Índice de resistencia del ensayo Franklin
2.3.10 RESISTENCIA AL ESFUERZO CORTANTE O CIZALLA
6. 1 What portion of patients who visit a physician do so because of physical Ans. B symptoms caused by psychological distress?
Fac a. about one half p. 184 b. about one third E c. about one fifth
d. less than one tenth
6. 2 What portion of patients who visit a physician do so because of physical Ans. C symptoms that have developed largely because of unhealthy behaviors such as Fac smoking and drinking?
p. 184 a. about five percent E b. about ten percent
c. about thirty percent d. about sixty percent
*
6. 3 Imagine you are a health psychologist. Which activity below would be of Ans. C LEAST interest to you?
App a. establishing relationships between negative affect in childhood and elevated p. 184 mortality rates in later life
M b. evaluating the association between breast cancer and socioeconomic class c. applying discoveries from biomedical research to develop a cure for AIDS d. understanding cognitions associated with high risk behaviors such as
unprotected sex
6. 4 Dr. Palmer is a health psychologist. Which activity below would probably not Ans. D interest him in regard to his research endeavors?
App a. developing and evaluating techniques for promoting behaviors linked with p. 184 lower exposure to the HIV vims
M b. evaluating programs to increase compliance with treatment for individuals undergoing chemotherapy
c. developing psychological interventions that contribute to more effective treatment of hypertension
d. designing safer treatments for cardiovascular disease and cancer
6. 5 Behavioral medicine is different from health psychology because behavioral Ans. C medicine
Con a. follows a biopsychosocial model.
p. 184-5 b. focuses on the role of psychological and social factors in physical health.
E c. is an interdisciplinary field incorporating biomedical research, d. is interested in understanding, treating, and preventing illness.
6. 6 If you were a proponent of the biopsychosocial model, you would NOT Ans. A a. place greatest emphasis on the biological causes and treatment of illness.
App b. emphasize the contribution of social factors to the development of illness, p. 185 c. state that psychological processes play a role in illness and prevention.
E d. view physical illness as partially dependent on biological vulnerabilities.
6. 7 The ancient Greeks held a view of the relationship between mind and body that Ans. D a. conflicted with the views later expressed by Freud.
Con b. was essentially the same as that popular during the Renaissance.
p. 185 c. emphasized dualism.
M d. is similar to the view taken by modem behavioral medicine scientists.
6. 8 If you emphasized the duality of mind and body, when and where might you be Ans. D living?
Con a. 12th century China p. 185 b. ancient Greece
M c. late 19th century Vienna d. Renaissance Europe
6. 9 In a report of the historical influences on the rise of behavioral medicine, a Ans. B student would include each of the following EXCEPT
Con a. the work of Sir William Osier in the early 1900s.
p. 185 b. the Renaissance dualism preserved in Freud's psychoanalytic theory.
M c. changes in the nature of disease in Western cultures, d. the rise of psychiatry in the late 1800s.
*
6. 10 According to your text, the father of modern behavioral medicine is Ans. C a. Sigmund Freud.
Fac b. Aristotle.
p. 185 c. Sir William Osier.
E d. Franz Alexander.
6. 11 If you agreed with Sir William Osier, you would hypothesize that Ans. A a. the symptoms of heart disease can be brought on by negative affect.
App b. the symptoms of heart disease are brought on by carelessness.
p. 185 c. heart disease is a natural, biological disease, with few links to psychology.
M d. the heart is the center of the universe, and ills of the universe are reflected as illness of the heart.
6. 12 You were part of the group responsible for revising the category of
Ans. B "psychosomatic disorders" for a new DSM. Why did you decide to change the App category?
p. 185 a. Its title overemphasized the role of psychological factors in some illnesses.
M b. Psychological factors are influential in virtually all diseases, not just a select
* few.
c. "Psychophysiological disorders" was chosen instead because it more correctly identified physiological contributions to these disorders.
d. It was changed to "somatoform disorders" to recognize the contribution of psychological factors to most diseases.
6. 13 If you were alive in the United States in the early twentieth century, which Ans. B illness below would you be least likely to fall prey to?
App a. pneumonia p. 186 b. cancer E c. tuberculosis
d. influenza
6. 14 As a health worker in recent years, what would you witness as the two leading Ans. A causes of death in the United States?
App a. diseases of the heart and cancer p. 186 b. diseases of the heart and homicide M c. cancer and homicide
d. cerebrovascular diseases and unintentional injuries
6. 15 The DSM-IV tries to differentiate between mental and physical disorders in Ans. D three ways. Which item below is not one of them?
Con a. It provides special rules for classifying mental disorders caused by drugs and p. 186-7 medical conditions.
E b. It directs clinicians to use multiple diagnoses to classify all the conditions that might apply to a given patient.
c. It devotes one axis to general medical conditions that are related to a mental disorder.
d. It explicitly and consistently specifies which disorders are medical and which are mental.
6. 16 One of your clients has major depression that is caused primarily by long-term Ans. A insulin-dependent diabetes. Using the DSM-IV, you would correctly diagnose App this client, in part, by including which of the following?
p. 186 a. diabetes on Axis III
M b. "medical illnesses affecting psychological condition" on Axis I c. "endogenous major depression" on Axis II
d. "diabetes-related depression" on Axis III
6. 17 In what way are somatoform disorders different from the "psychological factors Ans. A affecting medical condition" category? Somatoform disorders
Fac a. appear to be caused exclusively by psychological factors with no physical p. 187 disease.
M b. involve minor medical conditions associated with severe psychological symptoms.
c. apply to persons who are intentionally exaggerating their physical illnesses.
d. are the former diagnoses that are now listed under "mental disorders due to a general medical condition. "
6. 18 Jerry likes to go to the hospital and tell the doctors he has something wrong Ans. B with him, even though he has nothing wrong. He likes the attention he receives.
App What description best fits Jerry?
p. 187 a. somatoform disorder E b. factitious disorder
c. malingering d. fraud
6. 19 In order to collect workman's compensation, Richard claims he has severely hurt Ans. D his back in a fall from a ladder although his back is not injured. What
App description best fits Richard?
p. 187 a. psychosomatic disorder E b. factitious disorder
c. somatoform disorder
6. 20 What was Franz Alexander's major contribution to health psychology?
Ans. C a. He wrote a critique of the first DSM, leading to reform in later depictions of Con the psychophysiological disorders.
p. 188 b. He proposed a link between classical conditioning and certain stomach E disorders.
c. He proposed a link between emotional states and physical illness.
d. He helped identify and document the Type A behavior pattern and its connection to CHD.
6. 21 Bill has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Sometimes he becomes Ans. D depressed, and he begins to drink excessively. Which statement below does NOT App apply to this case?
p. 188 a. Psychological and social influences associated with unhealthy behaviors may E indirectly lead to or aggravate Bill's COPD.
b. Bill's COPD itself can account for some changes in his psychological functioning.
c. Bill's COPD and his drinking and depression could both be influenced by a common, underlying biological process.
d. Biological and psychological factors independently influence the course of Bill's COPD.
6. 22 Jane is a very competitive individual. She likes gymnastic sports and is very Ans. C aggressive. What factor below is not likely to increase Jane's risk of illness?
App a. the interactive relationship between Jane's aggressiveness and her p. 188 environment
M b. frequent physiological arousal under conditions of stress
c. a tendency to view competitions as challenges rather than threats d. decreased social support
6. 23 Marvin was diagnosed with atherosclerosis. Which of the following is NOT a Ans. D likely consequence of his condition?
App a. high blood pressure p. 189 b. an aneurysm
E c. myocardial infarction d. vasocongestion
6. 24 Luca has a form of CHD that results from inadequate removal of carbon dioxide Ans. D from the blood in her heart and creates radiating pain; Matthew has a form of App CHD in which blood supply to his heart has been completely stopped, resulting p. 189 in serious heart damage. Luca has __, and Matthew has
M a. angina pectoris; an aneurysm
* b. an aneurysm; angina pectoris
c. myocardial infarction; myocardial infarction also d. angina pectoris; myocardial infarction
6. 25 Katrina was hospitalized after feeling as though her chest was being squeezed in Ans. B a vice, requiring her to gasp for every breath. She has experienced
App a. a stroke.
p. 189 b. a myocardial infarction.
E c. an aneurysm.
d. a hypertensive induction.
. 26 Which of the following persons is MOST likely to have CHD?
Ans. A a. Tony, a 50-year-old white male
App b. Ted, a 45-year-old Chinese American male p. 189 c. Mitch, a 37-year-old black male
M d. Leslie, a 60-year-old black female
*
6. 27 Sun Cho is a male of Mandarin Chinese heritage. What is his risk for Ans. B developing coronary heart disease compared to that for a male of European App descent?
p. 189 a. one-fifth the risk E b. half the risk
c. two times the risk d. the same risk
6. 28 Mick, 35 years old, has average blood pressure. Which reading below probably Ans. C belongs to him?
App a. 141/92 p. 189 b. 132/87 E c. 121/82 d. 113/74
6. 29 If Shandra's hypertension is typical, which characteristic applies?
Ans. B a. Her diastolic pressure is higher than her systolic pressure.
App b. It is affected by levels of sodium in her body.
p. 189 c. It could lead to diabetes or other pancreatic problems if untreated.
E d. It has an identifiable organic cause.
6. 30 Which of the following persons is most likely to have hypertension?
Ans. A a. Bella, a 64-year-old black female App b. Sharon, a 70-year-old white female p. 190 c. Rodney, a 52-year-old black male E d. Tom, a 42-year-old white male
6. 31 Hank has been diagnosed with high blood pressure. If he is like most people Ans. D with this disorder, his disease is caused by
App a. excessive sodium intake.
p. 190 b. chronic levels of stress.
M c. atherosclerosis.
* d. no identifiable physical condition.
6. 32 A sample of 100 randomly selected black women over the age of 60 are
Ans. D participating in a study of protective factors related to osteoporosis. How many App of these women would be expected to exhibit hypertension?
p. 190 a. 25 E b. 48 c. 60 d. 80
Samantha has been admitted to the hospital for a stroke. What has happened to Samantha?
a. Blood vessels in her lungs have burst, causing unconsciousness.
b. Insufficient oxygen to her heart has caused severe pain in her chest.
c. A plaque-clogged artery has cut off blood flow in her heart.
d. A clot or an aneurysm has occurred in her brain, disrupting blood flow.
Andy, a high level supervisor, tends to be quite dominant in social settings.
With frequent employee turnover in his division, Andy feels pressured to let each new employee know "who's boss" to assert his control and authority.
Based on Manuck et al. 's work, what would you predict about his heart function compared to other people?
a. Due to the greater level of control he exercises in his environment, he will have a lower risk for developing arterial plaque.
b. Due to the greater level of responsibility he carries in his environment, he will have a higher risk for developing arterial plaque.
c. Due to the repeated disruptions in his work setting, he will have a higher risk for developing arterial plaque.
d. If he has a genetic predisposition to CUD, he will have a higher risk for developing arterial plaque regardless of social setting.
In Manuck et al. 's work with monkeys, which group demonstrated the least arterial plaque?
a. submissive monkeys in an unstable social group b. dominant monkeys in an unstable social group c. submissive monkeys in a stable social group d. dominant monkeys in a stable social group
In a study involving manipulations of the social hierarchies of monkeys, researchers discovered that
a. life at the top was always related to lower levels of cardiovascular plaque buildup.
b. unstable social hierarchies led to greater plaque buildup in submissive monkeys compared to monkeys in the other groups.
c. unstable social hierarchies led to greater plaque buildup in dominant monkeys compared to monkeys in the other groups.
d. stable hierarchies led to lower plaque levels for all the monkeys in that group.
Mrs. Ogden has dragged her husband to the office of Drs. Friedman and Rosenman. What are these physicians likely to look for in Mr. Ogden?
a. chronic essential hypertension
b. time urgency, aggressiveness, competitiveness c. chronicity of environmental stressors
d. a family history of CHD and current levels of social support
6. 38 You are often irritable, always seeking competitive activities, easily annoyed by Ans. C events that delay the attainment of your goals, and are rarely satisfied by your App achievements. What personality type would some health psychologists say you p. 192 exhibit?
E a. Type B b. Type C c. Type A
d. Irritable-Competitive Type
6. 39 You have been asked to conduct an assessment of a client's Type A personality.
Ans. D What assessment instrument should you choose?
App a. Jenkins Activity Schedule p. 192 b. Millon Personality Inventory M c. an unstructured clinical interview
d. a structured clinical interview
6. 40 What was the central finding from the Western Collaborative Group Study and Ans. B the Framingham Heart Study?
Con a. The majority of Type A individuals were to likely develop some form of CHD p. 193 when family history, diet, and smoking were controlled for.
M b. Type A individuals were twice as likely as Type B individuals to develop some
* form of CHD during each study.
c. The Western study found increased CHD in Type A individuals over an 8 1/2-year period while the 40-year Framingham study found little difference.
d. Contrary to expectations, there was a tendency in both studies for Type B individuals to have a slightly higher risk for CHD.
6. 41 A student's report on the link between Type A personality and CHD could Ans. A include each of the following statements EXCEPT
Con a. About half of persons with Type A behaviors are likely to develop some p. 192-3 form of CHD if they are in situations involving chronic interpersonal conflict.
M b. Varying measurements of Type A personality and cultural differences probably account for some contradictory research findings about that link.
c. Hostility, anger, cynicism, and other negative emotions may be more important in CHD than the "hurry sickness" behaviors.
d. Chronic physiological overarousal resulting in rapid hormonal changes could account for the personality-CHD connection.
6. 42 You are a graduate student working toward a Ph. D. in health psychology.
Ans. B Which of the following topics would be LEAST productive for your dissertation App research, based on currently available information?
p. 193 a. "What cognitive and social characteristics are associated with increased C cardiovascular reactivity to chronic stressors?"
b. "What psychological intervention is most effective for prevention of CHD in hurried, impatient, 'workaholic' Type A persons?"
c. "How do unhealthy behavioral habits (e. g., poor nutrition) contribute to the CHD risk associated with the Type A pattern?"
d. "What constellation of negative emotions are most strongly related to physiological overarousal and CHD risk?"
6. 43 Andy is a cynic and is usually hostile and suspicious towards others. Andy has Ans. B little patience with others and typically feels a very strong time urgency, App appearing edgy and nervous to others. In his work and personal life, Andy is p. 193 preoccupied with success and accomplishment. His only means of relaxation M are smoking and occasional excessive alcohol use. Which component(s) of
Andy's behavior may be the MOST harmful to his cardiovascular health, according to current research?
a. competitiveness and time urgency
b. negative emotions such as hostility and cynicism c. substance use
d. excessive ambition and drive
6. 44 Beth has high blood pressure, is overweight, smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, Ans. D suffers from chronic headaches, and is often cynical in her attitude. What is the App most likely cause of her health problems?
p. 194-6 a. smoking and lack of exercise M b. an unhealthy lifestyle
* c. stress and negative affect
d. a reciprocal interaction between several factors
6. 45 According to Dr. Karen Matthews, who should be the targeted population for Ans. C successful health psychology interventions?
Fac a. young adults identified on the basis of family history and behavioral risk p. 195 factors
E b. persons age 18 and older who exhibit high levels of negative emotions c. children in middle school and younger, and their families
d. lower-SES families living in stressful urban environments
6. 46 What changes in classical scientific thinking encouraged the development of Ans. D psychoneuroimmunology to become possible?
Fac a. the development of new brain imaging systems
p. 196 b. increased collaboration between psychologists and neurologists M c. changes in scientific funding from Congress
d. the realization that the brain and immune system are connected in important ways
6. 47 Pavlov's dogs were instrumental in demonstrating the principles of classical Ans. C conditioning. Ader and Cohen's rats were instrumental in showing the Con application of those principles to
p. 196 a. behavioral medicine.
M b. creative novation therapy.
c. the biopsychosocial model.
d. psychoneuroimmunology.
6. 48 George has cancer. He has been receiving chemotherapy for some time now for Ans. D his illness. Before George goes in for treatment he becomes nauseous. What is App the most likely cause of this nausea?
p. 196 a. his cancer
E b. cyclophosphamide, the chemotherapy drug c. whatever he ate the prior night
d. classical conditioning
6. 49 Mara has been treated with chemotherapy in a room with a strong antiseptic Ans. A smell by a nurse who wears shoes that make noisy squeaks when she walks.
App Today at home, she was putting an antibiotic on a cut when she heard someone p. 196 squeaking across the wet kitchen floor. What is the term for Mara's resulting M nausea?
* a. conditioned response b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. unconditioned stimulus
6. 50 When was the first case of AIDS diagnosed in the U. S. ? Ans. C a. 1969
Fac b. 1977 p. 197 c. 1981 E d. 1988
6. 51 Myron contracted HIV-1 during a blood transfusion. What effect does this virus Ans. D have on Myron's body?
App a. It changes the way in which DNA controls cell growth.
p. 197 b. It alters the synthesis and action of several neurotransmitters in the brain.
E c. It causes autotoxic reactions in the endocrine system.
d. It destroys T cells in the immune system.
6. 52 Vondra has just been diagnosed with AIDS. Why will it be very difficult to Ans. A treat this disease effectively?
App a. HIV can mutate into strains that are resistant to d r u g treatments.
p. 197 b. No drugs have been developed that have a physiological effect on HIV.
M c. Like most people with HIV, Vondra will probably have no symptoms and thus will not pursue treatment,
d. The side effects of treatment cause such severe anticipatory nausea that she will probably terminate treatment.
6. 53 If current predictions are correct, when you are watching television news in the Ans. C year 2000, what number of people will be reported to have AIDS around the App world?
p. 198 a. 20 million E b. 26 million c. 30 million d. 35 million
6. 54 As a health care worker in an African or Asian country, what two modes of Ans. B HIV transmission would you be most concerned about?
App a. homosexual contact and heterosexual contact p. 198 b. heterosexual contact and mother-child transmission M c. intravenous drug sharing and mother-child transmission
* d. homosexual contact and intravenous drug sharing
6. 55 A sociologist is studying the growing incidence of AIDS in the U. S. She Ans. D discovers that the number of AIDS cases is growing quickly in each of the App following groups EXCEPT
p. 198 a. low-income blacks.
M. b. Hispanic adolescents.
c. young women.
d. Asian American males.
6. 56 As a female between the ages of 18 and 44, Karen is most likely to die as a Ans. A result of cancer. By the year 2000, it is predicted that the second most likely App cause of her death will be
p. 198 a. AIDS.
E b. cardiovascular disease.
c. homicide.
d. cancer.
6. 57 As a counselor at a local women's health clinic, you are aware that HIV Ans. B infection is growing at an alarming rate for women. Which of the following is App NOT among the factors that have been linked to that epidemic?
p. 198 a. sexual victimization M b. homosexual contact
c. poverty
d. intravenous drug use
6. 58 Which of the following persons is at greatest risk for HIV infection?
Ans. C a. Martin, a gay male in a long-term monogamous relationship
Ans. C a. Martin, a gay male in a long-term monogamous relationship