PRECIPITACIÓN

pollution

 Environment (Protection) Act, 1986:  Insecticide Act 1968  Water (Prevention and

control of pollution) Act 1974.

 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.

sulphur, phosphorous and iron (haemoglobin).

45. Red blood corpuscles (RBC or erythrocytes), white blood corpuscles (WBC or leuco- cytes) and blood platelets (thrombocytes).

46. Aspirin is a sedative drug used for relieving rheumatic pains, neuralgia, etc. It is a synthetic drug. It is acetylsalicylic acid.

47. Protoplasm is the living matter present in the cells of animal and, plants. It includes both the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the cell.

48. Pituitary is a small Pea shaped gland attached to the hypothalamus by pitutary stalk. Pituitary gland plays an important role in the regulation of many other endocrine glands and influence the physiological functions of the body directly or indirectly. Hence it is also called master gland. But the activities of pitutary gland is regulated by hypothalamus. The important hormones produced by the anterior lobe of pitutary gland is growth bormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticcotropic hor- mone (ACTH), and Gonad stimulating hormones (GSH). Dovarfism is a disorder of children due to hyposecretion (low production) of GH and gigantism is a disorder due to hyper secretion (excess production) of GH. In an adult person the excess secretion of GH hormone leads to a particular condition known as acromegaly. The victims have a gorilla like appear- ance.

49. Carbon cycle is the circulation of carbon (as carbon dioxide) between living organisms and the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is built into complex carbon compounds by plants during photosynthesis. Animals obtain their carbon atoms by feeding on plants or other animals; during respiration, and by decay and death, some of this carbon is returned to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. 50. Fossils are the remains of an

organism preserved in rocks in the earth’s crust. Usually only hard parts (bones, shells etc.) are so preserved, but occasionally fossils of soft organism have also been recognised. fossils are important to archeologists for their usefulness in the study of pre-historic forms of organisms and subsequent changes with time.

51. It is a potential approach to the treatment of genetic disorders in man. Removal of defective genes and their replacement with normal healthy functional genes is called gene therapy. For eg genetic disorders such as sickle cell anaemia, SCID etc can be cured by gene therapy Currently, its use is restricted to the treatment of somatic cells (which include all the cells of the body), except the reproductive or germ cells - the egg and the sperm cells. 52. Any unwanted form of

sound, such as noise of vehicles, machinery, jet planes, indiscriminate use of loud speakers, are examples of noise pollution. Just as we measure temperature on celsius scale, the level of noise

is measured on the decibel scale (dB). The main sources of noise pollution are industrial machinery, transportation, and community activities and entertainment.

Constant exposure to noise levels above 75 decibels can damage the ear and impair hearing. Exposure to noise levels above 120 decibels causes pain in the ear, and continuous exposure to noise levels above 180 decibels may even cause death. Road traffic noise is usually of moderate intensity, but being of continuous nature can be irritating people living along busy streets. Badly mainta- ined vehicle engines and indiscriminate use of horns often make the situation worse leading to various types of physiological disorders such as high blood pressure and heart problems. Loud noise is even known to affect unborn babies. Sudden loud noise such as gunfire or crackers can cause irreversible damage to ear-drums. 53. Amniocentesis is a technique

used to determine chromo- some abnormalities of the foetus. In this tehcnique, a small sample of amniotic fluid is taken from the mother’s womb (uterus) using a surgical needle without causing any damage to the foetus. The foetus cells obtained from this fluid are examined for chromosomal abnormalities and bichemical defects.

54. It is a process by which living organisms break down complex matter into its simpler constituents. The agents of the process, mainly

bacteria and moulds, are known as decomposers. Any matter that can be acted upon by these decomposers is known as biodegradable. All organic matter can be decomposed and hence is biodegradable. Biodegrad- ation helps in recycling essential nutrients in a natural way. Non-biodegra- dable materials are those which cannot be broken down by biological agents. Plastic and other synthetic materials are examples of non-biodegradable matter. 55. Instruments made of optical

fibres used to look at the body’s internal organs. Endoscopes are inserted in the body to produce images of the organs that can be viewed on a TV monitor or captured by a camera. This painless method of diagn- osis is known as endoscopy. 56.Transgenics or transgenic organisms are Genetically Modified Organism (GMOs) which have been made to incorporate in their genetic make up some useful foreign genes. Transgenic animals with additional gene for increased growth rate can be marked more quickly. Trans- genic cattle produce more milk and theuraptic human proteins will secrete through their milk. Transgenic pigs with genes for human antigens can provide various organs for transplantation in human beings without any chance of rejection. Bt cotton is transgenic cotton in which gene for insecticidal protein from Bacillus thurengensis has been incorporated. Transgenic tomato, Flavr

Sayr has long flavourful shelf life.

57. Use of biotechnology for producing microchips has resulted in the invention of biochips that promise to cope better with the problems such as electron tunneling seen in the use of silicon chips. Biochips have found a number of applications and opened the doors for development of powerful ‘miniscule’ comput- ers or ‘biological’ computers. 58. Hepatitis - B (Hepatitis means

inflammation of liver) is an infectious viral disease caused by Hepatitis - B virus. It is a virus that is hundred times more infectious than the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV). Like HIV, Hepatitis - B is passed on through sexual contact, infected needles, blood transfusion and from infected mothers to the infants born. However, unlike HIV, Hepatitis - B can infect another person merely through exposure to body secretions such as saliva, tears, vomit, bleeding, cuts and wounds.

59. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the most devastating and fatal disease of the 20th century. It is a viral disease caused by the Human Immuno Deficiency Virus (HIV). What makes it different from other viruses is that it strikes at the body’s own defence machinery (the immune system) that constantly fights to the vast array of microbial enemies invading our bodies. The virus may remain dormant upto 10 years until some event activates it. On awakening, it

disarms the immune system. With its main line of defence shattered, the body now falls an easy prey to even the common infecting agents that it would otherwise ward off. The patient usually dies of these infections.

HIV spreads from an infected person to a healthy person through body fluids. Sexual transmission of HIV is most common. Contaminated blood and blood products and improperly sterlized zyringes and needles besides passage of the virus from infected mother to unborn baby are other ways through which the virus spreads. 60. On the basis of the antigens,

human blood can be classified into various types or groups. The most common blood group system is the ABO blood group which was discovered in 1900 by Karl Landsteiner. Depending on the presence or absence of the two antigens called A and B, this system divides human blood into four types. Type A blood group has erythrocytes with antigen A on its membrane. Type B has antigen B, while type AB has both antigen A and B. The fourth type called blood group O has neither antigen A nor B. In 1940, Landsteiner and Alexander Wiener discov- ered another antigen called the Rh _{factor. Most human}

beings bear the Rh _{factor on}

the surface of their red blood cells and are said to have Rh

positive blood. Those who lack this antigen have Rh

negative blood.

To avoid clumping of blood cells after blood transfusions

it is necessary to crossmatch the donor’s blood type with that of the recipient’s. 61. Food chain is a sequence of

organisms in a community which is formed by eating and being eaten. Plants are base of the sequence. In other words, food energy passes from plants to animals in a long chain called the food chain.

Each step in the food chain represents a trophic level. The energy from the sun is fixed by the producers and it is then passed through the various trophic levels in the form of food.

62. Pasteurization is the sterilization of food by heating it to a temperature below 1000 _{C to reduce the}

number of micro-organisms it contains and so to protect it from decay. For milk, the method involved is heating it to 1610 _F/720 _{C for 15 seconds}

followed by rapid cooling to 500 _F/100 _{C. The process kills}

micro-organisms but retains the taste, flavour and nutritive value of milk.

63. Blood count is the counting of the number of white blood corpuscles in blood. In normal state one cubic mm blood contains 10,000 WBCs. If the number exceeds, it will cause leukaemia. Defensive mechanism of the body is affected by the fall in number of WBCs.

64. It is the ancient Japaneese art of growing dwarf trees. Trees are kept small by pruning roots and branches and by restricting growth in pots. 65. Pearl is formed due to an

irritation by foreign matter

within the shell, the mantle secretes calcium carbonate around the irritant body over several years. This encrusta- tion forms the pearls. 66. Treatment that can be given

in an accident, injury and sudden illnes, until more skilled persons arrive or the patient is transferred to a hospital is called first aid. 67. It is a branch of surgery

devoted to reconstruction or repair of deformity, surgical defect, or the result of injury. Plastic surgery is performed using bone, cartilage and skin from other parts of the body. 68. Hydrophobia is a disease

caused by a virus after the bite by an infected animal. Symptoms like headache, fever, difficulty in drinking water and food will be developed 4 to 6 days after the bite by an infected animal. So the patient is extremely thirsty and struggles to drink water. Showing conclusive reaction which may appear as fear of water.

69. The method of finding out the age of fossils by determining the amount of radiocarbon (C14_{) remaining in them. Since}

the half life of C14 _{is 5,720}

years, its amount is reduced to half after so many years and, thus, the age of a fossil can be determined.

70. Bio-fertilizers are those fertilizers in which organic matters are used.

Bio-Fertilizers are the most advanced bio-technology necessary to support develo- ping organic agriculture, sustainable agriculture, green agriculture and non-

pollution agriculture. This Bio-organic fertilizer can increase the output, improve the quality and it is responsible for agriculture environment. Today, it has been widely used with excellent results in all kinds of plants and several countries. 71. These are the crops with

genetic material from another organism. Genetic materials are introduced in it for the desired qualities Bt cotton was the India’s first GM crop with Bollworm resistant. Genetic engineering allows scientist to develop such plants whch have resistance towards diseases, pests and stress like drought or heat. It can also be used to keep vegetables fresh for long periods with increased nutritive value.

72. The NRHM has following objectives:

(a) The Mission adopts a synergistic approach by relating health to determi- nants of good health viz. segments of nutrition, sanitation, hygiene and safe drinking water.

(b) It also aims at main- streaming the Indian systems of medicine to facilitate health care.

(c) To ensure community participation and ownership of assets, induction of management and financial personnel into district health system, and operationalizing community health centres into functional hospitals, meeting Indian Public Health Standards in each Block of the Country.

(d) The Goal of the Mission is to improve the availabilityof and access to quality health care by people, especially for those residing in rural areas, the poor, women and children.

73. Chikungunya virus was first isolated from human patients and Aedes aegypti from Tanzania in 1952. The name chikungunya’ is derived from a native word for the diseases in the patient lies doubled up’ due to sever joint pains. The virus first appeared in India in 1963. The disease appears as a sudden onset of fever. Crippling joint pains, lymphadenopathy and conjunctivities. The vector is Aedes aegypti mosquito. The incubation period is 1 to 12 days. They spread only through mosquitoes. Spread from one person to another due to direct contact or touch has yet never been repor- ted.

There is no vaccine for Chikunguniya. Symptoms are treated rather than the disease.

Following methods can be adopted to prevent Chickun- guniya.

1. It has to be ensured that there is no stagnant water.

2. Insect repellent should be used over the exposed parts of the body to avoid mosquito bites.

3. Mosquito repellent or mosquito nets should be used in non-AC rooms. 4. Long sleeved shirts

should be worn.

74. The germ theory of disease, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that microor- ganisms are the cause of many diseases. Although highly controversial when first proposed, it is now a cornerstone of modern medicine and clinical microbiology, leading to such important innovations as antibiotics and hygienic practices.

75. Japanese encephalitis is caused by a virus belongs to flavi virus family. This virus occurs along the orient, from korea and Japan in the north and Malaysia in the south. The disease has been recognised in Japan since 1871. The virus was first isolated in Japan in 1935. The principal vector of this disease is Culex mosquito. The disease has an abrupt onset with fever, headache and vomiting. The fever is high and continuous. In India Japanese encephalitis was first recognised in 1955. It occurred mainly between October and November. Preventive measures include mosquito control and locating piggeries away from human dwellings.

Maximum cases are reported from A.P., West Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Manipur, Haryana and U.P.

JE vaccine has been indigenously developed by Central Research Institue, Kasauli.

76. It is a very useful drug for diabetes and was discovered by Dr.F.G. Banting in 1922. It is a product of unknown nature derived from the pancreas of animals. It regulates the percentage of sugar in blood. If the percentage is too high it converts the excess into starch and stores the starch in liver, muscles and skin. With the help of insulin a diabetic patient leads a normal healthy life. It is generally injected into the patient. 77. Calcium is required for the

growth and maintenance of bones and teeth. Calcium is also needed for the activity of the heart and muscles. Hence, a certain amount of calcium must be included in our daily diet. It may be worthwhile to mention here that the daily intake of calcium should be approximately one gram. The rich sources of calcium are milk, milk products, green leafy vegetables, fish, marine products, cereals like millet, ragi, etc.

In document UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO PROGRAMA DE MAESTRÍA Y DOCTORADO EN INGENIERÍA FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA (página 34-41)