GRUPO FOCAL CON DOCENTES

Centre for Ecological Engineering; J. V. Jannseni 4, EE 51005, Tartu, Estonia, e-mail: [email protected]

General information on the situation of agriculture in Estonia

The share of agricultural land in Estonia is rather low. At the beginning of 1999, the area of agricultural land was 1,433,100 hectares, and the area of arable land 1,119,800 hectares (24,8% of the total area). The situation of the agricultural sector is not good, salaries are only around half of the Estonian average, prices are unstable and sometimes lower than the own price of the product. This situation, combined with the still ongoing land privatisation process, are the main reasons for around 21% of the arable land being abandoned.

The present agricultural situation provides clear opportunities to develop organic sector.

History and development of organic agriculture

The organic farming movement in Estonia started with the establishment of the Estonian Biodynamic Association (EBA) in 1989. At the beginning of 1990-ies EBA organised in co- operation with Finnish, Swedish and German biodynamic and organic farming organisations several training courses. Also several farmers had 3-6 month practical training in these three countries. There were several local producer organisations established (e.g. in Võru, Saare and Lääne county). The foreign experts helped to advise and control the farms. In the middle of 1990-ies the development slowed down as well as the training activities. The next rise was starting from 1997-1998. In 1997 the Act on Organic Farming came into force and in 1998 according to this act the state label “MAHEMÄRK” was introduced. Since the beginning of the 1999 development of the organic sector has been more rapid.

Statistics on growth of organic area and number of farms

In 1999 there were 89 organic or transitional farms, 2 processors and 1 catering company, which were certified according to the requirements of the state label (label “MAHEMÄRK”; see standards and certification below). There were also 25 additional farms (with 600 ha of agricultural land), which were certified in accordance with Estonian Biodynamic Association standards (label “ÖKO”). In total there was around 4000 hectares of controlled agricultural land in 1999 (accounting for 0,4% of agricultural land in production).

In the year 2000 there are 238 farmers (including 172 transitional) with around 10 000 ha which had applied for the state label “MAHEMÄRK”. The rapid rise was mainly due to the intensive promotion work by organic producers’ organisations in 1999, the increased interest of the state in developing organic farming (including area support payments from 2000) and better training possibilities in the spring 2000. Most of the new farms are in the regions with extensive agriculture, although recently there are several larger farms and agricultural enterprises in the regions of intensive agriculture that have shown interest.

Organic Agriculture Organisations

There are three organic farming organisations:

o Estonian Biodynamic Association was established in 1989. By the end of 1999 there were 86 members from all over Estonia.

o Kagu-Eesti Bios was established in 1997. By the end of 1999 there were up to 60 members coming from the three Southeastern counties of Estonia.

o The Society of Estonian Organic Producers is newly (May 2000) established and involves mostly larger enterprises.

There are also several local producers’ organisations – in Lääne, Saare and Viljandi counties.

Regional distribution of organic farms

Most of the organic and transitional farms are clearly concentrated into three regions - South-east Estonia (Võru, Põlva and Valga counties), Saaremaa island (Saare county) and West-Estonia (Lääne county). These areas have had traditionally extensive agriculture because of the natural conditions and therefore the transition to organic farming was relatively easy. There are also strong leaders who are promoting organic farming at a regional level. The most rapid growth in the number of organic farms is presently in South- east Estonia.

There are also several organic farms in other regions, but much less than in the three regions mentioned above. In 2 counties from 15 there were no organic farms in 1999.

Land use, animal husbandry

Most of the organic farms are mixed farms. But there are a few farms specialising in vegetable, herb and berry production or apiculture. In 1999 only one farm specialised in seed production.

The most common animals in organic farms are cows.

Standards and certification, state regulations

The first standards in organic farming were developed by the Estonian Biodynamic Association in 1990. According to these standards farmers may apply for the label “ÖKO”.

The standards were based upon IFOAM basic standards. At present it is planned to add several amendments and in few years use the label for transition to biodynamic farming. As well the control system needs amendments.

As already mentioned before, the state started to regulate organic farming from 1997 with the Act on Organic Farming. According to this act and related regulations, the state label “MAHEMÄRK” is given from 1999. State forwarded the right to give “MAHEMÄRK” to two organisations (Estonian Biodynamic Association and Kagu-Eesti Bios). These organisations are controlling farms twice a year. Certification is done under state supervision. There are two bodies responsible for state supervision – Estonian Plant Inspectorate (for production) and Estonian Veterinary and Food Inspectorate (for processing).

From the year 2001 this system is being changed and the new system will operate in accordance with EU requirements. The main constraint of the present system is that these two certification bodies are not yet accredited according to EU standard EN45011. Therefore state authorities Plant Production Inspectorate and Veterinary and Food Agency will be inspection authorities since there is not any accredited inspection body.

Both labels introduced are presented below:

State label (used from 1999)

Label owned by Estonian Biodynamic Association (used from 1990)

Implementation of EU regulation 2092/91

The present Organic Farming Act (passed in 1997) does not fully correspond to EU regulation 2092/91. By the January of 2001 this act and accompanying regulations are being harmonised with EU legislation in organic farming (including 1804/99).

State support, policy initiatives

Interest in organic farming has increased rapidly in the Ministry of Agriculture since 1999. A person responsible mainly for organic farming was employed and several support possibilities for the year 2000 were generated (e.g. co-financing of research and training projects). From the year 2000 the state is supporting organic farmers by paying area payments for both being transitional and organic agricultural land. Currently, the rate of the payment will be same for being transitional and organic land, however there is discussion to pay higher payment during the transitional period in the nearest future.

Implementations of Agenda 2000

Estonian Agri-Environmental Programme, which corresponds to the requirements of the new rural development regulation (EU Regulation 1257/99) is in preparation. This programme will include organic farming as one of the measures. But right now it is too early to tell whether before the EU accession the whole programme or only some measures will be implemented.

Marketing

The marketing of organic products is rather weakly developed. There are several new initiatives coming up presently but consumers still have difficulties to find any organic products in the shops.

The most common methods of the marketing are on-farm sales, selling to the hospitals, schools, kindergartens and local shops. There are relatively few farms selling processed products, although this presents one of the greatest possibilities for development. A relatively high share of organic products is not sold as organic (e.g. for the large dairies and therefore mixed up with conventional milk) or are sold without using organic label (even if the farm is certified and has the right to use label).

At the end of the 1999, Ministry of Agriculture ordered a consumers’ survey. The survey showed clear interest to buy organic products and agreement to pay around 10% higher price for the products. But the present production quantities and range of products does not meet consumers’ needs.

Training

Most of the training for farmers have been organised by the two producer organisations. Kagu-Eesti Bios has organised information days mostly in co-operation with Räpina Training Union. Estonian Biodynamic Association has training and information days for farmers every second month in different regions all over Estonia and in addition to this some training courses per year. In 1999 several of these training activities were supported by the Ministry of Agriculture.

Beside the above-mentioned organisations there are several training activities organised by Centre for Ecological Engineering.

In different years several agricultural schools have introduced basic principles of organic farming.

Estonian Agricultural University does not offer any specific courses in organic farming but a few courses include introduction of organic farming methods as part of the course (e.g. plant protection, animal husbandry). The only special course (one-week post-graduate course) in organic farming was organised in co-operation with Swedish Agricultural University, Centre for Ecological Engineering and Estonian Agricultural University at the beginning of 1999. There is a great lack of appropriate information materials. Only few booklets are published. From 1991- 1994 a newsletter on organic farming (“Elav maa” – living earth) was published by the Estonian Biodynamic Association. Since 1996 there is a journal on organic farming (“Mahepõllumajanduse leht”) published by the Centre for Ecological Engineering. The journal publishes mainly articles on applied research and practical farming, country and farm overviews, news on organic farming and introduces the new literature published worldwide.

In 2000 there was planned to publish booklets introducing the basic principles of organic farming and start to compile the handbook in organic farming. The Ministry of Agriculture was supporting these publications.

Advisory service

There are only three accredited organic advisors in Estonia. Farmers’ interest to use this service differs a lot. Farmers applying for the label from Kagu-Eesti Bios (South-Estonia) are pushed to use this opportunity because it is one of the prerequirements in applying. But the farmers in other regions of Estonia are not interested to make advisory contracts despite the fact that the state is co-financing dominating part of the contract cost.

Farmers who started organic farming more than six years ago and have got rather good training do not have the need for advice and they are often giving advice themselves to other farmers in the region.

There is great need for training some new advisors specialised in organic farming and introducing general principles of organic farming also to the conventional advisors. Some activities connected with this need were already planned for the year 2000.

Research

Relatively little organic farming research has been done but the great importance of the research is clearly recognised by several institutions dealing with organic farming.

The Estonian Agricultural University has had a few projects including organic farming, but most of these projects were connected with plant protection. Interest in developing research in organic farming exists, but finding the necessary financing is problematic.

The only pilot research project in organic farming was implemented by Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Centre for Ecological Engineering in 1998. This project aimed to get the overview of the main problems in organic farms with special attention to dairy farms. It was planned to continue with the project in 1999 but financing needed from Estonian side was not found and project stopped.

Some vegetable and grain variety tests are made in South-east Estonia with initiative of the local trainers.

In 2000 there were some organic farming applied research projects started. The Ministry of Agriculture was supporting the implementation of these projects, e.g. on-farm research to find out appropriate crop rotations and grain varieties was started in April 2000 (managed by Centre for Ecological Engineering, supported by the MoA), study on finding out the appropriate potato varieties (managed by DIAS and Jõgeva Plant Breeding Institute) and few others.

Challenges and Outlook

Taking into account the present agricultural situation, development of the organic sector in 1999/2000 and consumers interest, there is great potential for the rapid development of the sector in close future. It is expected to have 50 – 100% increase in organic production per year during the next few years.

Addresses

Category: Producer organisation; Certification; Training; Advice Institution: Estonian Biodynamic Association

Contact: Mr. Arvo Purga

Address: J. V. Jannseni 4, 51005 Tartu, Estonia

Phone: +372 7 422 051

Category: Producer organisation; Certification (mainly in South-Estonia); Advice Institution: Kagu-Eesti Bios

Contact: Ms Eve Musto

Address: Nõmme 2, 65603 Võru, Estonia

Phone: +372 50 72 487

Category: Producer organisation; Advice

Institution: The Society of Estonian Organic Producers

Contact: Ms Ly Rand

Address: Pärnu mnt 139-c, 11317 Tallinn, Estonia

Phone: +372 6558399

Fax: +372 6558414

E-mail: [email protected]

Category: State authorities

Institution: Estonian Ministry of Agriculture

Contact: Ms Eike Lepmets

Address: Lai 39/41, 15056 Tallinn, Estonia

Phone: +372 6 256 141

Fax: +372 6 256 200

E-mail: [email protected]

Category: Inspection (state supervision) Institution: Estonian Plant Inspectorate

Contact: Ms Eve Ader

Address: Teaduse 2, 75501 Saku, Harju county, Estonia

Phone: + 372 6 712 637

Fax: + 372 6 712 634

E-mail: [email protected]

Category: Inspection (state supervision)

Institution: Estonian Veterinary and Food Inspectorate

Contact: Ms Katrin Alekand

Address: Väike-Paala 3, 11415 Tallinn, Estonia

Phone: + 372 6 380 211

E-mail: [email protected]

Category: Training; Research; Publication; Development Institution: Centre for Ecological Engineering

Contact: Ms Merit Mikk

Phone: +372 7 422 051

Fax: +372 7 422 746

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Category: Training; Research

Institution: Estonian Agricultural University

Contact: Ms Anne Luik (plant production)

Address: Institute of Plant Protection, 50412 Eerika, Tartu, Estonia

Phone: + 372 7 313 510

E-mail: [email protected]

Contact: Mr Ragnar Leming (animal husbandry)

Address: Institute of Animal Husbandry, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia

Phone: +372 7 313 444

E-mail: [email protected]