Modelos de decantadores secundarios - Decantadores secundarios

Lista de tablas

2 Estado del arte

2.2 Decantadores

2.2.5 Decantadores secundarios

2.2.5.5 Modelos de decantadores secundarios

Numerous ASM standards are being used in the oil & gas industry as reerence documents, Numerous ASM standards are being used in the oil & gas industry as reerence documents, however, no active participation by the global oil & gas industry in ASM work well is known.

however, no active participation by the global oil & gas industry in ASM work well is known.

Te ASM standards are used in many instances by the upstream oil & gas community and in Te ASM standards are used in many instances by the upstream oil & gas community and in particula

particular in Europe with additional requiremer in Europe with additional requirements.nts.

8 – AWS standards committees 8 – AWS standards committees

American Welding Society has been developing standards used by the oil & gas industry or American Welding Society has been developing standards used by the oil & gas industry or many years. One o the best k

many years. One o the best known standards may be:nown standards may be:

AWS

AWS D1.D1.11 Structural welding code steelStructural welding code steel

9.1 CEN/TC12 9.1 CEN/TC12 Tis committee main

Tis committee mainly adopts the standards developed by ISO/C 67 as EN-ISO standards.ly adopts the standards developed by ISO/C 67 as EN-ISO standards.

Tese in turn are adopted by all members o CEN, which are basically all the 3+ members Tese in turn are adopted by all members o CEN, which are basically all the 3+ members countries o EU and EEA.

countries o EU and EEA. As o end 8, As o end 8, CEN/CCEN/C has adopted about  o the ISO/ has adopted about  o the ISO/

C 67 published standards. Tis implies that these standards will have been adopted – or will

C 67 published standards. Tis implies that these standards will have been adopted – or will be adopted within six

be adopted within six months o their CEN approval – as months o their CEN approval – as national standards or the subjectsnational standards or the subjects in question by all European countries, with the competing national standards to be in question by all European countries, with the competing national standards to be with-drawn.

drawn.

9.2

9.2 CEN/TC CEN/TC 2219 19 cathodicathodic c protectiprotectionon

Tis committee have developed standards o relevance or the oil & gas industry, mainly rom Tis committee have developed standards o relevance or the oil & gas industry, mainly rom a European perspective. Lia

a European perspective. Lia ison with this ison with this committee is in discussion by ISO/C 67committee is in discussion by ISO/C 67/SC//SC/

WG WG

EN 12473:2000

EN 12473:2000 General principles o cathodic protection in sea waterGeneral principles o cathodic protection in sea water

EN 12474:2001

EN 12474:2001 Cathodic protection o submarine pipelinesCathodic protection o submarine pipelines

EN 12495:2000

EN 12495:2000 Cathodic protection or xed steel oshore structuresCathodic protection or xed steel oshore structures

EN 12954:2001

EN 12954:2001 Cathodic protection o buried or immersed metallic Cathodic protection o buried or immersed metallic structures – Gen-structures – Gen-eral principles and application or pipelines

eral principles and application or pipelines

EN 13173:2001

EN 13173:2001 Cathodic protection or steel oshore oating strCathodic protection or steel oshore oating structuresuctures

EN 15112:2006

EN 15112:2006 External cathodic protection o well casingsExternal cathodic protection o well casings Some o these standa

Some o these standards were in the process rds were in the process o being adopted by ISo being adopted by ISO/C O/C 56, but ISO/C 6756, but ISO/C 67 have commented this and requested some reconsiderations in view o having issued ISO 558, have commented this and requested some reconsiderations in view o having issued ISO 558, part  and .

part  and .

9.3 .3 CEN/TC234 CEN/TC234 Gas Gas inrastructureinrastructure Te WG3 o this committee has developed an ex

Te WG3 o this committee has developed an extensive package o standards or gatensive package o standards or gas pipe-s pipe-lines used in

lines used in Europe, including material staEurope, including material standards. Discussions have been held with ISO/Cndards. Discussions have been held with ISO/C 67

67/SC to harmonise its /SC to harmonise its standards, but so standards, but so ar war with little success. ith little success. Hence, when CEN/CHence, when CEN/C

adopted the ISO/C 67 standard 363 or pipelines it

adopted the ISO/C 67 standard 363 or pipelines it had to be had to be restricted to exclude onlandrestricted to exclude onland gas pipelines.

gas pipelines. So alSo also with the accompanying welding and component standards. Howeverso with the accompanying welding and component standards. However,, work is unde

work is underway to study the dierenrway to study the dierences in these standards, which will hopeulces in these standards, which will hopeul ly lead to newly lead to new eorts in the harmonisation work.

eorts in the harmonisation work.

3

ECISS (European Committee or Iron and Steel Standardization) has taron and Steel Standardization) has taken over the stand-ken over the stand-ardisation activities o COCOR, t

ardisation activities o COCOR, the Coordinating Committee on the nomenclature o ironhe Coordinating Committee on the nomenclature o iron and steel products, a committee originally set up under the ECSC (European Coal and Steel and steel products, a committee originally set up under the ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community) 

Community) reaty. It develops dra reaty. It develops dra standards which astandards which are then submitted or the ormare then submitted or the ormall approval o the CEN National Members. ECISS beca

approval o the CEN National Members. ECISS became an Associated Body me an Associated Body o CEN in 86.o CEN in 86.

Te CEN Management Centre provides its Secretariat. ECISS ha

Te CEN Management Centre provides its Secretariat. ECISS has until now the ollowing s until now the ollowing technical committees:

technical committees:

ECISS/TC 1

ECISS/TC 1 Steel – Mechanical testing Steel – Mechanical testing

ECISS/TC 2

ECISS/TC 2 Steel – Physico-chemical and non-destructive testing Steel – Physico-chemical and non-destructive testing

ECISS/TC 6

ECISS/TC 6 Steels – Denition and classicationSteels – Denition and classication

ECISS/TC 7

ECISS/TC 7 ConvenConventional designation tional designation o steelo steel

ECISS/TC 9

ECISS/TC 9 echnical conditions o deliverechnical conditions o delivery and qualy and quality controlity control

ECISS/TC 10

ECISS/TC 10 Structural steels – Grades and qualitiesStructural steels – Grades and qualities

ECISS/TC 11

ECISS/TC 11 Structural steel sections and hot rolled steel bars or engineering use –Structural steel sections and hot rolled steel bars or engineering use – Dimensions and tolerances

Dimensions and tolerances

ECISS/TC 12

ECISS/TC 12 Structural steels and steels or pressure purposes, at products – Dimen-Structural steels and steels or pressure purposes, at products – Dimen-sions and tolerances

sions and tolerances

ECISS/TC 13

ECISS/TC 13 Flat products or cold working – QualFlat products or cold working – Qualities, dimensions, tolerances andities, dimensions, tolerances and specic tests

specic tests

ECISS/TC 15

ECISS/TC 15 Wire-rod – Qualities, dimensions, t Wire-rod – Qualities, dimensions, tolerances and specic testsolerances and specic tests

ECISS/TC 19

ECISS/TC 19 Concrete reinorcing and prestressing steels – Properties, Concrete reinorcing and prestressing steels – Properties, dimensions,dimensions, tolerances and specic tests

tolerances and specic tests

ECISS/TC 20

ECISS/TC 20 Methods o chemical analysis o errous productsMethods o chemical analysis o errous products

ECISS/TC 21

ECISS/TC 21 V Vocabularocabulary o heat try o heat treatment teatment termserms

ECISS/TC 22

ECISS/TC 22 Steels or pressure purposes – QualitiesSteels or pressure purposes – Qualities

ECISS/TC 23

ECISS/TC 23 Steels or heat treatment, alloy steels and ree-cutting steels – QualitiesSteels or heat treatment, alloy steels and ree-cutting steels – Qualities and di

and dimensiomensionsns

ECISS/TC 24

ECISS/TC 24 Electrical steel sheet and strip qualities – Qualities, dimensions, tolerancesElectrical steel sheet and strip qualities – Qualities, dimensions, tolerances and specic tests

and specic tests

ECISS/TC 26

ECISS/TC 26 inmill products – Qualities, dimensions, tolerances and specic testsinmill products – Qualities, dimensions, tolerances and specic tests

ECISS/TC 27

ECISS/TC 27 Surace coated at products – QuaSurace coated at products – Qualities, dimensions, tolerances and spe-lities, dimensions, tolerances and spe-cic tests

cic tests

ECISS/TC 29

ECISS/TC 29 Steel tubes and ttings or steel tubesSteel tubes and ttings or steel tubes

ECISS/TC 30

ECISS/TC 30 Steel wiresSteel wires

ECISS/TC 31

ECISS/TC 31 Steel castingsSteel castings

ECISS/C  has among many others, developed the ollowing standard:

EN 10225:2001

EN 10225:2001 W Weldable structural steels or xed oshore structures – eldable structural steels or xed oshore structures – echnical deliv-echnical deliv-ery conditions (which is under developmen

ery conditions (which is under development and approval, t and approval, targeted ortargeted or August )

August )

ECISS/C  has among many others, developed the ollowing standard:

EN 10208–1:10208–1:19971997 Steel pipes or pipeliSteel pipes or pipelines or combustible uids – ecnes or combustible uids – echnical hnical deliverydelivery condition

conditions – Pars – Part : Pipes o requirement class At : Pipes o requirement class A

EN 10208

EN 10208–2:1–2:1996996 Steel pipes or pipeliSteel pipes or pipelines or combustible uids – ecnes or combustible uids – echnical hnical deliverydelivery condition

conditions – Pars – Part : Pipes o t : Pipes o requiremenrequirement class t class BB

EN 10288:2002

EN 10288:2002 Steel tubes and ttings Steel tubes and ttings or onshore and oshore pipelines – Externalor onshore and oshore pipelines – External two layer extruded polyethylene based coatings

two layer extruded polyethylene based coatings

EN 10289:2002

EN 10289:2002 Steel tubes and ttings Steel tubes and ttings or onshore and oshore pipelines – Externalor onshore and oshore pipelines – External liquid applied epoxy and epoxy-modied coatings

liquid applied epoxy and epoxy-modied coatings

EN 10290:2002

EN 10290:2002 Steel tubes and ttings Steel tubes and ttings or onshore and oshore pipelines – Externalor onshore and oshore pipelines – External liquid applied polyurethane and polyurethane-modied coatings liquid applied polyurethane and polyurethane-modied coatings

EN 10298:2005

EN 10298:2005 Steel tubes and ttings Steel tubes and ttings or on shore and oshore pipelines – Internalor on shore and oshore pipelines – Internal lining with cement mortar

lining with cement mortar

EN 10300:2005

EN 10300:2005 Steel tubes and ttings Steel tubes and ttings or onshore and oshore pipelines – Bitumi-or onshore and oshore pipelines – Bitumi-nous hot applied materials or external coating

nous hot applied materials or external coating

EN 10301:2003

EN 10301:2003 Steel tubes and ttings Steel tubes and ttings or on and oshore pipelines – Internal coat-or on and oshore pipelines – Internal coat-ing or the

ing or the reduction o riction or conveyance o non corrosive gasreduction o riction or conveyance o non corrosive gas

EN 10310:2003

EN 10310:2003 Steel tubes and ttings Steel tubes and ttings or onshore and oshore pipelines – Internalor onshore and oshore pipelines – Internal and external polyamide powder based coatings

and external polyamide powder based coatings

EN 10329:2006

EN 10329:2006 Steel tubes and ttings Steel tubes and ttings or onshore and oshore pipelines – Externalor onshore and oshore pipelines – External

eld joint coatings

EN 10339:2007

EN 10339:2007 Steel tubes or onshore and oshore water pipelines – Internal liquidSteel tubes or onshore and oshore water pipelines – Internal liquid applied epoxy lini

applied epoxy linings or corrosion protectionngs or corrosion protection ECISS/C

ECISS/C/SC works with /SC works with ISO/C 67ISO/C 67/SC on pipeline /SC on pipeline coating standards coating standards and theirand their adoption into the European sphere.

adoption into the European sphere.

A new organisation o ECISS was decided in Vienna end o 8 and will be put in place A new organisation o ECISS was decided in Vienna end o 8 and will be put in place beginning

beginning o . Numbeo . Numbers have not yet been grs have not yet been given to the new echnical Committees. Teiven to the new echnical Committees. Te new list o Cs is g

new list o Cs is given below:iven below:

N Steels or heat treatment, alloy steels,

Steels or heat treatment, alloy steels, ree-cutting steels and stainless steels Coated and uncoated lat products or

Coated and uncoated lat products or cold working and construction

5

Te European Federation o Corrosion (EFC) is a voluntar

Te European Federation o Corrosion (EFC) is a voluntary association o non-proty association o non-prot-making -making scientic and technical societies and a

scientic and technical societies and association. Te purpose o the Federation is to contrib-ssociation. Te purpose o the Federation is to contrib-ute to the general a

ute to the general advancemendvancement o the science o corrosion and o t o the science o corrosion and o the protection o materials the protection o materials byby promoting coo

promoting cooperation in Europe betweeperation in Europe between scientic and ten scientic and technical societies and associationschnical societies and associations devoted to these areas o activity and by collaborating with similar associations throughout devoted to these areas o activity and by collaborating with similar associations throughout the world. EFC has a

the world. EFC has a cooperation agreemencooperation agreement with NACE. EFC organit with NACE. EFC organises an anses an annual corrosionnual corrosion coneren

conerence, EUROCORRce, EUROCORR, somewhere in Europe., somewhere in Europe.

EFC has published two standards used by the European oil & gas industry:

•

•EFC 6 Corrosion Resistant Alloys or Oil EFC 6 Corrosion Resistant Alloys or Oil & Gas & Gas ProductioProduction: Guidance on Generaln: Guidance on General Requirements and est Methods or H

Requirements and est Methods or H_S Service (EFC 7S Service (EFC 7, nd Edition) May , nd Edition) May ..

A revised and updated set o guidelines applicable to stainless steels, nickel alloys and A revised and updated set o guidelines applicable to stainless steels, nickel alloys and titanium al

titanium alloys covering: SSC/SCC test procedures; reerencloys covering: SSC/SCC test procedures; reerence environments or SSCe environments or SSC and SCC testing; guidance on autoclave testing o CRAs; procedures or testing CRAs and SCC testing; guidance on autoclave testing o CRAs; procedures or testing CRAs exposed to sulphur and H

exposed to sulphur and H_S.S.

•

•EFC 7 Materials Requirements or Carbon and Low AEFC 7 Materials Requirements or Carbon and Low Alloy Steels or Hlloy Steels or H_S-Containing S-Containing Environments in Oil & Ga

Environments in Oil & Gas Production (EFC s Production (EFC 6, 6, ^nd^ndEdition) March . Tis is aEdition) March . Tis is a revised and updated version o an EFC report

revised and updated version o an EFC report on the possible types o on the possible types o HH_S cracking thatS cracking that can occur in an oileld. It covers all items o equipment used, rom the well to the export can occur in an oileld. It covers all items o equipment used, rom the well to the export pipelines and also recommends test

pipelines and also recommends test methods or evaluating materials perormance. A keymethods or evaluating materials perormance. A key reeren

reerence document or materials engineers and product suppliers working in the oice document or materials engineers and product suppliers working in the oi l & gal & gass industry.

industry.

However

However, the new pa, the new parts o rts o ISO 5ISO 556 standards a56 standards are now takre now taking over as ing over as reerenreerence or the sub-ce or the sub- ject.

ject.

committee (MC) committee (MC)

12.1 General introduction to EEMUA 12.1 General introduction to EEMUA EEMUA (Engineering E

EEMUA (Engineering Equipmenquipment & Materiat & Materials Users’ Association) was ounded in 83 byls Users’ Association) was ounded in 83 by amalga

amalgamating the Engimating the Engineering Equipment Users Association (EEUneering Equipment Users Association (EEUA) ounded in 5 withA) ounded in 5 with the Oil Companies Materia

the Oil Companies Materials Association (OCMA), also ounded in tls Association (OCMA), also ounded in the early 5s. EEMUAhe early 5s. EEMUA has its head ofce in

has its head ofce in London and most o its members are British companies.London and most o its members are British companies.

EEMUA

EEMUA’s mission is to improve quality ’s mission is to improve quality and saety, and and saety, and to reduce the cost o operating to reduce the cost o operating indus- indus-trial acilities by sharing experience and expertise, and by the active, enlightened promotion o

trial acilities by sharing experience and expertise, and by the active, enlightened promotion o

the distinct interests o engineering users.

the distinct interests o engineering users. Tis mission is achTis mission is achieved by:ieved by:

•

•Providing the organisation within which networking, inormation sharing and collabora-Providing the organisation within which networking, inormation sharing and collabora-tion among users on non-com

tion among users on non-competitive technical matters can petitive technical matters can take placetake place

•

•Inuencing the way written regulations are iInuencing the way written regulations are i nterpretnterpreted and applied in practiceed and applied in practice

•

•Promoting and presenPromoting and presenting the users’ views, ating the users’ views, a nd encouraging the application o good soundnd encouraging the application o good sound engineering practice

engineering practice

•

•Developing and publishing user standards, specications, and training materialsDeveloping and publishing user standards, specications, and training materials

•

•Facilitating members’ participation in national, European aFacilitating members’ participation in national, European a nd internationnd international staal standardsndards making

making

•

•Inuencing relevant national and European legislation and regulations.Inuencing relevant national and European legislation and regulations.

One o the EE

One o the EEMUA committees ocus on Material MUA committees ocus on Material echnology (EEechnology (EEMUA MCMUA MC))

12.2 Relevant EEMUA Publications 12.2 Relevant EEMUA Publications