Recomendaciones para conservar la diversidad genética del pino blanco, para

Closely linked to and reinforcing the political-will is resourcing of the reform process. The post 2007/08 police reform had enormous budgetary implications for the Kenya. Financing the reform called for commitment beyond what the government had been allocating to the police. During the financial year 2010-2011 for example, the Police Reform Implementation Committee required a total of Ksh. 19,751,500,000 for the reform programme, out which the Government committed Ksh.10,681,500,000 (PRIC, 2010). The remaining Ksh.9,170,000,000 would be mobilised through donor funding. For the year 2013-2014, the police was awarded Ksh.60 billion out of the Ksh 80 billion that the police requested from the treasury- a shortfall of Ksh.20 billion to be bridged by donors.¹³⁴ In terms of budgetary allocation, ‘this is the first since independence where you can see that there is a serious attempt to provide huge resources to the service.¹³⁵

Funding the police reform process was a test measure to the political will discussed previously, not only for the Kenyan government, but also for the international community that brokered the peace deal that called for reforms. Donor support for police reform process is largely undertaken

132 Interview with K-Int2

133 Interview with K-Int1

134 Interview with K-Int3

135 Interview with K-Int2

within the framework of democracy and governance assistance with attention being given to Agenda Four items under which police reform falls (Zeeuw, 2010). Three categories of donors remain active in supporting police reform.¹³⁶ The first group comprises multilateral agencies including the UNDP and the Delegation of the European Commission. The second category involves bilateral partners, mainly comprising four donors and includes mainly Sweden, Britain, USA and Netherlands.¹³⁷ Bilateral support is through basket funding managed by the UNDP and the UNODC and focus on different priorities as seen on

Sources: Kingdom of the Netherlands (2014), Open Aid Data (2014), Zeeuw (2010)

Sweden supports community policing, gender and child protection. It is also leading in terms of resources and development support. The United States support Internal Affairs Unit which deals with complaints while the

136 The researcher was only able to interview a key informant from DfID`. Other donors did not grant the opportunity for unknown reasons.

137 Interview with K-Int3

138 Basket Funding is a joint funding modality by several donors for a sector or for budget support

139 Though the donor assistance covers wide programmes, our focus here is on those programmes that have police reform component. The agencies stated are those that are directly involved with the police.

140 See; (Kingdom of the Netherlands, 2014)

141 Open Aid Data (2014)

United Kingdom supports public order management and training of police commanders particularly during the 2013 general elections.¹⁴² The training provided by the UK however became the subject of debate after it emerged that the training provided was used to eliminate Muslim clerics believed to be preaching radicalism.¹⁴³ On its part, Netherlands supports police reform process through non-governmental organisations groups, notably through Saferworld and Usalama Reform Forum. The police only monitor these funds as noted by a key informant ‘they tell us how much they have given the civil society and then we are monitoring how they are spending’ (sic).¹⁴⁴ Recent bilateral support was signed between the government of Kenya and Turkey in which the latter would support programmes to modernise and upgrade the Kenya police service to tackle the threat of terrorism (Adan, 2014)

Whilst it was not possible to obtain the exact extent of funding for the different agencies involved in the reform process, interviews with the key stakeholders indicated that adequate funding remains a challenge though given government’s commitment, the allocations to these institutions remain acceptable. For example, a key informant from IPOA argued that it would be practically impossible to get everything they wanted at one once and so what is important is to optimise on the resources they get from the government.¹⁴⁵ Additionally, when the Jubilee government took over, the president authorised an additional Ksh.4 billion annually to go towards supporting police operations.

Despite the increased funding for police reform process as compared to previous reform attempts, the issue of inadequate resources continues to be an inhibiting factor. This finding was not only limited to respondents from within the police service, but also from the wider stakeholders involved in the process. According to a key informant in the police service, the pace of reforms remains slow, ‘the major reason is finances.

Everything is on paper. Some of the recommendations by the task force

142 Interview with K-Int7. Also see; DfID (2015).

143 See; Jepson ( 2014).

144 Interview with K-Int3.

145 Interview with K-Int2

headed by Philip Ransley have never been addressed.¹⁴⁶ Another respondent supporting police-public partnership and who unsuccessfully applied for the position of the first Inspector General of Police noted that

‘one of the handicaps that is facing the police force is equipment and facilities particularly, transport.’¹⁴⁷ At the same time, it was noted that inadequate funding was responsible for the fact that community policing started by civil society organisations was not rolled out throughout the country and that it also made it hard to push forward the community policing agenda.

While in the eyes of the public the police reform ‘does not respond to the needs of the people because they are underfunded,’¹⁴⁸ some key informants felt otherwise, noting that while inadequate resources is an issue, it is not one the greatest challenge facing reforms as the police would want Kenyans to believe. They argue there is evidence of ‘massive investment of money by certain countries specifically American and British governments in Kenya’s security system’ and that ‘the problem is not about not about capacity or resources but a system and people who have a certain institutional culture and practice which got so engrained and it is so privileged that they cannot believe it can go.¹⁴⁹ Comparatively, there was evidence of increased funding for the police though this was still not sufficient to fund the police reform process.