Roles educativos

Accident model is a stereotypes perspective about how an accident occur [15].

Accident model provide knowledge about basic mechanism that become a background

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of the accident scenario, where the investigation method providing information that needed to analyze the accident in specific structure [16]. The model of accident occurrence is closely related to accident investigation activity. Kjellen [17] explained that accident occurrence model will support the investigator to :

- Making mental overview from accident structure.

- Asking the right question and define data that must be collected.

- Establishing stop rule (for example the rule of when to stop searching to new reason which have nothing to do with the accident occurrence).

- Checking that every relevant data has been collected.

- Evaluating, structuring and summarizing data become a meaningful info.

- Analyze the relationship between the pieces of information and notice the correlation of it.

- Communicating with others through the provision of term of reference that easy to understand.

Andersson 1995 [18] spell out the developing of the cause of accident model from the “primitive” one focused to one accident with one factor or one person involved, thus the newer model finding a complex abnormality, multifactor correlation, involving many people and environment as a whole. Some author tried to classified models that already create, start from Domino Heinrich model to functional resonance accident model.

Table 1. Classification of Accident Model

Classification Description Authors

Process Model explain an accident as deterioration from a normal state to deviations that lead to loss of control and injuries Energy Models explain accidents as transfers of energy and show how

barriers can prevent or stop the energy flow and thus protect victims.

Logic Tree Models

present causes of accidents in terms of logical relations among events and conditions in the affected system.

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Classification Description Authors

Systems Models pay particular attention to human, technical, and organisational factors or to the interplay among them.

These include management models and so-called systemic models that consider the dynamics and complexity of accidents.

Cognitive Models analyse human errors in terms of failures in cognitive function – how these are caused by contextual variables and how these variables lead to accidents (presented in Chapter 10).

Chain of Event Risk defined as weakest link in the chain

Sydney Dekker 2014 (19) Barrier (Swiss

Cheese)

Risk defined as accident trajectory not stopped

System Theory Risk defined as a control problem

Drift Risk defined as gradual acceptance of lower margins Linier accident is the overall description of a series of events,

decisions and situations culminating in injury or damage a chain of multiple events

BOK 2012 [20]

Complex Linier focus on the view that accidents happen in a linear way where A leads to B which leads to C and examine the chain of events between multiple causal factors displayed in a sequence usually from left to right

Complex Non Linier

tightly coupled systems had little tolerance for even the slightest disturbance which would result in unfavourable outcomes.

Sequential Accident Models

the accident as a sequence of events in a specific order

Panagiota

the accident in terms of human behaviour and actions

Systemic Accident Models

model which include organisational and management factors and describe the performance of the whole system

Sequential Accident Models

Accidents as the result of sequence of events that occur in specific manner

Erik Hollnagel 2002 [31]

Epidemiological Accident Models

Accident is analogy with disease i.e., as the outcome of a combination of factors, some manifest and some latent, that happen to exist together in space and time Systemic Accident these models endeavour to describe the characteristic

performance on the level of the system as a whole,

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Classification Description Authors

Models rather than on the level of specific cause-effect

“mechanisms” or even epidemiological factors. Instead of using a structural decomposition of the system, the systemic view considers accidents as emergent phenomena, which therefore also are “normal” or

“natural” in the sense of being something that must be expected.

From table 1 it appears that, the classification of accident-causing models is divided into various classes according to the point of view of each of the founders. From some of the classification, author prefers to explore the classification from BOK 2012 [20]

which more simple and easy to understand. Classification accident causing model can divide to linear, linear complex and systemic and non linear complex. In simple linear model accident is assumed as culmination of a series of related incident in sequences on one straight line so that to prevent accident by eliminating one of cause the linear component. Model which part of this category are Domino Heinrich model and Bird &

Germain Loss Causation Model. Complex linear model based on presumption that accident is a result of the combination of unsafe action and latent condition in system that follow linear path. To prevent accident at this model is by strengthen barrier and obstruction. Model which part of this group are Energy Damage Model, Time Sequence Model, Epidemiological Model, Systemic Model (Swiss Cheese Model). Newer model of cause of the accident is a systemic model which assumed that the accident is no longer linear thing. Accident is assumed as the interaction result between environment variable and only to know and understand the combination and interaction of many factors accident can be identified and prevented. Model which part of this category are Systems Theoritic Accident Model and Process (STAMP) and Functional Resonance Accident Model (FRAM).

The model of the occurrence of accidents will greatly affect the views of an investigator in carrying out accident investigation activities. Model of accident occurrence will greatly affect to develop an investigation. ESREDA, 2009 [9] explain that accident occurrence model and system model are needed to connected accident occurrence to performance of organization system. Accident occurrence model is

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needed to set the incident stage structure to reflect the character of sequences and accident time and to explain causative factor in incident chain. Models will show the cause of accidents related to the structure and clarity of the dynamism and complexity of the incident. It will also show the factors and actors on the sequence of events.

Clarify relationships and interactions among factors, actions and decisions.

As is coming the new model, that’s doesn’t mean practically will better and easier to being used [20]. One of the problems with new model is the more complex of finding factor not connected to analysis system and data collection that already exists presently [21]. The research by underwood & Patterson, 2014 [22] whose doing accident analysis with complex linier base method and systemic model showed that SCM of complex linear generation is still usable to use in accident analysis.