Lista de tablas
4 Metodología de la investigación
4.1 Variables y parámetros previos .1 Variables previstas
4.1.3 Métodos analíticos
© OGP
© OGP
Standards Norway Standards Norway
Te NORSOK standards are developed by the Norwegia
Te NORSOK standards are developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry to ensuren petroleum industry to ensure adequate saety, value addi
adequate saety, value adding and cost eectiveness –or petroleum industry ng and cost eectiveness –or petroleum industry developmedevelopments andnts and operations. Furthermore, NORSOK standards are a
operations. Furthermore, NORSOK standards are as ar as ar as possible intended to replace oils possible intended to replace oil company specications and serve as reerences in the authorities regulations.
company specications and serve as reerences in the authorities regulations.
Te NORSOK standards are normally based on recognised international standards, adding Te NORSOK standards are normally based on recognised international standards, adding the provisions deemed nec
the provisions deemed necessary essary to lto ll the broad needs o the Norwegial the broad needs o the Norwegian petroleum industry.n petroleum industry.
Where relevant
Where relevant NORSOK standards will be used to provide the NoNORSOK standards will be used to provide the Norwegiarwegian industry input tn industry input too the international standardi
the international standardisation process. Subject to sation process. Subject to developmdevelopment and publication o ient and publication o i nterna- nterna-tional standards, the relevant NORSOK standard will be withdrawn.
tional standards, the relevant NORSOK standard will be withdrawn.
Te NORSOK standards are developed according to the consensus principle generally Te NORSOK standards are developed according to the consensus principle generally applica-ble standards work and according to established procedures dened in NORSOK A–
ble standards work and according to established procedures dened in NORSOK A– ..
Te NORSOK standards are prepared a
Te NORSOK standards are prepared and published with support by OLF (Te Norwegiannd published with support by OLF (Te Norwegian Oil Industry
Oil Industry Association) and BL (Federation o NoAssociation) and BL (Federation o Norwegian rwegian Manuacturing IManuacturing Industriesndustries).).
NORSOK standards are now admi
NORSOK standards are now administered and published by SN (Standards Norwaynistered and published by SN (Standards Norway).).
Expert Group Material
Expert Group Materials (SN/Ks (SN/K/EgM) is active, meets reg/EgM) is active, meets regularly and is ularly and is responsible or theresponsible or the publication and
publication and maintenance o omaintenance o ollowing NORSOK standards:llowing NORSOK standards:
M–001
M–001 Materials selection (Rev. , August )Materials selection (Rev. , August )
M–101
M–101 Structural steel abrication (Rev. , Dec. )Structural steel abrication (Rev. , Dec. )
M–102
M–102 Structural Structural aluminium aaluminium abrication (Revbrication (Rev. , Sept. 7). , Sept. 7)
M–120
M–120 Material data Material data sheets or structural sheets or structural steel (Rev. 5, Novsteel (Rev. 5, Nov. 8). 8)
M–121
M–121 Aluminium structural material (Rev. , Sept. 7)Aluminium structural material (Rev. , Sept. 7)
M–122
M–122 Cast structuraCast structural steel (Rev. , June 3l steel (Rev. , June 3))
M–123
M–123 Forged structural Forged structural steel (Rev. , June 3)steel (Rev. , June 3)
M–501
M–501 Surace preparation and protective coating (Rev. 5, June )Surace preparation and protective coating (Rev. 5, June )
M–503
M–503 Cathodic protection (RevCathodic protection (Rev. 3, May . 3, May 7)7)
M–506
M–506 COCOcorrosion rate calculation model (Rev. corrosion rate calculation model (Rev. , June 5), June 5)
M–601
M–601 W Welding and inspection o pielding and inspection o piping (Rev. 5, ping (Rev. 5, April 8)April 8)
M–622
M–622 Fabrication and installation o GRP piping systems (Rev April 5)Fabrication and installation o GRP piping systems (Rev April 5)
M–630
M–630 Material data sheets or piping (Rev. , January )Material data sheets or piping (Rev. , January )
M–650
M–650 Qualication o manuacturers o special materials (Rev. 3, April )Qualication o manuacturers o special materials (Rev. 3, April )
M–710
M–710 Qualication o non-metallic sealing materials and manuacturers (Rev. ,Qualication o non-metallic sealing materials and manuacturers (Rev. , Oct. )
Oct. )
Tis committee was established aer the OGP workshop in 7 with the ollowing terms o
Tis committee was established aer the OGP workshop in 7 with the ollowing terms o
reerence:
reerence:
a.
a. o arrange or global networking o the materials technology specialists rom within theo arrange or global networking o the materials technology specialists rom within the OGP membership.
OGP membership.
b.
b.Share experience and company/Share experience and company/project specications and seek haproject specications and seek harmonisation at the levelrmonisation at the level o international standards or
o international standards or the benet o members and industry.the benet o members and industry.
c.
c. o evaluate and monitor material stao evaluate and monitor material standards, including codes or gndards, including codes or g uidelines and to identiyuidelines and to identiy those which are out o date or i
those which are out o date or inadequate and need revision, and identiy those areas nadequate and need revision, and identiy those areas inin which new standards may b
which new standards may be required, but do ne required, but do not presenot presently exist.tly exist.
d.
d.o support o support ISO/C 67ISO/C 67/WG8 and /WG8 and other relevant materials other relevant materials related international standardsrelated international standards work groups o
work groups or developing wr developing work.ork.
e.
e. Assist OGP StaAssist OGP Standards Committee with executing its terms o reerence within the eld o ndards Committee with executing its terms o reerence within the eld o
materials.
materials.
3
© OGP 3
© OGP Te W
Te Welding Institute, Cambridge, Uelding Institute, Cambridge, UK plays a key role in K plays a key role in the developmethe development o many standardsnt o many standards which are important to the oil, gas and chemicals industries and is r
which are important to the oil, gas and chemicals industries and is represenepresented on the ollowted on the ollow--ing committees:
ing committees:
CEN TC121
CEN TC121 W Welding (seveelding (several working groups and subcommitteesral working groups and subcommittees))
TC54
TC54 Pressure vesselsPressure vessels
TC249/SC5
TC249/SC5 W Welding o thermoplastic matelding o thermoplastic materialserials
ISO TC44
ISO TC44 esting o welds aesting o welds and welding qualitnd welding qualityy
TC67/SC2/WG8
TC67/SC2/WG8 W Welding o pipelineselding o pipelines
TC67/SC7/WG3
TC67/SC7/WG3 Oshore tubular structuresOshore tubular structures
EFC
EFC Oil & Gas and Renery Working PartiesOil & Gas and Renery Working Parties
NACE STG32
NACE STG32 Oil & Gas Production – MetallurgyOil & Gas Production – Metallurgy
STG34
STG34 PetrolPetroleum Rening eum Rening and Gas Processing and Gas Processing
TG299
TG299 Materials or use in HMaterials or use in HS containing environments in oil & gasS containing environments in oil & gas production
production
All
All o the international operators have their own in-house technical specications in order too the international operators have their own in-house technical specications in order to speciy exactly what is considered required or their plants, installations and operations. Tese speciy exactly what is considered required or their plants, installations and operations. Tese specications (requ
specications (requently called company standards, design ently called company standards, design & engineering practices, & engineering practices, best prac-best prac-tices, supplemen
tices, supplementary tary technical specicationstechnical specications etc etc ) also carry their operator’s valuable experience) also carry their operator’s valuable experience and they may be
and they may be supplemsupplemented by individual project specications to ented by individual project specications to cover specic projectcover specic project needs. Tese documents are normal
needs. Tese documents are normal ly based on, ly based on, but include various degrees o supplements andbut include various degrees o supplements and amendmen
amendments to international, national and industry ts to international, national and industry standards.standards.
At the workshop in February
At the workshop in February 77, the operating companies present agreed to share their, the operating companies present agreed to share their specications in the OGP environment, or review by the other par
specications in the OGP environment, or review by the other participants to see i thereticipants to see i there was scope or harmonisation, s
was scope or harmonisation, standardisation or improvetandardisation or improvement ment in some areas. Te operating in some areas. Te operating company technical specications are made avai
company technical specications are made available at a passlable at a password protectword protected OGP website ored OGP website or inormation and review by the OGP Materials Subcommittee.
inormation and review by the OGP Materials Subcommittee.