LAS INVERSIONES DE LA BURGUESÍA NEOCOLONIAL

The six factor model of personality, like the FFM model, was derived from the lexical analysis of personality adjectives. The difference between the development of the six factor model and the FFM is that the six factor model was derived from lexical analysis across a range of languages. This may have created a broader lexical origin for the HEXACO than was the case with the development of the FFM. Ashton, Lee, Perugini, Szarota, De Vries, Di Blas, Boies and Raad (2004a) brought together the results of eight studies that had conducted a lexical analysis across seven different languages; Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Korean, and Polish. Their collation of these data revealed a consistent six factor model as the solution that best categorised the personality lexicon across these languages. The six factor model of personality has been labelled ‘HEXACO’. This label was drawn

from the Greek prefix for six, ‘hex’, and is also an acronym to represent each of the domains the model: Honesty-humility, Emotionality, eXtraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Openness (Lee & Ashton, 2004).

Ashton, Lee and Goldberg (2004b) proposed that the previous failures to replicate a six factor model of personality in the English language was likely to be due to the reduction of lexicon adjectives or clustering of individual lexical adjectives for the purpose of factor analysis where, historically, statistical packages were less able to deal with very large variable sets. They proposed that the sixth factor, honesty-humility, was the factor with the smallest amount of variance to emerge across language and hence it would be the factor most likely to fail to be represented in statistical analysis that did not include the spectrum of adjectives

representing the personality lexicon of language. To explore the applicability of the six factor model of personality in the English language, and to correct the historical practice of lexical reduction and clustering, Ashton et al. (2004b) reviewed Goldberg’s (1982) archival data set of personality adjectives and proposed that the size of this data set was sufficient to account for the lexical description of personality across the English language. The results of this study indicated that the factor structure was consistent with a six factor model of personality and was consistent with the structure found in Ashton et al.’s (2004a) lexical analysis of personality in other languages. The factors of the six factor model are detailed in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 also provides adjective descriptors for high and low scorers on each of the

Table 4.1

Six Factor Model of Personality Adjective Descriptors for High and Low Scores4 Factor Adjective descriptors of high

scorers Adjectives descriptive of low scorers Honesty-Humility Sincere, honest, faithful/loyal,

modesty/unassuming

Sly, deceitful, greedy, pretentious, hypocritical, boastful, pompous Emotionality Emotional, over-sensitive,

fearful, anxious, vulnerable

Brave, tough, independent, self- assured, stable

Extraversion Outgoing, lively, extraverted, sociable, talkative, cheerful, active

Shy, passive, withdrawn, introverted, quiet, reserved Agreeableness Patient, tolerant, peaceful,

mild, agreeable, lenient

Ill-tempered, quarrelsome, stubborn, choleric

Conscientiousness Organised, disciplined, diligent, careful, thorough,

Sloppy, negligent, reckless, lazy irresponsible, a Absent-minded Intellect/imagination /unconventionality Intellectual, creative, unconventional, innovative, ironic Shallow, unimaginative, conventional

Lee and Ashton (2006) developed a self-report personality inventory, the HEXACO-PI, to assess and represent personality based on the six factor model. The HEXACO-PI provided an assessment of four facets within each of the six factors. The HEXACO-PI included two additional scales to measure attributes that Lee and Ashton (2006) assessed as important but which they found did not statistically delineate clearly to a single factor. These additional scales were called interstitial facets or scales and included ‘negative self-evaluation’ and ‘altruism’. The researchers later developed a revised version of this measure, the HEXACO- PI-R (Ashton, 2011). The HEXACO-PI-R saw the removal of the ‘expressiveness’ facet from the eXtraversion factor and its replacement with ‘social self-esteem’. The removal of this scale was due to difficulties with certain items on this scale in translation to languages other than English. The social self-esteem scale was added to the measure and this was assessed to have significant overlap with negative self-evaluation scale which resulted in the

removal of the latter scale. The resulting factors and scales of the HEXACO-PI-R are detailed in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2

The HEXACO-PI-R Domains and Scales

HEXACO-PI-R Domains HEXACO-PI-R Facets

Honesty-Humility Sincerity Greed Avoidance Fairness Modesty

Emotionality Fearfulness Dependence Anxiety Sentimentality Extraversion Social Self-esteem Sociability

Social Boldness Liveliness Agreeableness Forgiveness Flexibility

Gentleness Patience Conscientiousness Organization Perfectionism

Diligence Prudence Openness Aesth Apprec’n Creativity

Inquisitiveness Unconventionality Interstitial Scale Altruism

As noted in previous paragraphs, the HEXACO, like the FFM, was derived from factor analysis of the personality lexicon. The HEXACO was developed from analysis across a number of languages and whilst there is a large degree of content overlap with the FFM, there are significant differences between the two personality models. In considering the differences between the HEXACO and the FFM the most significant development with the HEXACO is the addition of the honesty-humility factor which is defined by the traits of honesty, fairness, sincerity and greed avoidance. Another deviation from the FFM is the content of the

emotionality and agreeableness domains, the HEXACO places content related to anger on the agreeableness domain whereas the FFM typically places this content on the emotionality

domain. The extraversion, conscientiousness and openness domains of the HEXACO are similar to those of the FFM.

Several studies have found that the HEXACO, and the honesty-humility factor in particular, has greater predictive validity than the FFM across a number of variables. The HEXACO has been found to be more effective than the FFM in predicting psychopathy, Machiavellianism and narcissism (Lee & Ashton, 2004). The predictive validity of the HEXACO due to its inclusion of the honesty-humility domain has seen the HEXACO outperform the domains of the FFM in the prediction of egoism, immorality and pretentiousness (de Vries, de Vries, de Hough, & Feij, 2009). Marcus, Lee, and Ashton (2007) have also established the HEXACO as a better predictor of overt integrity measures, and Weller and Tikir (2010) found that honesty-humility was associated with propensity for health/safety and ethical risk taking. These results demonstrate that the HEXACO is emerging as an increasingly popular tool amongst applied psychologists and there is increasing evidence of its incremental validity over the FFM in domains relevant to personnel selection processes. The next section of this chapter will outline the theoretical model conceptualising the HEXACO. It will also detail how, from this theoretical perspective, the HEXACO would be expected to have incremental validity over the FFM in the prediction of individuals engaging in harming and helping behaviours.