4 ETAPA EXPERIMENTAL
4.1 EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL AGUA DE LLUVIA
4.1.2 RESULTADOS DE LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DE AGUA DE LLUVIA
Antibiotic : A drug derived from living organisms such as fungi or bacteria which kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria or fungi. Medical science is greatly indebted to antibiotic as the treatment of wound and injury is easier with the application of antibiotics. The well known antibiotics are penicillin, streptomycin, terramycin, neomycin, etc.
Antigen : A foreign substance, usually protein in
nature, which causes the formation of specific antibodies by the bodies immune system. Antibodies are produced to eliminate the antigens by a number of mechanisms.
Biomass : The total mass of living organisms present in a particular habitat. Measure- ment of biomass can be used for various purposes such as interaction between organi- sms, variations in population numbers etc.
Biological clock : Biological clock is the internal mecha- nism by which living organisms such as animals and plants keep track of time. It is this tracking mechanism inside them help the clock to announce the arrival of morning and flowers to bloom in spring.
Chromosomes : Chromosomes are thread like structure present in a cell nucleus that carry the genes. They are regarded today as the major carrier of genetic material, consisting of DNA and various types of protein. There are 46 chromosomes in a normal human cell. It has the ability to make duplicate copy of its own.
Dehydration : Dehydration is the excessive loss of water and salt from the tissues of the body. Excessive loss of salt- containing fluids as a result of severe vomiting, diarrhoea or excessive urination can affect the circulatary system, pulse rate and blood pressure. DNA : DNA is deoxyribo- nucleic acid. It is the complex giant molecule that contains, in chemically coded form, all
the information needed to build, control and maintain a living organism. DNA is a ladder like double-stranded nucleic acid that forms the basis of genetic inheritance in almost all organisms. In organisms other than bacteria, it is organised into chromosomes and contained in the cell nucleus.
Diabetes Mellitus : Diabetes is a common metabolic disorder in which there is failure of the pancreas to produce insulin in amounts needed to control sugar metabolism. As a result the blood sugar rises above the normal values and spills over into the urine, causing large volumes to be produced. Treatment is coupled with strict dietary control and application of insulin depending on the type of diabetes. It is estimated that nearly 4% of world population suffers from this disease. To create the awareness and take precaution to prevent the disease November 14 is observed as world diabetes day.
Dialysis : Technique for removing waste products from the blood in chronic or acute kidney failure. The scientific principle applied here is diffusion. The dissolved substances of different molecular weight can be separated by using their rate of diffusion across this layers of material. RNA : RNA is ribonucleic
acid involved in the process of translating DNA, the genetic material into proteins.
It is usually single stranded, unlike the double stranded DNA and consists of a large number of nucleotides stung together, each of which comprises the sugar ribose, a phosphate group and one of four bases (uracil, cytosine, adenine and guanine). Diffusion : The spontaneous
and random movement of molecules or particles in a fluid (gas or liquid) from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, until a uniform concentration is achieved throughout. For instance, if a drop of ink is added to water, its molecules will diffuse until their colour become evenly distributed throughout.
Ecology : The study of plants and animals in relation to their environment. The term was coined by the biologist Ernest Haeckel in 1866. Electro Cardio Gram(ECG) :
A recording of the electric current produced by the contraction of heart (cardiac) muscles. ECG is used in the diagnosis of heart disease. Electro Encephalo Gram
(EEG) : A recording of the electric currents developed in the brain.
Enzyme : An organic catalyst which accelerates a reaction within a cell. All are wholly or partially protein, with or without a prosthetic group. Most of them are highly specific in their effects. Fertilization : The process of
fusion of a male gamete (sperm) with a female gamete (an egg) resulting in the formation of a zygote.
Hereditary : Passing by inheritance from one generation to another. Inflammation : The reactions
of tissues to injury, pain, increased temperature, redness and accumulation of white blood cells.
Neoplasm : a new and abnormal formation of tissue as a cancer or tumour. Obesity : Overweight of the
body due to excessive accumulation of fat.
Parasite : An organism that lives in (endo) or on (ecto) another organism, at whose expense it gains nourish- ment, and, often protection. Vaccine: A preparation of
pathogens or substances derived from them administered to a person in order to establish resistance to an infection. Vaccine is available for most of the diseases caused by bacteria. BCG, triple antigen, polio vaccine are some examples. Bionics : The study of
functions, characteristics and phenomena observed in the living world and the application of this knowledge to the world of machines. Hypermetropia: It is a defect
of eye in which near objects are not distinctly visible. This is also called long- sightedness. It can be corrected by using convex lenses (converging lenses). Hydroponics: The cultivation
of plants by placing the roots in liquid nutrient solutions without soil.
Osmosis: The flow of a solvent through a membrane that permits the passage of
the solvent but not of dissolved substances. Eugenics: The study of the
production of better offspr- ings of human beings by the careful selection of parents. Astigmatism : It refers to a
defect of an optical image in which rays passing through the lens focus in different planes. It can be rectified by using cylindrical lenses. Bile : Secretion from the liver. It
has a brownish - yellow colour and is bitter to taste. It is helpful in the digestion of food. Blood sugar : Glucose circulating in blood. its normal level is 90-180 mg per 100 ml of blood in man. Fermentation : The chemical
changes brought about by living organisms (yeasts, bacteria, etc)in which bigger organic molecules are converted into smaller molecules, e.g., conversion of glucose and sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Genetic code : The code by
which inherited characteris- tics are passed on from one generation to another. The deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) in the chromosomes carry them forward during reproduction.
Demography : It is the study of all aspects of population like number, birth rate, death rate, age groups, sex relation, occupation, education etc. in human beings.
Morphine : White crystalline, bitter narcotic principal alkaloid of opium. It is used in medicine as hydrochloride or sulphate to dull pain, sedation and induce sleep.
Plant breeding: It is the science of producing impro- ved varieties of crop plants by changing their heridity for one or more traits like higher yield, better quality shorter duration, resistance to common diseases etc. Quarantine: It is checking of
incoming plants, seeds, fruits, tissues and other organisms for any harmful effect, which can cause diseases in local plants, animals and humans. Plant quarantine is meant for preventing introduction of exotic pests, weeds, and diseases into the country under DIP Act 1914.
Germplasm: Germplasm is the sum total of all alleles of genes present in various varieties of crop plant, its related species and wild relatives. Germ plasm is the foundation over which all the improved varieties are constructed.
Hybridisation: It is crossing of two or more types of plants for bringing their traits together in the progeny. The individual used in hybrid- isation are called parents. Hybridisation is the most common method of creating genetic variation.
Animal breeding: It is the science of producing impro- ved breeds of domesticated animal, by improving their genotype through selective mating. The main objectives for animal breeding are increased quantity and improved quality of their products and resistance to diseases etc.
Biopesticide: They are biological agents and their products which can be used as pesticides against seeds, insects and pathogens. Biopesticides can be viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and mites.
Biopatent: It is an official licence to use a particular biological material for commercial exploitations. Biopiracy : It is exploitation
of bioresources of a country by organisations and multin- ationals for commercial exploitation with or without patent but without any access and benefit sharing agreement (ABA). Bioreso- urce or biological sources are all those organisms which
can provide commercial benefits. They are abundant in developing countries which are poor in technology. They are rich in traditional knowledge related to bioresources also. On the other hand developed countries are poor in bioreso- urces. Based on traditional knowledge institutions and companies of industrialised nations are collecting and exploiting bioresources of other nations by getting them patented.
Eg: A patent granted in U.S.A. for basmati rice germplasm which has an entire range located in India. Bioethics: Bioethics is a set of
preceptions, standards and principle which regulate our activities in relation to exploitation of biological world particularly in view of the latest break through in biotechnology.
Explant: In tissue culture, part of plant to be cultured. Radon: A rare radio active
gaseous element now found to be emitted from several mineral ingredients causing leukemia, brain tumours and kidney cancers.
Biodegradable plastic: It is being developed from low density polyethylene mixed with starch. The new plastic takes only two months to degrade inside the soil.
In the human body, the heart is usually situated in the middle of the thorax with the largest part of the heart slightly offset to the left (although sometimes it is on the right, see dextrocardia), underneath the
Anterior (frontal) view of the opened heart.
superior vena cava (blood from the body) Pulmonary artery to right lung Pulmonary veins from right lung
Right atrium Aortic valve Tricuspid valve Right ventricle
Inferior vena cava (blood from the body)
Aorta (blood to the body) Pulmonary artery (to left lung)
Pulmonary veins (from left lung)
left atrium Pulmonary valve Mitral valve Left ventricle Septum
breastbone. The heart is usually felt to be on the left side because the left heart (left ventricle) is stronger (it pumps to all body parts). The left lung is smaller than the right lung because the heart occupies more of the left hemithorax. The heart is enclosed by a sac known as the pericardium and is surrounded by the lungs. The pericardium comprises two parts: the fibrous pericardium, made of dense fibrous connective tissue; and a double membrane structure containing a serous fluid to reduce friction during heart contractions (the serous pericardium). The mediastinum, a subdivision of the thoracic cavity, is the name of the heart cavity.
The apex is the blunt point situated in an inferior (pointing down and left) direction. A stethoscope can be placed directly over the apex so that the beats can be counted. It is located posterior to the 5th intercostal space in the left mid-clavicular line. In normal adults, the mass of the heart is 250-350 g (9-12 oz), or about three quarters the size of a clenched fist, but extremely diseased hearts can be up to 1000 g (2 lb) in mass due to hypertrophy. It consists of four chambers, the two upper atria (singular: atrium ) and the two lower ventricles. On the left is a picture of a fresh human heart which was removed from a 64-year-old male.
Fill in the Blanks
1. Heat engine converts heat in to ...
2. Diamond is an allotropic form of ...
3. ... was the first space ship to land on moon.
4. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is ...
5. Indian Institute of Astrophysics is in –––– 6. Human eye contains ...
lens.
7. ... is employed as a moderator in a nuclear reactor.
8. The hydrometer is an instrument used to measure ... of liquids
9. The laws of electrolysis were propounded by ... 10. ... is used to measure
angular distances between two objects.
11. ... is the apparatus for measuring blood pressure. 12. ... is used to measure the
speed of a moving vehicle. 13. ... is used to determine
the concentration of salt solutions by measuring their densities.
14. Sonometer is used to study the behaviour of ...
15. ... is used to calculate the curvature of spherical objects. 16. ... is used to see two dimensional pictures as having depth and solidity. 17. ... is to hear and analyse
beats of heart and lungs. 18. ... is used to record small
intervals of time in the laboratory, races etc.
19. ... is used to convert a photograph into a map. 20. ... is an instrument used
to record speed of aeroplane and motor boats.
21. Tangent galvanometer is used for measuring the strength of ...
22. ... is an instrument used to measure the speed and direction of motion of cloud. 23. By winding a watch, we store
... energy.
24. Beta rays are nothing but speeding ...
25. The filament of an electric bulb is made of ... 26. The element most
abundantly found in the earth’s crust is ... 27. The element found on the
surface of the moon, which is also described as ‘strategic metal’ is ...
28. Thermocouple is used to convert heat energy into ... energy.
29. ... is an instrument to measure the pressure of gases. 30. The quantities that have only magnitude and not direction are called ...
31. Rate of change of velocity is called ...
32. The amount of water vapour in the air is termed as ... 33. The density of water is maximum at ... temper- ature.
34. Weight of a body at the centre of earth is ...
35. The escape velocity of earth is ...
36. The force of attraction between like molecules is called ...
37. The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called ...
38. Kinetic energy of a body is due to its ...
39. ... is the ability to do work.
40. Fluids flow with zero viscosity is called ... 41. ... is used for measuring
flow of liquids.
42. As temperature increases viscosity of liquids ... 43. Surface tension decreases
with ... of temperature. 44. Liquid assumes spherical
shape due to ...
45. study of sound is known as ...
46. The speed greater than speed of sound is ...
47. ... is used to reproduce sound.
48. Rocket propulsion is based on ...
49. ... is used to measure atomic distances. It is also the unit of wavelength of light. 50. ... is the distance
travelled by light in one year. 51. Nautical mile is used in navigation. One nautical mile is equal to ... km. 52. One inch (in) is equal to
... cm.
53. One yard (yd) is equal to ... m.
54. One foot (ft) is equal to ... m. 55. One mile is equal to ... km. 56. ... is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gm of water by 1o C.
57. One Acre (a) is equal to ... m2
58. 1 Hectare (ha) is equal to ... acres.
Answers to fill in the blanks
1. Mechanical energy 2. Carbon
3. Lunic-II 4. 1 bar
5. Kodai Canal (Tamil Nadu) 6. Convex lens 7. Graphite 8. Specific Gravity 9. Faraday 10. Sextant, 11. Sphygmomanometer 12. Speedometer 13. Salinometer 14. vibrating strings 15. Spherometer 16. Stereoscope 17. Stethescope 18. Stopwatch 19. Stereoplotter 20. Tachometer 21. direct current 22. Nephoscope 23. Potential 24. Electrons 25. Tungsten 26. Aluminium 27. Titanium 28. Electrical 29. Manometer 30. Scalar quantities 31. Acceleration 32. humidity 33. 4o C 34. zero 35. 11.2 km/s or 7 miles/s 36. cohesion 37. potential energy 38. motion 39. energy 40. Super fluids 41. Venturimeter 42. decreases 43. rise 44. surface tension 45. Acoustics 46. supersonic 47. phonogram
48. Newton’s third law of motion. 49. Angstrom 50. Light year 51. 1.825 52. 2.54 53. 0.914 54. 0.3048 55. 1.609 56. Calorie 57. 100 58. 2.471
Answer in a Word
1. Name the instrument used to measure the strength of an electric current
2. Which metal is called the metal of future?
3. Which is the first nuclear research reactor of India?
4. Barometer was invented by - 5. Intensity of an earthquake is
measured by-
6. Raman effect is related with the-
7. The instrument which is used to measure very high temperatures -
8. The instrument which detects the presence of infrared rays is -
9. Name the quantity which remains same before and after the immersion of two objects of same weights.
10. Name the energy possessed by the water when it is colle- cted in the reservoir of a dam? 11. Which law states that stress
by strain is a constant? 12. Echo and reverberation is due
to which phenomenon? 13. Sound travels fastest in which
medium?
14. In a doctor’s stethescope, the sound is intensified because of which phenomenon? 15. Why does mercury is used as
the liquid in thermometers?