1. Executive Summary
A simple explanation, straight forward and to the point providing the current situation, recommended improvements and advantages of taking recommended actions. Including a brief introduction to the facility/building/business and describe the purpose of the audit and overall conclusions. This is a one or two-page introduction, expressed very clearly to the point with specific actions which have to be taken.
2. Building Information
Provides a general background of the facility/building/business its mechanical systems and operational profile. It should include a description of the building envelope/façade, age and construction history, operating schedules, number of employees and occupancy patterns, and a discussion of the operation and maintenance program. It is also useful to include a floor plan, selected photos of the facility and mechanical systems, a description of energy types used in the plant, and a description of the primary mechanical systems and controls.
3. Utility Summary
Energy Accounting information for the last two years is included in the utility summary. Figures and graphs that were developed for analysis and are easy to understand, demonstrating all consumption patterns regarding energy should be included. The information for each graph and figure should be chosen depending on the target audience, level of managers or employees it addresses. For example, actual monthly consumption by fuel type may be of more interest to the engineering and maintenance staff while annual costs or monetary-savings information may be more appropriate for administrative personnel. Pie figures of energy use and cost by fuel type can offer compelling documentation of overall energy use and expenses. The utility summary includes a summary of overall facility benchmarks, energy use indices and other key ratios, and comparisons within the business industry averages.
4. Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs)
This section should have a beginning with a list of energy conservation measures that meet the financial criteria established by the facility/business owner or manager. For each measure, the measure name should be included, costs have to be predicted on an annual level as well the saving potential and simple payback of the investment (if there is any) in a summary figure. A one or two page description of each energy conservation measure and support calculations should follow this summary figure. The ECM description as energy saved, emissions lowered, supported with energy use and savings calculations, and the simple payback, net present value or life cycle cost analysis should be included. Any assumptions made regarding operation or equipment efficiency should be listed, as well the ECMs that were considered but fell out of current financial criteria.
5. Operation and Maintenance Measures (O&Ms)
This section address operational and maintenance issues observed during the on-site visit. It includes descriptions of specific low-cost operational and maintenance items that require attention. It includes items that will reduce energy consumption and costs, address existing problems or improves practices that will help prolong equipment life of systems. It is also useful to the owner to include cost and savings estimates of O&M recommendations.
5. Appendices
Support material and technical information not included elsewhere in the report should be added to the appendices, so the report has full informational background. Typical information in this section includes floor plans and site notes as appropriate, photos, audit data forms, motor, equipment, and lighting inventories, and other.
52 The audit report connected to the plan-do-check-act cycle is not just in the check level as it gives preliminary, detailed answers and information of what can be done, how it should be done regarding energy savings and achievement of greater energy efficiency in business connected to the cost estimation and investment analysis.
As energy consumption is connected to pollution and emissions production further we are briefly presenting the pollution audit.
What is a Pollution Audit?
As presented in Chapter two, greenhouse gas emissions of CO2 in Slovenia have overall slightly fallen in 2011 compared to 2010, as did the emissions caused in companies of the type F in business classification.
A pollution audit generally takes electricity and heating (fuel) consumption numbers over a two year period and provides approximations for carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, mercury, cadmium, lead, mercury compounds, cadmium compounds and lead compounds. Giving important information about emission production, we expect pollution audits to become more valuable to organizations which are looking forward being environmentally friendly using environmentally sound technologies. Organizations will start and started implementing energy efficient technologies with the goal to reduce the energy bill as well as to help and prevent utility/business generated pollution.
There are several online pollution and emission calculators available on the internet and help approximate the emissions of other air pollutants in addition to carbon dioxide.
6.3. Software for Energy Management
Energy Management Software is a tool for making exact simulations helping energy audits performing and giving exact information about energy consumption, it gives an answer where the potential in energy reduction in facilities, buildings, businesses or communities lies. It collects energy data and uses it for three main purposes reporting, monitoring and further engagement as well as for the first step analysis, energy accounting connected to survey data reduction, cost estimation and computer assisted design and drafting (especially for simulations), estimating energy savings and building an overall energy simulation of the facility/business/community. Reporting as post-site audit work includes verification of energy data and the setting of high-level energy use reduction targets and other goals. Monitoring is necessary for tracking regular energy consumption and identifying cost-saving opportunities. The last is engagement as a mean of initiating a dialogue between employees other occupants and building managers to promote energy conservation.
Normal, accounting software can provide a number of functions, including: - tabulating large quantities of energy use data;
- pro-rating the data to provide consumption figures;
- calculating energy use and energy cost indexes, which are useful for comparing buildings or businesses between them;
- showing recent trends in energy use (increasing or decreasing energy use, what are the main factors causing it etc);
53 - calculating the average unit costs and showing trends.
As already presented, in Slovenia there are organizations which provide programs and services to others regarding computer software for energy consumption tracking (Konzorcij Sinergija3). In other European countries we can find programs for energy accounting tracking as well, giving utility bill analysis and providing other important information to decision-makers.
6.4. Energy Management Standards in Practice
The EN 16001:2009 and the ISO 50001:2011 presented in chapter four can be integrated with existing management systems. If registered to ISO 14001:2004 it is told, that the “basic framework” is already there, so organizations already registered to some international standards will find it easier to get certified to the energy standards. In Germany there are 453 organizations certified to ISO 50001:2001 what makes the county certainly a leading world actor in this field. Usually an ISO standard is implemented with the help of some steps in the time of 6 months to 2 years. It starts with the understanding of the standard and its requests. The top management has to have initial knowledge about the standard, what it can bring to the organization and the environment in which it operates. When the management is persuaded that this is the right thing for them, they have to look up, what steps have to be taken to get an ISO certificate. It is good if someone is responsible for studying all the information and presents it later to the top management. The best source of information is probably by purchasing a manual from the national standards association or taking one of the many courses available through accredited certification bodies. After this is done, a preliminary audit can be performed by the management of stuff using audit checklists available online as a guideline, or by preparing your own audit checklist based on the manual and training received. This is a chance to evaluate how things are done now and what has to be changed in the future in order to get certified. Also a cost analysis depending on energy consumption can be done. It can be estimated, how much the organization could save by improving certain processes, regulating energy consumption.
In Slovenia an organization can get certified by SIQ (Slovenski inštitut za kakovost in meroslovje) and Bureau Veritas; where both organizations take care, guide and teach about how to get a certification, what has to be done etc.
6.5. Evaluation and Energy Report
The evaluation of the work process of an energy manager and the fact how successful the decisions and restrictions were can be seen through the goals the organization reached and costs and emissions it saved on an annual basis regarding the investment input. For this an energy report is necessary. In the table below we are presenting an energy report example we have used in our case study. The study, presented in the next chapter, has gone through some processes described in this chapter, with pre-site visit, calculations and other, a decision about an investment was made. The investment was most suitable to the organization`s needs and is most appropriate for the business. The work was done in 2009 showing its first results in 2010. The project was chosen second in its category on the 13. Conference of Energy Managers in Portorož, where major energy projects were awarded.
54 More information about this is available on the internet site http://www.finance- akademija.si/energetiki/index.php?go=100).
Table 16: Energy report, example of key points