the person who is being served as they may require privacy.

10. The thing she likes about being a teacher is that she ... work during the school holidays and she can spend them with her daughter.

11. You ... wash this spinach. Look, it says on the package that it's packed after it's been washed.

12. You ... wind the film on with this camera. It does it automatically for you. 13. Your son has a great talent for music, Mrs. Wilson, so you ... encourage

him to excel in it. IO4 ELS

14. You ... be an expert to enjoy mountain climbing, but you ... train if you want to become part of a recognized mountain rescue organization.

15. You ...open the camera when there is film in it; otherwise, you will destroy all the photographs that you have taken.

EXERCISE 5: Use "needn't have done" or "didni need to/didn't have to" In the following. 1. Fortunately, the suntan lotion I took on holiday with me lasted for the whole two

weeks, so I [buy] ... any more.

2. She was thinking of writing a letter to her pen pal in Canada. Just then he phoned her to say that he was coming to Turkey for his holiday in two weeks, so she (write) ... to him after all.

3. She (call) ... a taxi to take her to the airport. We would have given her a lift there.

4. You [prepare) ... so much food. There are only three of us and we won't eat all of it. It'll spoil.

5. She thought the dress would be too long for her, but when she tried it on, it was fine, so she (alter) ... it.

6. Oh, look! It's just started raining. You (water) ... the garden, after all. 7. I was just about to water the garden when it started raining, so in the end, I (water)

... the garden after all.

8. In the end we (hire) ... a professional photographer for the wedding because one of Susie's colleagues, who is a keen amateur photographer, took the pictures for us.

9. You (buy) ... a new jacket just for one interview. I would have lent you one of mine if you'd mentioned it to me.

10. Sonia brought me home in her car, so I (buy) ... a return ticket, but how could I have known?

Just For Fun MODERN TIMES

My friend Glenn invited me to lunch to meet his fiancee, Jennifer. As a surprise, I asked Becky, a mutual friend, to join us. At the last minute, Glenn called to say that Jennifer had some work to do, so they might be delayed. I told him that Becky was planning to meet us and it was too late to reach her with a time change.

"Would your fiancee let you go to lunch with two women she doesn't know?" I teased.

"Are you kidding?" Glenn responded. "I'm a man of the new millennium." "Does that mean you can come?" I asked. "No," he replied, "that means I have to ask!"

2-10 ADVISABILITY

2-11 Should, Ought to, Had better

a) Should, ought to ve had better öğüt bildiren yapılardır.

You should read a lot of books to improve your knowledge. You should treat other people politely.

A student ought to study regularly in order to be successful. You ought to stay in bed until you feel better.

We had better hurry, or we'll miss the bus. I had better study hard tonight, or I'll fail the test.

"Should" ve "ought to" ".... yapmam gerekir." anlamını verir. "Had better" daha güçlü bir ifade biçimidir ve ".... yapmam gerekir/yapsam iyi olur. Eğer yapmazsam, kötü şeyler olabilir." anlamını verir.

"Should" ya da "ought to" kullandığımız zaman, yapmamız gereken iĢi erteleme olanağımız vardır. I should/ought to study for my geography exam, but I don't feel like studying tonight. I think I'll study for it tomorrow.

"Had better" ise, yapmamız gereken iĢi yapmadığımız takdirde kötü Ģeyler olacağını vurgular. I held better study for my geography exam tonight. If not, I'll fail the exam tomorrow.

I should/ought to go home early tonight. I have a lot of work to do.

I'd better go home early tonight. Otherwise, my father will get angry with me. b) "Should" ve " ought to", bir Ģeyin nasıl olması gerektiğini ifade ederken de kullanılır.

You have misspelt this word. It should be "courageous". You have brought a rather small box. It should be bigger. Don't put the book on that shelf. It ought to go on the other one.

2-12 Should not, Ought not to, Had better not

Bu yapıları, yapılmaması gereken Ģeyleri öğütlerken kullanırız.

You shouldn't go to bed so late. A boy of your age should sleep at least eight hours a day.

She ought not to (oughtn't to) treat him so unkindly. He'd better not work so hard, or he'll make himself ill. You shouldn't go out alone after dark.

We'd better not tell her the bad news, or she'll get depressed. NOTE

"Shouldn't/ought not to" ile "needn't" arasındaki ayrıma dikkat ediniz. You shouldn't study so hard, or you'll lose your health.

[Bu kadar çok çalışmaman gerekir, yoksa sağlığını yitireceksin.) You needn't study so hard. You are a good student already. (Bu kadar çok çalışman gerekmez. Sen zaten iyi bir öğrencisin.)

"Ought not to/shouldn't do", Türkçe'ye "yapmaman gerekir" biçiminde çevrilir ve "Bunu yapman senin için kötü sonuçlar doğurabilir" anlamını verir.

"Needn't do" Türkçe'ye "yapman gerekmez" biçiminde çevrilir ve "yapsan da olur, yapmasan da. Ama bu işi fazladan yapıyorsun." anlamını verir, yani gereklilik olmadığını vurgular.

NOTE

"Must" da, "should' gibi öğüt verirken kullanılır, ancak "must" daha güçlü bir ifadedir.

You shouldn't smoke. It's bad for you.

You mustn't smoke. You are coughing a lot, and you will be ill if you go on smoking.

He should work harder in order to be successful. He

must work harder, or he'll fail.

"Should", "ought to" ve "had better" in present ve future biçimi aynıdır. I should leave now. [present)

I should visit my parents next week, [future)

I ought not to be so permissive with my son. [present)

I ought not to go to work tomorrow. I don't feel well enough, (future)

We had better leave now, or we'll miss the beginning of the wedding, [present) We had better visit our parents next week, or they will be unhappy, [future)

2-13 Should be doing, Ought to be doing, Shouldn't be doing, Oughtn't to be doing

Ġçinde bulunduğumuz ana iliĢkin bir durum ifade etmek istiyorsak, bu yapılan kullanırız. Why is he sleeping now? He should be studying for his test.

Why are the children still awake at this late hour? They should be sleeping. Look! Those children are playing in the street, but it is dangerous.

They shouldn't be playing there. They should be playing in the playground. I'm watching TV with you now, but in fact, I ought to be studying in my room.

2-14 Should have done, Ought to have done Shouldn't have done, Ought not to have done

"Should" ve "ought to'nun past biçimleri "should have done" ve "ought to have done" dır. I didn't set my alarm clock and I overslept yesterday morning, so I was late for work.

I should have set my alarm clock.

He didn't study hard enough, so he failed the test. He

should have studied harder to pass it.

The authorities didn't take the necessary measures, so inflation went up. They

should have taken the necessary measures to bring it down.

Örneklerde de gördüğünüz gibi, "should have done/ought to have done", "Geçmişte bir eylemi yapmadım ve sonuç kötü oldu. Onu yapmam gerekirdi." anlamını veriyor.

"Shouldn't have done/ought not to have done" ise, "Geçmişte bir şey yaptım ve sonuç kötü oldu. Onu yapmamam gerekirdi." anlamını veriyor.

I talked to him very unkindly, so I hurt him. I

shouldn't have talked to him so unkindly.