3- MARCO TEÓRICO
3.1 La Escuela en el Ecuador
3.1.5. Planificación y ejecución de la convivencia en al Aula: Código de Convivencia
Table 4.4 shows the number of occupants in the house (building) distribution in on-and off-campus housing. The houses with 8 occupants and above as shown in Table 4.9 have the highest percentage of 60.2% in on-campus housing, followed by 5-6 occupants with 17.3%, 7-8 occupants with 11.5%, 3-4 occupants with 8.6% and 1-2 occupants with 2.3%, while in off-campus the houses with 8 occupants and above have the highest percentage of 70.7%, followed by 3-4 occupants with 11.0%, 5-6 occupants with 7.3%, 7-8 occupants with 7.3% and 1-2 occupants with 3.7%. Most of the occupants in on-and off-campus housing are more than eight occupants occupied by on-and off-campus housing students.
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Table 4.4: Number of Occupants in On-and Off-campus Housing
Number of Rooms On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
1-2 8 2.3 24 3.7
3-4 30 8.6 72 11.0
5-6 60 17.3 48 7.3
7-8 40 11.5 48 7.3
Above 8 209 60.2 462 70.7
Total 347 100 654 100
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011.
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90 Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011.
Figure 4.1: Number of Students Living in Off-campus Housing Rooms
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Figure 4.1 shows the students living in off-campus houses. The respondents that indicated students above 8 have the highest percentage in off-campus housing 78.0%, followed by 1-2 students with 7.3%, 7-8 rooms with 7.3%, 3-4 students with 3.7% and 5-6 students with 3.7%. There are more students in the category of eight students and above staying with other families who are not students in off-campus housing.
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Table 4.5: Method of Securing Accommodation in On-and Off-campus Housing
Method On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
House-agents(off-campus)/University authority(on-campus)
200 57.6 259 39.6
Friends 30 8.6 192 29.4
Parents/relations 23 6.6 24 3.6
Staff 35 10.1 47 7.2
Lecturers 50 14.4 36 5.5
Self-effort 4 1.1 60 9.2
Others 5 1.5 36 5.5
Total 347 100 654 100
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011.
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Table 4.5 shows the method of securing accommodation distribution in on-and off-campus housing. The respondents that indicated university authority have the highest percentage in on-campus housing (57.6%), followed by lecturers with 14.4%, staff with 10.1%, friends with 8.6%, parents/relations with 6.6%, others with 1.5% and self-effort with 1.1%, while in off-campus house agent have the highest percentage of 39.6%, followed by friends with 29.4%, self-effort with 9.2%, staff with 7.2%, lecturers and others with 5.5%, and parents/relations with 3.7%. Most of the respondents indicated that there are house agents in charge of the houses in off-campus, while in on-campus university authority is in charge of the accommodation. Students go to the house agents to negotiate or seek accommodation off-campus due to shortage of accommodation in the university halls.
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Table 4.6: Accommodation Status in On-and Off-campus Housing Accommodation
status
On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Legal
Occupant/Landlord 283 81.6 50 7.6
Squatter/Tenant 64 18.4 604 92.4
Total 347 100 654 100
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011.
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Table 4.6 shows the accommodation status in on-and off-campus housing. The respondents that indicated legal occupant have percentage in on-campus housing of 81.6% and squatter with 18.4%, while in off-campus tenant (students are regarded as tenants in private hostels/houses) have the highest percentage of 92.4% and landlord (house inherited by students) with 7.6%. There are more student tenants in most of the houses in off-campus. They pay house rents to the owner or the person in charge of the house in off-campus housing. Table 2.2 shows the official number of students and actual number of students. The actual numbers of students are the legal occupants and squatters in the halls. Suffice it to state that squatting is an infraction of the university rule and offenders are accordingly penalised. The university authorities had tried everything possible to eradicate squatting, but to no avail. There are instances where there is agreement between two students, where one of them pays for accommodation in the session they are in and another will pay for accommodation the next session and in the process, they will squat each other.
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96 Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011.
Figure 4.2: First Time of Securing Accommodation (On-campus Housing)
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Figure 4.2 shows the first time of securing accommodation distribution in on-campus housing. The respondents that indicated Not first time have the highest frequency and percentage in on-campus housing, first time occupants have frequency of 107(30.8%) and Not first time with frequency of 240(69.2%). Most of the respondents indicated that this is not the first time they would secure accommodation within the halls especially stale students, final year students, postgraduate students and squatters.
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Table 4.7: Fee for a Bedspace Per Annum (On-campus Housing)
Fee for a bedspace per annum Frequency Percentage
< N20,000 263 75.8
N21,000-40,000 66 19.0
N41,000-60,000 4 1.2
>60,000 14 4.0
Total 347 100.0
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011.
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Table 4.7 shows the fee for a bedspace per annum distribution charged by the university authorities in on-campus housing. The respondents that indicated less than N20,000 have the highest percentage of 75.8% in on-campus housing, followed by N21,000-40,000 with 19%, greater than N60,000 with 4.0% and N41,000-60,000 with 1.2%. The undergraduate students pay less than N20,000, while postgraduate students pay above N20,000. The undergraduate students and postgraduate students complained of the increase in the accommodation fees. They indicated that the university authorities have turned the halls to money making venture by increasing the accommodation fee almost every session without considering the financial status of the students. This phenomenon has increased the rate of squatting where students prefer to squat with their colleagues because they cannot afford to pay the increased accommodation fees.
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Table 4.8: House Rent Per Annum (Off-campus Housing)
House rent per annum Frequency Percentage
< N20,000 249 38.1
N21,000-40,000 159 24.3
N41,000-60.000 198 30.3
> N60,000 48 7.3
Total 654 100.0
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011.
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Table 4.8 shows the house rent per annum for a room distribution in off-campus housing. The respondents that indicated less than N20,000 have the highest percentage in off-campus housing, N1,000-20,000 have 38.1%, followed by N21,000-40,000 with 24.3%, greater than N60,000 with 7.3% and N41,000-60,000 with 30.3%. Most of the students in off-campus housing complained of incessant increase in the house rent (student) and the landlords' threat to eject them if they do not pay. The landlords also blamed the government for the increase in the cost of building materials in the market.
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Table 4.9: Type of House in Off-Campus Housing
Types of house Frequency Percentage
Semi-flat 151 23.1
Single room 323 49.4
Flat 96 14.7
Others 84 12.8
Total 654 100.0
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.9 shows the type of house distribution in off-campus housing. The respondents that indicated single room have the highest percentage in off-campus housing 49.4%, followed by semi-flat with 23.1%, flat with 14.7% and others with 12.8%. Most of the respondents in off-campus housing preferred to rent a single room so that they can pair up to pay the house rent. Some of them also preferred to rent a semi-flat so that they live together and share the house rent with other students.
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Table 4.10: Length of Time Stayed in On-and Off-Campus Housing Length of time
stayed
On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
One year 157 45.2 24 3.7
Two years 105 30.3 72 11.0
Three years 51 14.7 48 7.3
Four years 20 5.8 48 7.3
Above four years 14 4.0 462 70.7
Total 347 100 654 100
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011.
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Table 4.10 shows the length of time stayed in on-and off-campus housing distribution. The respondents that indicated one year have the highest percentage in on-campus housing 45.2%, followed by two years with 30.3%, three years with 14.7%, four years with 5.8% and above four years with 4.0%. while in off-campus four years and above have the highest percentage of 70.7%, followed by two years with 11.0%, three years with 7.3%, four years with 7.3% and one year with 3.7%.The respondents indicated that they had spent one year on the campus in the halls of residence as a result of shortage of halls of residence.
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Table 4.11: Number of Students that Sleep in a Room at Night in On-and Off-Campus Housing
No. of Students
On-Campus Housing Off-Campus Housing
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
1 19 5.5 24 3.7
2 14 4.0 60 9.2
3 50 14.4 48 7.3
4 79 22.8 48 7.3
Above 4 185 53.3 474 72.5
Total 347 100 654 100
Source: Author's Fieldwork, 2011
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Table 4.11 shows the number of students that sleep in a room at night in on-and off-campus housing. As shown in the Table 4.10, respondents that indicated above 4 have the highest percentage in on-campus housing 53.3%, followed by 4 with 22.8%, 3 with 14.4%, 1 with 5.5% and 2 with 4.0%, while in off-campus above 4 have the highest percentage of 72.5%, followed by 2 with 9.2%, 3 with 7.3%, 4 with 7.3% and 1 with 3.7%. Above 4 persons in a small room at night calls for serious concern in on-and off-campus housing, due to poor ventilation and unhygienic environment which they found themselves within the halls/house. In such a room where there are more than 4 persons or students in the room (they accommodate squatters apart from the statutorily allocated 4 occupants in the hall).
4.2.2 Assessment of Types and Qualities of Facilities in On-and Off-Campus