Integridad referencial en SQL

Each  of  the  participants  was  asked  to  meet  at  the  top  of  the  steps  of  the  Cathedral  at  the   arranged   time   of   one   o’clock   in   the   afternoon.   It   was   important   to   maintain   a   level   of   consistency   in   the   time   that   we   meet   due   to   the   patterns   of   social   activity   that   occurs   within   the   city   throughout   the   day,   although   the   time   those   participants   took   to   do   the   study  to  a  great  extent  varied.  Whenever  possible,  exercises  were  also  conducted  on  the   weekdays  due  to  the  significant  change  in  the  city’s  usage  during  the  weekend  period.    

At  the  start  of  the  study,  each  of  the  participants  were  reminded  that  throughout   the  study  they  were  to  provide  a  tour  of  the  city  from  their  own  perspective,  highlighting   the  elements  of  the  city  that  were  of  significance  to  them.  Consequently,  they  were  asked   not   to   engage   with   me   while   I   was   recording,   but   rather,   to   focus   on   addressing   the   camera.   Consequently,   through   this   arrangement,   my   role   within   the   exercises   was   primarily   to   move   the   camera   through   the   space,   and   actively   focus   the   camera   on   the   participant   throughout   the   journey.   The   limitations   of   the   camera’s   viewing   angle29  _also   meant  that  I  had  to  maintain  a  suitable  distance  from  the  participant  at  all  times.  However   it  was  restricted  by  the  need  to  ensure  that  I  was  close  enough  to  be  able  to  record  the   sound  of  their  voice.  Although  this  was  not  a  strict  constraint  that  could  be  considered  in   the   same   way   as   the   controls   on   the   time   and   place   of   meeting,   it   was   still   a   significant   factor  that  influenced  the  participants  to  a  greater  or  lesser  extent.  Participant’s  familiarity   of  being  filmed  appeared  to  affect  their  responses  to  the  situation,  and  therefore  this  issue   is  considered  in  the  analysis  of  the  study’s  results.    

Figure  17  -­‐  Image  of  the  Canon  Legria  HF  S10  video  camera  that  was  used  for  filming  the  tours.                                                                                                                                          

The   primary   uncontrollable   environmental   variable   affecting   the   study   was   the   weather.   This   demonstrated   the   unpredictable   nature   of   urban   space   and   the   difficulties   with  examining  their  experiential  qualities.  It  is  for  these  reasons  that  in  the  days  preceding   the  weather  forecast  was  monitored,  and  if  there  were  a  high  chance  of  adverse  weather,   then  the  exercise  would  be  cancelled.  Although  this  method  could  be  considered  as  being   contingent,  it  would  be  unreasonable  to  attempt  to  ensure  that  all  participants  conducted   the  study  within  the  same  weather  conditions.    

In   both   the   instances   of   the   architecture   students   and   the   traceurs,  they  were   asked   not   to   share   information   pertaining   to   the   exercises   to   other   members   of   their   community  so  that  they  would  not  influence  the  journeys  of  others.  This  appeared  to  be  a   pertinent   issue   for   parkour   practitioners,   as   there   was   an   expressed   interest   in   demonstrating  movement  through  the  city  in  a  unique  way.  My  observations  of  the  parkour   community  are  that  members  often  express  a  clear  desire  to  perform  expressive  acts  that   would   produce   impressive   scenes   of   video   footage.   For   example   rather   than   just   explain   what   could   be   done   with   an   architectural   feature,   practitioners   often   wished   to   demonstrate  a  different  types  of  movement  using  them,  such  as  jumps  or  flips.  Although   this   did   not   compromise   the   study,   it   did   mean   that   it   was   essential   to   emphasise   the   importance  of  discussing  architecture  and  the  built  environment  and  the  affordances  that  it   offered,   rather   than   simply   talking   about   their   own   physical   mobility.   This   could   also   be   seen  as  a  limitation  of  the  study  as  it  highlights  the  alternative  ways  in  which  participants   interpreted  the  instructions  that  they  had  been  given.  Observing  the  differences  between   the  ways  in  which  participants  engaged  with  the  exercises,  it  would  have  been  beneficial  to   of  provided  tighter  constraints  for  how  the  exercise  was  to  be  carried  out  in  order  to  gain   more  consistent  results  in  the  data  retrieved.    

Once  the  participants  had  reached  the  destination  of  the  Royal  Liver  Buildings,  they   were  debriefed  on  their  involvement  with  a  debriefing  sheet  that  gave  them  contact  details   should  they  wish  to  contact  me  regarding  the  nature  of  the  research  and  their  contribution   to  it.  Following  the  completion  of  each  of  the  tours,  the  film  footage  was  uploaded  onto  a   computer  and  stored  onto  an  encrypted  hard  drive.  

Figure   18   –   Map   of   the   city   centre   of   Liverpool.   The   Metropolitan   Cathedral   and   Royal   Liver   Building,  which  were  the  start  and  end  points  for  the  exercise,  are  highlighted  in  grey.  

4.3  ETHICS    

The  process  of  selecting  the  eighteen  individuals  for  this  study  primarily  involved  contacting   students  from  both  the  University  of  Liverpool  and  Liverpool  John  Moores  University,  and   making  links  with  the  parkour  community  in  Merseyside.  Each  of  the  potential  participants   was   given   an   information   sheet,   either   as   a   hard   copy   or   via   email,   which   outlined   the   nature  of  the  study  and  informed  them  of  the  involvement  that  would  be  required  of  them.   The   information   sheet   offers   a   transparent   account   of   the   purpose   of   the   study   and   was   developed   in   line   with   the   requirements   dictated   by   the   University   ethics   board.   Participants   were   also   informed   that   the   observations   recorded   during   the   exercises   are   regarded  as  the  confidential  property  of  the  researcher  and  it  will  not  be  used  for  anything   other   than   the   purpose   of   the   study.   Due   to   parkour’s   associations   with   risk–taking,   the   information  sheet  also  serves  the  role  of  mediating  the  responsibilities  of  the  researcher,   and  informing  participants  that  the  University  is  not  liable  for  any  adverse  events  that  may   occur  during  the  exercise.    

4.4  THE  DATA  

In   order   to   understand   the   tours   as   research   data,   the   comments   that   were   recorded  on  video  were  transcribed  with  each  of  the  transcripts  featuring  in  full  at  the  back   of   this   study   for   reference.   The   route   taken   by   each   of   the   participants   was   also   traced   using  drafting  software,  in  order  to  offer  an  inscription  of  their  pattern  of  movement.  These   two   data   elements   offer   a   comprehensive   body   of   qualitative   and   quantitative   data   respectively,   and   play   an   integral   role   in   locating   the   common   experiential   qualities   associated  with  Liverpool.      

Firstly,  in  order  to  be  able  to  locate  the  movement  of  each  of  the  participants,  the   route  that  they  took  was  depicted  in  a  two–dimensional  digitally  drawn  map  of  the  city.  A   grid   was   placed   over   the   city   to   break   it   down   into   fifty   metre-­‐squared   cells.   These   cells   allow  for  the  movement  of  the  participants  to  be  understood  on  an  urban  scale.    

Figure   19   –   A   map   of   Liverpool   with   a   grid   placed   over   it,   showing   a   route   between   the   Metropolitan  Cathedral  and  the  Royal  Liver  Building.  

Additionally,  in  order  to  translate  the  content  of  the  video  footage  into  a  form  that  can  be   processed,  a  notation  system  is  used  to  codify  the  actions  of  the  participants  along  with  the   words  that  they  say.  The  notation  system  used  in  the  analysis  of  the  footage  was  influenced   by   the   work   of   Rudolph   Von   Laban,   a   dance   instructor   who   had   significant   influence   throughout   the   early   twentieth   century.   This   method   has   been   used   as   a   means   to   interrogate   the   movements   of   movie   characters   within   film   analysis.   As   Cynthia   Baron  

qualities  of  actor’s  choices  that  are  revealed  by  the  relationship  of  expressions,  gestures,   and  movements  to  space,  time,  weight,  and  flow’  (Baron,  Carnicke  2008,  p.  192).  Although  I   had  not  been  working  with  actors,  applying  a  Laban  type  of  notation  system  allowed  me  to   create  a  system  to  record  the  reoccurring  patterns  found  within  this  exercise.    

The  characters  of  the  notation  system  works  as  following;    

O  –  Is  used  to  register  the  references  made  by  participants  on  their  journey  to  the  visual   qualities  of  buildings  and  the  cityscape.  This  encompasses  a  range  of  references  from  the   elements  of  buildings  to  the  views  of  the  entire  context.  An  example  of  this  would  be  when   a  participant  discusses  a  building  that  they  consider  to  be  visually  significant.  

X   –   Denotes   where   participants   demonstrate   a   form   of   physical   engagement   with   their   environment   that   deviates   from   walking.   This   covers   a   broad   range   of   gestures   from   subtlety  of  touching  a  railing,  to  more  expressive  acts  such  as  vaulting  over  street  furniture.    

Y  –  Is  used  to  represent  the  instances  where  potential  forms  of  physical  engagement  are   verbally  communicated.  Registering  these  instances  is  as  important  as  the  physical  actions   themselves  as  not  all  participants  felt  it  was  appropriate  to  demonstrate  any  notable  forms   of   physical   interaction   with   their   surroundings,   in   doing   so,   participants   project   an   understanding  of  the  body  onto  structures.    

Z  –  Refers  to  the  instances  where  social  interaction  is  discussed.  The  instances  helped  to   locate   where   participants   felt   a   strong   connection   with   the   qualities   of   public   space.   An   example  of  this  would  be  where  participants  discuss  places  such  as  clubs  or  coffee  shops   where  they  associate  themselves  with  the  social  activity  that  occurs  there.    

/\  –  Is  applied  to  instances  when  references  are  made  to  changes  in  height.  These  are  both   reflected  in  both  physical  gestures  such  as  a  jump  onto  a  wall,  and  visual  observations,  such   as  discussions  about  the  rooftops.      

Figure  20  –  Example  of  one  of  the  participant  the  transcripts  

Figure   20   –   Diagram   to   illustrate   the   how   transcript   data   corresponds   with   cell   locations   on   the   map.  

In  addition  to  the  O,  X,  Z,  and  /\  characters,  the  +  symbol  in  conjunction  with  a  numerical   value   is   used   to   register   the   amount   of   instances   of   the   codification   occurring   within   a  

spatial   area   and   time   frame.   Additionally   the   –   symbol   is   used   in   conjunction   with   a   numerical  value  to  register  the  instances  where  there  is  a  negative  expression  of  a  variable,   an  example  of  this  would  be  where  participants  discuss  the  off–putting  characteristics  of  a   buildings  visual  character.  A  demonstration  of  the  use  of  the  notation  system  can  be  found   throughout  the  transcripts  that  are  illustrated  with  Figure  19.  Once  the  transcript  is  codified   each  instance  is  located  within  one  of  the  corresponding  geographical  cells  situated  on  the   aforementioned  map.    

Although  I  observed  a  considerable  amount  of  differences  between  the  responses   from  each  of  the  individuals  that  took  part  in  the  study,  there  were  definite  commonalities   that   were   expressed   which   helped   to   reinforce   the   significance   of   using   filmmaking   techniques   for   understanding   city   space   in   terms   of   the   qualities   of   place   rather   than   quantities  of  space.  The  following  are  summaries  of  each  of  the  eighteen  participants  that   contributed  to  the  study,  each  of  which  highlights  the  key  themes  addressed  during  their   personal  tour  of  the  city.  The  accounts  given  are  not  intended  to  reflect  the  extent  of  all  of   the  spatial  conditions  encountered  along  each  tour,  but  rather,  highlight  the  uniqueness  of   each  of  the  participants.