La Observacion 1

MÉTODOS Y MÉTODOS Y  TÉCNICAS DE  TÉCNICAS DE INVESTIGACION INVESTIGACION SOCIAL IV SOCIAL IV  TÉCNICAS P  TÉCNICAS PARAARA

LA RECOGIDA DE DATOS E INFORMACIÓN LA RECOGIDA DE DATOS E INFORMACIÓN EZEQUIEL EZEQUIEL ANDER-EGG ANDER-EGG LUMEN LUMEN C Caappííttuullo 2o 2 La observación La observación l. T

l. Técnica ani!"a # écnica ani!"a # $%&'(na &' ('c%)ilaci*n &' $%&'(na &' ('c%)ilaci*n &' &a%+ ,. La %+'(aci*n&a%+ ,. La %+'(aci*n c%$% écnica &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial

c%$% écnica &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial /.

/. AlAl!"!"nana+ n+ n%(%($a$a+ # (+ # ('ca'ca"&"&%+ %+ )a)a(a ((a ('a'ali0li0a( "a( "na na %%+'+'((acaci*i*n +n +i+i+''$1$1icicaa # c%n(%la&a

# c%n(%la&a 2

2.. MM%%&&aallii&&aa&&''+ + &&' ' lla a %%++''((aaccii**nn 3.

3. InIn++("("$'$'nn%+ %+ )a)a(a ((a ('al'ali0i0a( "a( "na na %%+'+'(a(acici*n *n +i+i++'$1'$1iica # ca # c%c%nn(%(%la&la&aa 4.

4. VV'n'naa5a5a+ + &&' ' la la écécninicca a &&' ' %%++'('(aacici*n*n 6.

6. DDi7i7cc"l"la&a&'+ '+ # # ll8$8$ii'+ '+ &&' ' la la %%+'+'((acaci*i*nn ,3

,3

E+ 'i&'n' 9"' 'n n"'+(a i&a c%i&iana la %+'(aci*n '+: )%( &'ci(l% &' E+ 'i&'n' 9"' 'n n"'+(a i&a c%i&iana la %+'(aci*n '+: )%( &'ci(l% &' al!;n $%&%: 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% 9"' "ili0a$%+ %(&ina(ia$'n' )a(a a&9"i(i( al!;n $%&%: 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% 9"' "ili0a$%+ %(&ina(ia$'n' )a(a a&9"i(i( c%n%ci$i'n%+. C%nin"a$'n' %+'(a$%+: )'(% (a(a '0 l

c%n%ci$i'n%+. C%nin"a$'n' %+'(a$%+: )'(% (a(a '0 l% <ac'$%+% <ac'$%+ $'*&ica$'n' =)a(a n% &'ci( >ci'n87ca$'n'>: 9"' )"'&' ('+"la( "na $'*&ica$'n' =)a(a n% &'ci( >ci'n87ca$'n'>: 9"' )"'&' ('+"la( "na '?)('+i*n "n an% a$)"l%+a@. O+'(a( '+: )"'+: "n 9"'<ac'( &'l

'?)('+i*n "n an% a$)"l%+a@. O+'(a( '+: )"'+: "n 9"'<ac'( &'l ii(ii( %+'(a( ci'n87ca$'n' ('9"i'(' a'nci*n %l"na(ia ' in'li!'n': 'n la %+'(a( ci'n87ca$'n' ('9"i'(' a'nci*n %l"na(ia ' in'li!'n': 'n la 9"' "+ca( '+ $1+ i$)%(an' 9"'

9"' "+ca( '+ $1+ i$)%(an' 9"' $i(a($i(a(.. Sin "na &iB'('ncia &' na"(al'0a: a"n9"'

Sin "na &iB'('ncia &' na"(al'0a: a"n9"' +8 &' in'nci%nali&a& # B+8 &' in'nci%nali&a& # B%($a: +'%($a: +' <a i&% &'+a((%llan&% la écnica &' %+'(aci*n c%$% "n in+("$'n% )a(a la <a i&% &'+a((%llan&% la écnica &' %+'(aci*n c%$% "n in+("$'n% )a(a la ('c%)ilaci*n &' &a%+ ' inB%($aci*n.

('c%)ilaci*n &' &a%+ ' inB%($aci*n. . T

. Técnica ani!"a # écnica ani!"a # $%&'(na &' ('c%)ilaci*n &' $%&'(na &' ('c%)ilaci*n &' &a%+&a%+

La %+'(aci*n n% '+ +%la$'n' "na &' la+ $1+ +"il'+ acii&a&'+ &' la La %+'(aci*n n% '+ +%la$'n' "na &' la+ $1+ +"il'+ acii&a&'+ &' la i&a &ia(ia '+ a$ién "n in+("$'n% )(i$%(&ial &' la in'+i!aci*n i&a &ia(ia '+ a$ién "n in+("$'n% )(i$%(&ial &' la in'+i!aci*n ci'n87ca:

ci'n87ca:

S'lli0: a<%&a: D'"+c< # C%% S'lli0: a<%&a: D'"+c< # C%%

S' <a &ic<% # c%n (a0*n 9"' la %+'(aci*n '+ 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% S' <a &ic<% # c%n (a0*n 9"' la %+'(aci*n '+ 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% '$)8(ic% )%( '?c'l'ncia )a(a a&9"i(i( c%n%ci$i'n%+ a la '0: 'l $1+ '$)8(ic% )%( '?c'l'ncia )a(a a&9"i(i( c%n%ci$i'n%+ a la '0: 'l $1+ ani!"% # 'l $1+

ani!"% # 'l $1+ $%&'(n%. F$%&'(n%. F"' 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% "ili0a&% )%( "' 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% "ili0a&% )%( A(i+*'l'+A(i+*'l'+ )a(a ('c%!'( "'na )a(' &'

)a(a ('c%!'( "'na )a(' &' la inB%($aci*n 9"' n%+ )(%)%(ci%na 'n +" li(%la inB%($aci*n 9"' n%+ )(%)%(ci%na 'n +" li(% La )%l8ica. A&'$1+: l% )%+"la c%$% $é%&%

La )%l8ica. A&'$1+: l% )%+"la c%$% $é%&% &' '+"&i% &' l%+ B'n*$'n%+&' '+"&i% &' l%+ B'n*$'n%+ c%nc('%+: a"n9"' n% l% lla$' a+8 >

c%nc('%+: a"n9"' n% l% lla$' a+8 >D'' c%nc'&'(+' &'c8a $1+D'' c%nc'&'(+' &'c8a $1+

c%n7an0a la +'n+aci*n 9"' al (a0%na$i'n% # 7a(+' &' la+ c%n+i&'(aci%n'+ c%n7an0a la +'n+aci*n 9"' al (a0%na$i'n% # 7a(+' &' la+ c%n+i&'(aci%n'+ (aci%nal'+ $i'n(a+ é+a+ Bacili'n ('+"la&%+ 'n c%nc%(&ancia c%n l%+

(aci%nal'+ $i'n(a+ é+a+ Bacili'n ('+"la&%+ 'n c%nc%(&ancia c%n l%+ B'n*$'n%+.> M1+ c'(ca &'

B'n*$'n%+.> M1+ c'(ca &' n%+%(%+ '+1 la %(a n%+%(%+ '+1 la %(a &' Al'?i+ &' &' Al'?i+ &' TT%c9"'ill': La%c9"'ill': La &'$%c(acia 'n A$é(ica: 9"'

&'$%c(acia 'n A$é(ica: 9"' n%+ (''la l%+ ('+"la&%+ &' "n '+"&i%n%+ (''la l%+ ('+"la&%+ &' "n '+"&i%

+%ci%l*!ic% # )%l8ic% ('ali0a&% a (aé+ &' la %+'(aci*n a'na # )'(+)ica0 +%ci%l*!ic% # )%l8ic% ('ali0a&% a (aé+ &' la %+'(aci*n a'na # )'(+)ica0 &' la ('ali&a& n%('a$'(icana.

&' la ('ali&a& n%('a$'(icana. ,6

,6

E0'9"i'l An&'(-E!! E0'9"i'l An&'(-E!!

D'+&' 7n'+ &'l +i!l% )a+a&% #

D'+&' 7n'+ &'l +i!l% )a+a&% # c%$i'n0%+ &' é+': +' B"' &'+a((%llan&% lac%$i'n0%+ &' é+': +' B"' &'+a((%llan&% la %+'(aci*n c%$% in+("$'n% &' in'

%+'(aci*n c%$% in+("$'n% &' in'+i!aci*n. E+' )(%c'&i$i'n% B"'+i!aci*n. E+' )(%c'&i$i'n% B"' +i'n&% ca&a '0 $1+ +i+'$1ic%: <a+a ll'!a( a c%n+i"i( 'l in+("$'n% +i'n&% ca&a '0 $1+ +i+'$1ic%: <a+a ll'!a( a c%n+i"i( 'l in+("$'n% $'%&%l*!ic% )%( '?c'l'ncia &' la an(%)%l%!8a =#a +' la a&5'i' c%$% $'%&%l*!ic% )%( '?c'l'ncia &' la an(%)%l%!8a =#a +' la a&5'i' c%$% +%cial % c"l"(al: +'!;n 'l $%&% in!lé+ % n%('a$'(ican% &' &'+i!na(la@. +%cial % c"l"(al: +'!;n 'l $%&% in!lé+ % n%('a$'(ican% &' &'+i!na(la@. En(' l%+ aH%+ 3J # 4,: 'n l%+ '+"&i%+ 9"' M%(!an ll'a a ca% 'n la+ En(' l%+ aH%+ 3J # 4,: 'n l%+ '+"&i%+ 9"' M%(!an ll'a a ca% 'n la+ (i"+ +i"a&a+ 'n Kan+a+ # N'(a+a: ('ali0a %+'(aci%n'+ =c%$% écnica (i"+ +i"a&a+ 'n Kan+a+ # N'(a+a: ('ali0a %+'(aci%n'+ =c%$% écnica &' '+"&i%@ al

&' '+"&i%@ al '+il% &' l%+ '+il% &' l%+ an(%)*l%!%+ $%&'(n%+. C%n Tan(%)*l%!%+ $%&'(n%+. C%n T#l%( la #l%( la &i+ci)lina&i+ci)lina a&9"i'(' )'(7l'+ )(%)i%+. )'(% '+ c%n (%ni+la Malin%+i c%n 9"i'n +' a&9"i'(' )'(7l'+ )(%)i%+. )'(% '+ c%n (%ni+la Malin%+i c%n 9"i'n +' +i+'$ai0a # B"n&a$'na 'n +"+ )(i$'(a+ B%($"laci%n'+ la écnica &' +i+'$ai0a # B"n&a$'na 'n +"+ )(i$'(a+ B%($"laci%n'+ la écnica &'

%+'(aci*n. Él la "ili0a a$)lia$'n' 'n +"+ in'+i!aci%n'+ 'n la+ i+la+ &'l %+'(aci*n. Él la "ili0a a$)lia$'n' 'n +"+ in'+i!aci%n'+ 'n la+ i+la+ &'l Pac87c%: # +"+ ('+"la&%+ '+1n c%n'ni&%+ 'n

Pac87c%: # +"+ ('+"la&%+ '+1n c%n'ni&%+ 'n 'l li(% L%+ a(!%na"a+ &'l'l li(% L%+ a(!%na"a+ &'l Pac87c% %cci&'nal: <%# "n% &' l%+ cl1+ic%+ &' la

Pac87c% %cci&'nal: <%# "n% &' l%+ cl1+ic%+ &' la an(%)%l%!8a.an(%)%l%!8a.

Si i'n '+ ci'(% 9"': c%$% )(%c'&i$i'n% &' ('c%l'cci*n &' &a%+ # &' Si i'n '+ ci'(% 9"': c%$% )(%c'&i$i'n% &' ('c%l'cci*n &' &a%+ # &' inB%($aci*n: +' la <a c%n+i&'(a&% c%$% 'l $1+ )(%)i% # '+)'c87c% &' la inB%($aci*n: +' la <a c%n+i&'(a&% c%$% 'l $1+ )(%)i% # '+)'c87c% &' la an(%)%l%!8a: +' <a &' ('c%n%c'( 9"' +" "+% <%#

an(%)%l%!8a: +' <a &' ('c%n%c'( 9"' +" "+% <%# '+ $"c<% $1+ a$)li%. En'+ $"c<% $1+ a$)li%. En l%+ ;li$%+ c"a('na aH%+ <an a)a('ci&% n"$'(%+%+ (aa5%+ &'

l%+ ;li$%+ c"a('na aH%+ <an a)a('ci&% n"$'(%+%+ (aa5%+ &'

in'+i!aci*n ('ali0a&%+ $'&ian' la écnica &' la %+'(aci*n )a(ici)an'. in'+i!aci*n ('ali0a&%+ $'&ian' la écnica &' la %+'(aci*n )a(ici)an'. El '5'$)l% cl1+ic% '+ 'l

El '5'$)l% cl1+ic% '+ 'l '+"&i% 9"' ('ali0a(%n R%'( # 'l'n L'+"&i% 9"' ('ali0a(%n R%'( # 'l'n L#n&#n& =Mi&&l'%n. A S"&# i

=Mi&&l'%n. A S"&# in C%n'$)%(a(# A$'n C%n'$)%(a(# A$'(ican C"l"(': N"'a Y(ican C"l"(': N"'a Y%(:%(: J,J Mi&&l'%n

J,J Mi&&l'%n in Tin T(an+ii%n A (an+ii%n A S"&# in S"&# in C"l"(al C%nic+: C"l"(al C%nic+: N"'a YN"'a Y%(:%(: J/6@ c%n "n !(")% &'

J/6@ c%n "n !(")% &' c%la%(a&%('+: ('+i&i'n&% a(i%+ $'+'+ 'n la ci"&a&c%la%(a&%('+: ('+i&i'n&% a(i%+ $'+'+ 'n la ci"&a& 9"' '(a %5'% &' +" '+"&i%: )a(ici)an&% &' +" i&a =a+a$l'a+:

9"' '(a %5'% &' +" '+"&i%: )a(ici)an&% &' +" i&a =a+a$l'a+: ('"ni%n'+: c%$i&a+. 7'+a+: c%nB'('ncia+: 'c.@ # a+"$i'n&%

('"ni%n'+: c%$i&a+. 7'+a+: c%nB'('ncia+: 'c.@ # a+"$i'n&% la+la+ ('+)%n+aili&a&'+ &' c"al9"i'( ci"&a&an%.

('+)%n+aili&a&'+ &' c"al9"i'( ci"&a&an%. Si$ila( '+ 'l )

Si$ila( '+ 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% '$)l'a&% )%( Ll%#& a(n'(: a5% c"#a &i('cci*n(%c'&i$i'n% '$)l'a&% )%( Ll%#& a(n'(: a5% c"#a &i('cci*n +' c%$'n0* a '+"&ia( 'n J/ "na ci"&a& 8)ica &' 6. <aian'+: +' c%$'n0* a '+"&ia( 'n J/ "na ci"&a& 8)ica &' 6. <aian'+: (aa5% 9"' +' c%ncl"#* +%(' 'l

(aa5% 9"' +' c%ncl"#* +%(' 'l '(('n% 'n 'l aH% J/6. El ''(('n% 'n 'l aH% J/6. El '9"i)% +'9"i)% +' )('+'n* c%$% "n !(")% &' la E+c"'la S")'(i%( &' C%$'(ci% &' la )('+'n* c%$% "n !(")% &' la E+c"'la S")'(i%( &' C%$'(ci% &' la

Uni'(+i&a& &' a(a(&: l% c"al l' )'($ii* 'n'( a$)lia ac')aci*n )%( Uni'(+i&a& &' a(a(&: l% c"al l' )'($ii* 'n'( a$)lia ac')aci*n )%( )a(' &' la c%$"ni&a& l%cal: 'n a'nci*n al )('+i!i% &' la 'ni&a&

)a(' &' la c%$"ni&a& l%cal: 'n a'nci*n al )('+i!i% &' la 'ni&a&

)a(%cinan'. La 'la%(aci*n &' l%+ &a%+ ('c%!i&%+ &"(* al('&'&%( &' 'in' )a(%cinan'. La 'la%(aci*n &' l%+ &a%+ ('c%!i&%+ &"(* al('&'&%( &' 'in' aH%+: # 'n(' J2 # J2J

=Y

=Yan'' Ci# S'(i'+: J22J@: an'' Ci# S'(i'+: J22J@: ('c%n%cién&%+' c%$% l%+ a)%('+ ('c%n%cién&%+' c%$% l%+ a)%('+ $1+$1+ i$)%(an'+ &' la %(a l%+ ('B'('n'+ a la '+(ai7caci*n +%cial # a la i$)%(an'+ &' la %(a l%+ ('B'('n'+ a la '+(ai7caci*n +%cial # a la cla+i7caci*n &' la+ cla+'+ +%cial'+.

cla+i7caci*n &' la+ cla+'+ +%cial'+.

O(% '5'$)l% I% c%n+i"#' 'l '+"&i% 'B'c"a&% 'n Al'$ania )%( M'#'( # O(% '5'$)l% I% c%n+i"#' 'l '+"&i% 'B'c"a&% 'n Al'$ania )%( M'#'( # '

''+ =Da($+a& C%$$"ni# '+ =Da($+a& C%$$"ni# S"('#S"('#. J2J@: . J2J@: 9"i'n'+ "i'(%n "na9"i'n'+ "i'(%n "na

)a(ici)aci*n acia 'n la i&a &' Da($+a&: ('+i&i'n&% ci'(% i'$)% 'n l%+ )a(ici)aci*n acia 'n la i&a &' Da($+a&: ('+i&i'n&% ci'(% i'$)% 'n l%+ a((i%+ $1+ +i!ni7cai%+.

a((i%+ $1+ +i!ni7cai%+.

En F(ancia: 'l (aa5% &' ''l<'i$ # F(é(' =Un' ill'B(anai+' $%#'nn' En F(ancia: 'l (aa5% &' ''l<'i$ # F(é(' =Un' ill'B(anai+' $%#'nn' A"?'((

A"?'((' 'n J3@ c%n+i"#' ' 'n J3@ c%n+i"#' a$ién "n '5'$)l% &' a$ién "n '5'$)l% &' %+'(aci*n acia 'n%+'(aci*n acia 'n '+' ca+% c%nc('% c%$% )a(ici)aci*n na"(al. )"'+% 9"'

'+' ca+% c%nc('% c%$% )a(ici)aci*n na"(al. )"'+% 9"' l%+ %+'(a&%('+l%+ %+'(a&%('+ '(an ci"&a&an%+ &' A"?'((': l%cali&a& %5'% &'l '+"&i%. E+a +i"aci*n: '(an ci"&a&an%+ &' A"?'((': l%cali&a& %5'% &'l '+"&i%. E+a +i"aci*n: c%$% '?)lica 'l $i+$% ''l<'i$. Ba%('ci* 'l é?i% &' la in'+i!aci*n. c%$% '?)lica 'l $i+$% ''l<'i$. Ba%('ci* 'l é?i% &' la in'+i!aci*n. Un '+"&i% +'$'5an' '+ 'l

Un '+"&i% +'$'5an' '+ 'l &' illia$ F%%' <#' =S('' C%(n'( S%ci'#:&' illia$ F%%' <#' =S('' C%(n'( S%ci'#: J2/@: 'B'c"a&% 'n "n a((i% &'

J2/@: 'B'c"a&% 'n "n a((i% &' "na ci"&a& &'l '+' &' "na ci"&a& &'l '+' &' E+a&%+ Uni&%+: 'nE+a&%+ Uni&%+: 'n 'l 9"' i8an

'l 9"' i8an ca+i '?cl"+ia$'n' in$i!(an'+ ialian%+ # +"+ &'+c'n&i'n'+.ca+i '?cl"+ia$'n' in$i!(an'+ ialian%+ # +"+ &'+c'n&i'n'+. <#' ('+i&i* ('+ aH%+ # $'&i%: al9"ilan&% "na

<#' ('+i&i* ('+ aH%+ # $'&i%: al9"ilan&% "na <aiaci*n c'(cana al l"!a(<aiaci*n c'(cana al l"!a( &%n&' 'B'c"aan la+ ('"ni%n'+: )a(a c%$)'n'(a(+' $'5%( 'n la i&a &'l &%n&' 'B'c"aan la+ ('"ni%n'+: )a(a c%$)'n'(a(+' $'5%( 'n la i&a &'l !(")%.

!(")%.

En(' la+ in'+i!aci%n'+ $1+ ('ci'n'+ 'B'c"a&a+ $'&ian' '+' En(' la+ in'+i!aci%n'+ $1+ ('ci'n'+ 'B'c"a&a+ $'&ian' '+' )(%c'&i$i'n%: )"'&'n +'Hala(+' la &' La"('nc' #li' =Vlla!'

)(%c'&i$i'n%: )"'&'n +'Hala(+' la &' La"('nc' #li' =Vlla!' in <'in <' V

Vancl"+': J36@: +%ci*l%!% n%('a$'(ican% 9"' ('+i&i* c%n ancl"+': J36@: +%ci*l%!% n%('a$'(ican% 9"' ('+i&i* c%n +" '+)%+a # &%++" '+)%+a # &%+ <i5%+ 'n "n

<i5%+ 'n "n )"'l% &' F(ancia la 9"' )"'l% &' F(ancia la 9"' ('ali0a(%n P('ali0a(%n P. Cl'$'n # . Cl'$'n # N. W#&ia+ +%('N. W#&ia+ +%(' Vi'nn'-+"(

Vi'nn'-+"(-l' R<%n' =Vi'nn' +"( l' -l' R<%n' =Vi'nn' +"( l' R<%n': J3@ 'l '+"&i% &' l%+R<%n': J3@ 'l '+"&i% &' l%+

+'ni$i'n%+ ('li!i%+%+ &' l%+ %('(%+ '"(%)'%+ 'B'c"a&%+ )%( 'l )a&(' +'ni$i'n%+ ('li!i%+%+ &' l%+ %('(%+ '"(%)'%+ 'B'c"a&%+ )%( 'l )a&(' I(in'% R%+i'(: 9"i'n (aa5* c%$% %('(% 'n B1(ica+ #

I(in'% R%+i'(: 9"i'n (aa5* c%$% %('(% 'n B1(ica+ # $ina+ &' F(ancia:$ina+ &' F(ancia: %lan&a: Al'$ania: A"+(ia: 'c. 'l '+"&i% &' "na c%$"ni&a& &' <ala %lan&a: Al'$ania: A"+(ia: 'c. 'l '+"&i% &' "na c%$"ni&a& &' <ala '+)aH%la &'l +"( &' E+a&%+ Uni&%+ =N"'% Mé?ic%@ ('ali0a&%

'+)aH%la &'l +"( &' E+a&%+ Uni&%+ =N"'% Mé?ic%@ ('ali0a&% )%( Fl%('nc' R.)%( Fl%('nc' R. Kl"c<%nn Kl"c<%nn , , +%cial +%cial =T<' Pa(ici)an O+'('(

=T<' Pa(ici)an O+'('( TT'c<ni9"' in 'c<ni9"' in +$all C%$$"nii'+: +$all C%$$"nii'+: J2@: 9"i'nJ2@: 9"i'n )a(a %+'(a( >&'+&' &'n(%> a la c%$"ni&a& +' '$)l'* c%$% &%$é+ica # )a(a %+'(a( >&'+&' &'n(%> a la c%$"ni&a& +' '$)l'* c%$% &%$é+ica # l"'!% c%$% &')'n&i'na &' "na ca+a &' c%$'(ci%: a la '0 9"' a+i+8a a l"'!% c%$% &')'n&i'na &' "na ca+a &' c%$'(ci%: a la '0 9"' a+i+8a a "na '+c"'la &' 'n+'Han0a &' la c%$"ni&a&.

"na '+c"'la &' 'n+'Han0a &' la c%$"ni&a&.

Pa(a c'((a( '+a 'n"$'(aci*n: $'nci%na('$%+ 'l (aa5% &'

Pa(a c'((a( '+a 'n"$'(aci*n: $'nci%na('$%+ 'l (aa5% &' An&(é P<illi)An&(é P<illi) +%(' 'l )(%l'$a %('(% 'n E+a&%+ Uni&%+: )a(a c"#a ('ali$ci*n (aa5* +%(' 'l )(%l'$a %('(% 'n E+a&%+ Uni&%+: )a(a c"#a ('ali$ci*n (aa5* c%$% %('(% 'n &i'(+a+ B1(ica+: # '

c%$% %('(% 'n &i'(+a+ B1(ica+: # 'l &' D' i(<: i"la&% T<' G<'%. M1+l &' D' i(<: i"la&% T<' G<'%. M1+ c%n%ci&%+ 'n A$é(ica laina c%$% (aa5%+ &' in'+i!aci*n $'&ian' la c%n%ci&%+ 'n A$é(ica laina c%$% (aa5%+ &' in'+i!aci*n $'&ian' la écnica &' %+'(aci*n +%n l%+

écnica &' %+'(aci*n +%n l%+ li(%+ &'l an(%)*l%!% *+ca( L'i+ L%+ <i5%+li(%+ &'l an(%)*l%!% *+ca( L'i+ L%+ <i5%+ &' S1nc<': J43: 'n 'l 9"' 'B'c;a "n '+"&i% &' la )%('0a &' Mé?ic% &' S1nc<': J43: 'n 'l 9"' 'B'c;a "n '+"&i% &' la )%('0a &' Mé?ic% . i&a: J46: 9"' '+

. i&a: J46: 9"' '+ "n '+"&i% &' i&a 'n "n '+"&i% &' i&a 'n l%+ a((i%+ )%('+ &' San "anl%+ a((i%+ )%('+ &' San "an &' P"'n% Ric%: # P'&(% Ma(8n'0: 'l '+"&i% &'

&' P"'n% Ric%: # P'&(% Ma(8n'0: 'l '+"&i% &' "na Ba$ilia &'l +"$"n&%"na Ba$ilia &'l +"$"n&% )(%l'a(i%. L'i+ c%$ina la %+'(aci*n c%n %(a+ écnica+.

)(%l'a(i%. L'i+ c%$ina la %+'(aci*n c%n %(a+ écnica+. ,. La %+'(aci*n c%$% écnica &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial

En 'l +'ni&% la% &'l é($in%: la %+'(aci*n <ac' ('B'('ncia a la acci*n &' En 'l +'ni&% la% &'l é($in%: la %+'(aci*n <ac' ('B'('ncia a la acci*n &' a&'(i(: '?a$ina( % (')a(a( la

a&'(i(: '?a$ina( % (')a(a( la '?i+'ncia &' c%+a+: <'c<%+ %'?i+'ncia &' c%+a+: <'c<%+ %

ac%n'ci$i'n%+ $'&ian' 'l '$)l'% &' l%+ +'ni&%+: al c%$% +' &an 'n "n ac%n'ci$i'n%+ $'&ian' 'l '$)l'% &' l%+ +'ni&%+: al c%$% +' &an 'n "n $%$'n% &''($ina&%. La %+'(aci*n '+ 'l $%&% >na"(al> &' a&9"i(i( $%$'n% &''($ina&%. La %+'(aci*n '+ 'l $%&% >na"(al> &' a&9"i(i( c%n%ci$i'n%+... "'na )a(' &' l% 9"' a)('n&' la $a#%(8a &' la !'n' a l% c%n%ci$i'n%+... "'na )a(' &' l% 9"' a)('n&' la $a#%(8a &' la !'n' a l% la(!% &' la i&a '+ "na c%$inaci*n &' %+'(aci*n: # 'l i( aan0an&% 'n la(!% &' la i&a '+ "na c%$inaci*n &' %+'(aci*n: # 'l i( aan0an&% 'n c%n%ci$i'n%+ # '?)'(i'ncia+ $'&ian' >'n+a#%

c%n%ci$i'n%+ # '?)'(i'ncia+ $'&ian' >'n+a#% # '((%(>. P%( %(% la&%: la+# '((%(>. P%( %(% la&%: la+ &'ci+i%n'+ 9"' +' %$an +%n: 'n "'na )a(': "na c%$inaci*n &'

&'ci+i%n'+ 9"' +' %$an +%n: 'n "'na )a(': "na c%$inaci*n &' %+'(aci*n # +'ni&% c%$;n.

%+'(aci*n # +'ni&% c%$;n.

Sin '$a(!%: a9"8 in'('+a anali0a( la %+'(a

Sin '$a(!%: a9"8 in'('+a anali0a( la %+'(aci*n c%$% )(%c'&i$i'n%ci*n c%$% )(%c'&i$i'n% "ili0a&% 'n la in'+i!aci*n ci'n87ca. En

"ili0a&% 'n la in'+i!aci*n ci'n87ca. En n"'+(% ca+%: 'n la in'+i!aci*nn"'+(% ca+%: 'n la in'+i!aci*n +%cial. En '+a )(i$'(a )a(' &'l ca)8"l%: )(''n&'$%+ $%+(a( c*$% # +%cial. En '+a )(i$'(a )a(' &'l ca)8"l%: )(''n&'$%+ $%+(a( c*$% # c"1n&% la %+'(aci*n 9"' '+ 'l $%&% na"(al &' c%n%c'( +' (an+B%($a c"1n&% la %+'(aci*n 9"' '+ 'l $%&% na"(al &' c%n%c'( +' (an+B%($a 'n "n )(%c'&i$i'n% &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial. An'+ &' 'n(a( 'n '+a

'n "n )(%c'&i$i'n% &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial. An'+ &' 'n(a( 'n '+a '?)licaci*n: <'$%+ &' 'n'( 'n c"'na

'?)licaci*n: <'$%+ &' 'n'( 'n c"'na l%+ &iB'('n'+ alcanc'+ 9"' +' &an all%+ &iB'('n'+ alcanc'+ 9"' +' &an al é($in% c"an&% +' c%n+i&'(a c%$% "na B%($a &' ll'a( a ca%

é($in% c"an&% +' c%n+i&'(a c%$% "na B%($a &' ll'a( a ca% in'+i!aci%n'+.

in'+i!aci%n'+.

DiB'('n'+ alcanc'+ &'l "+% &'l é($in% 'n 'l ca$)% &' la in'+i!aci*n DiB'('n'+ alcanc'+ &'l "+% &'l é($in% 'n 'l ca$)% &' la in'+i!aci*n +%cial

+%cial

N% %&%+ l%+ a"%('+ &' li(%+ +%(' $é%&%+ # écnica+ &'

N% %&%+ l%+ a"%('+ &' li(%+ +%(' $é%&%+ # écnica+ &' in'+i!aci*nin'+i!aci*n +%cial '$)l'an 'l é($in% c%n 'l $i+$% alcanc'. Un%+ l% "ili,J

+%cial '$)l'an 'l é($in% c%n 'l $i+$% alcanc'. Un%+ l% "ili,J

ci*n &' la ('ali&a& +%ci%c"l"(al &' "na c%$"ni&a&: &' "n !(")% +%cial ci*n &' la ('ali&a& +%ci%c"l"(al &' "na c%$"ni&a&: &' "n !(")% +%cial &''($ina&% % 'n "na in+i"ci*n. En '+'

&''($ina&% % 'n "na in+i"ci*n. En '+' ca+%: 'l é($in% +' "ili0a 'n 'lca+%: 'l é($in% +' "ili0a 'n 'l +'ni&% $1+ c%((i'n' "na % $1+

+'ni&% $1+ c%((i'n' "na % $1+ )'(+%na+ %+'(an l% 9"' %c"((' 'n "na)'(+%na+ %+'(an l% 9"' %c"((' 'n "na +i"aci*n # ('!i+(an l% 9"' ac%n'c'. C%n '+' alcanc': 9"' '+ 'l 9"' l' +i"aci*n # ('!i+(an l% 9"' ac%n'c'. C%n '+' alcanc': 9"' '+ 'l 9"' l' &a$%+ 'n 'l li(%: la %+'(aci*n +' 'ni'n&': 'n +'ni&% '+(ic%: c%$% &a$%+ 'n 'l li(%: la %+'(aci*n +' 'ni'n&': 'n +'ni&% '+(ic%: c%$% %+'(aci*n &i('ca.

%+'(aci*n &i('ca.

Pa(a 9"i'n'+ +' inician 'n 'l '

Pa(a 9"i'n'+ +' inician 'n 'l '+"&i% &' l%+ $é%&%+ # écnica+ &'+"&i% &' l%+ $é%&%+ # écnica+ &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial: '+ i$)%(an' 'n'( 'n

in'+i!aci*n +%cial: '+ i$)%(an' 'n'( 'n c"'na l%+ &iB'('n'+ alcanc'+c"'na l%+ &iB'('n'+ alcanc'+ c%n 9"' +' "ili0a 'l é($in%: )a(a n% inc"((i( 'n c%nB"+i%n'+ 'n c"an% al c%n 9"' +' "ili0a 'l é($in%: )a(a n% inc"((i( 'n c%nB"+i%n'+ 'n c"an% al +i!ni7ca&% &' la )ala(a.

+i!ni7ca&% &' la )ala(a.

En 9"é c%n+i+' la écnica &' %+'(aci*n En 9"é c%n+i+' la écnica &' %+'(aci*n

La %+'(aci*n ci'n87ca '+ ;+9"'&a &'li'(a&a: ll'a&a c%n c"i&a&% # La %+'(aci*n ci'n87ca '+ ;+9"'&a &'li'(a&a: ll'a&a c%n c"i&a&% # )('$'&iaci*n: 'n c%n(a+' c%n la+ )'(c')ci%n'+ ca+"al'+: # 'n !(an

)('$'&iaci*n: 'n c%n(a+' c%n la+ )'(c')ci%n'+ ca+"al'+: # 'n !(an )a(')a(' )a+ia+: &c la i&a c%i&iana.

)a+ia+: &c la i&a c%i&iana. A(a<a$ Ka)lan

A(a<a$ Ka)lan

# Ka)lan n%+ &a "na n%ci*n &' %+'(aci*n 1li&a )a(a %&a+ la+ ci'ncia+: # Ka)lan n%+ &a "na n%ci*n &' %+'(aci*n 1li&a )a(a %&a+ la+ ci'ncia+: )'(% +i(' c%$% )(i$'(a

)'(% +i(' c%$% )(i$'(a a)(%?i$aci*n )a(a c%$)('n&'( 'n 9"é c%n+i+' 'na)(%?i$aci*n )a(a c%$)('n&'( 'n 9"é c%n+i+' 'n c"an% écnica &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial. En '+'

c"an% écnica &' in'+i!aci*n +%cial. En '+' )a(1!(aB% )(%c"(a('$%+)a(1!(aB% )(%c"(a('$%+ ca(ac'(i0a(la 'n +"+ n%a+ '+'ncial'+



 En En c"c"anan% % écécninica ca &' &' inin''++i!i!acaci*i*n: 'n: '+ "+ "n% n% &' l&' l%+ %+ )()(%c%c'&'&i$i$i'i'nn%+ %+ &'&' ('c%!i&a &' &a%+ ' inB%($aci*n 9"' +'

('c%!i&a &' &a%+ ' inB%($aci*n 9"' +' "ili0a 'n la+ ci'ncia+ <"$ana+:"ili0a 'n la+ ci'ncia+ <"$ana+: "+an&% l%+ +'ni&%+ =)a(ic"la($'n' la i+a # 'l %8&%@ )a(a %+'(a( "+an&% l%+ +'ni&%+ =)a(ic"la($'n' la i+a # 'l %8&%@ )a(a %+'(a( <'c<%+ # ('ali&a&'+ )('+'n'+: # a la !'n'

<'c<%+ # ('ali&a&'+ )('+'n'+: # a la !'n' 'n 'l c%n'?% 'n &%n&''n 'l c%n'?% 'n &%n&' &'+a((%lla n%($al$'n' +"+ acii&a&'+.

&'+a((%lla n%($al$'n' +"+ acii&a&'+. 

 C%C%$% $% %%&% i&% in+n+(("$"$'n'n% % &' i&' inn'+'+ii!a!acici*n*n: +: +*l*l% '+ % '+ ;;il +il +i '+ i '+ ""ilili0i0a&a&% &% &'' $an'(a +i+'$1ica # c%n(%la&a '+ &'ci(:

$an'(a +i+'$1ica # c%n(%la&a '+ &'ci(: +i +' ai'n' a O(%+ a"%('+ +i +' ai'n' a O(%+ a"%('+  'n(' l%+ 9"' n%+ incl"i$%+ <ac'n ('B'('ncia a la

'n(' l%+ 9"' n%+ incl"i$%+ <ac'n ('B'('ncia a la la+ '?i!'ncia+ &'lla+ '?i!'ncia+ &'l $é%&% ci'n87c%. Pa(a 9"' 'n!a ali&'0 &'+%+'(aci*n c%$% "na

$é%&% ci'n87c%. Pa(a 9"' 'n!a ali&'0 &'+%+'(aci*n c%$% "na &' la+&' la+ écnica+ &' ('c%!i&a &' &a%+ # &' ca)a- &' 'l )"n% &' i+a

écnica+ &' ('c%!i&a &' &a%+ # &' ca)a- &' 'l )"n% &' i+a $'%&%l*!ic%: '+ $'n'+'( c%$% &ic'

$'%&%l*!ic%: '+ $'n'+'( c%$% &ic' "n!'

"n!' 9"' 9"' la )la )'(c')'(c')ci*n ci*n +'a +'a >in'n>in'nci%na&ci%na&a ' a ' il"+il"+(a&a (a&a in/in/ // E0'9"i'l

E0'9"i'l An&'(An&'(-E!!-E!!

'nci%na&a % &'li'(a&a )%(9"' +' <ac' c%n "n %5'i% &''($ina&% 'nci%na&a % &'li'(a&a )%(9"' +' <ac' c%n "n %5'i% &''($ina&%

il"+(a&a: )%(9"' a !"ia&a &' al!;n $%&% )%( "n c"'()% &' c%n%ci$i'n%> il"+(a&a: )%(9"' a !"ia&a &' al!;n $%&% )%( "n c"'()% &' c%n%ci$i'n%> 

 

 CaCa+i +i +i+i'$'$)()(' +' +' "' "ilili0i0a )aa )a(a '(a '++"&"&iaia( +i( +i""acaci%i%n'n'+ + al al c%c%$% +$% +' &a' &an 'n 'n lan la i&a +%cial % !(")al: %+'(an&% in +i" l%+ B'n*$'n%+ na"(al$'n'

i&a +%cial % !(")al: %+'(an&% in +i" l%+ B'n*$'n%+ na"(al$'n' )(%&"ci&%+. T

)(%&"ci&%+. Ta$ién )"'&' a$ién )"'&' "ili0a(+' )a(a "ili0a(+' )a(a ('c%!'( &a%+ c%$)l'$'na(i%+('c%!'( &a%+ c%$)l'$'na(i%+ #: 'n ci'(a+ ci(c"n+ancia+ c"an&% +' '$)l'a 'l

#: 'n ci'(a+ ci(c"n+ancia+ c"an&% +' '$)l'a 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% &')(%c'&i$i'n% &' (ian!"laci*n: +' ('c"((' a la %+'(aci*n )a(a c%n(a+a( la

(ian!"laci*n: +' ('c"((' a la %+'(aci*n )a(a c%n(a+a( la ali&'0 #ali&'0 # 7aili&a& &' %(%+ )(%c'&i$i'n%+. P"'&' "ili0a(+': a+i$i+$% )'(% 'll% '+ 7aili&a& &' %(%+ )(%c'&i$i'n%+. P"'&' "ili0a(+': a+i$i+$% )'(% 'll% '+ )%c% B('c"'n': )a(a <ac'( %+'(aci%n'+ &' la%(a%(i% =&' "n !(")%: &' )%c% B('c"'n': )a(a <ac'( %+'(aci%n'+ &' la%(a%(i% =&' "n !(")%: &' "na cla+' 'n la

"na cla+' 'n la '+c"'la: 'c.@.'+c"'la: 'c.@. 

 TTi'i'n' n' 9"9"' ' 'n'n'( '( "n "n %%5'5'ii% % ii'n 'n &'&'7n7ni&i&%: %: (('l'lacaci%i%nana&% &% c%c%n ln l%+%+ )(%)*+i%+ !'n'(al'+ &' la in'+i!aci*n % c%$%

)(%)*+i%+ !'n'(al'+ &' la in'+i!aci*n % c%$% B%($a &' c%n(a+aci*n c%nB%($a &' c%n(a+aci*n c%n la inB%($aci*n %'ni&a )%( %(%+ )(%c'&i$i'n%+.

la inB%($aci*n %'ni&a )%( %(%+ )(%c'&i$i'n%+.

El'$'n%+ 9"' c%$)%(a la %+'(aci*n 'n c"an% écnica &' in'+i!aci*n El'$'n%+ 9"' c%$)%(a la %+'(aci*n 'n c"an% écnica &' in'+i!aci*n El El +"5'% +"5'% %+'(a&%(c%nc')"a&%( %+'(a&%(c%nc')"a&%( . . . . ElEl in'+i!a&%(. in'+i!a&%(. El %5'% %+'(a&%c%nc')"a&% : El %5'% %+'(a&%c%nc')"a&% :

A9"'ll% +%(' l% 9"' +' 9"i'(' 'n'( inB%($aci*n: al

A9"'ll% +%(' l% 9"' +' 9"i'(' 'n'( inB%($aci*n: al c%$% ac%n'c'c%$% ac%n'c' 'n "n $%$'n% &''($ina&%.

'n "n $%$'n% &''($ina&%. El

El c%n'ni&% c%n'ni&% &' &' la la %+'(aci*n %+'(aci*n ... ... .... .... A9"'ll%+ A9"'ll%+ a+)'c%+a+)'c%+ 9"' &''n +'( %+'(a&%+ # 9"' +' c%n+i&'(an ('l'an'+ )a(a la

9"' &''n +'( %+'(a&%+ # 9"' +' c%n+i&'(an ('l'an'+ )a(a la in'+i!aci*n.

in'+i!aci*n.

L%+ %5'i%+ &' la %+'(aci*n L%+ %5'i%+ &' la %+'(aci*n

..

.. La La %+'(aci*n %+'(aci*n )"'&' )"'&' +'(i( +'(i( a a %5'i%+ %5'i%+ $"# $"# &i'(+%+ &i'(+%+ 'n 'n 'l'l ca$)% &' la in'+i!aci*n +%cial +' )"'&' "ili0a( 'n la Ba+' '?)l%(a%(ia # ca$)% &' la in'+i!aci*n +%cial +' )"'&' "ili0a( 'n la Ba+' '?)l%(a%(ia # c%$% )(%c'&i$i'n% )a(a la ('c%!i&a &'

E

El l aa$$ii''nn'': : ''nn%%((nn% % % % ++ii""aaccii**n n ''nn SS' ' ((aaa a &&' ' lla a ++ii""aaccii**nn c%n'?"al 'n la

c%n'?"al 'n la &%

&%n&n&' ' ++' ' &a&an n l%l%+ + <'<'cc<%<%+ + %%++'('(aa&%&%+ + ... . 9"9"' ' +' +' &a&an n l%l%++ <'c<%+ %+'(a&%+.

<'c<%+ %+'(a&%+. L%+

L%+ $'&i%+ $'&i%+ 9"' 9"' "ili0a "ili0a 'l 'l %+'(a&%( %+'(a&%( . . L%+ L%+ +'ni&%+:+'ni&%+: '+)'cial$'n' i+a # %8&%.

'+)'cial$'n' i+a # %8&%. Ma)a+. Ma)a+. El $a(c% '*(ic% ... ...

El $a(c% '*(ic% ... ...  T

 T'%(8a % '%(8a+ &' ('B'('ncia 9"' +'%(8a % '%(8a+ &' ('B'('ncia 9"' +i('n &' !"8ai('n &' !"8a )a(a la %+'(aci*n.

)a(a la %+'(aci*n. M

M%%$$''nn%%+ + %%))%%((""nn%%+ + ))aa((aa DD88aa++: : $$%%$$''nn%%+ + ## ci(c"n+ancia+ 'n 9"' +'

ci(c"n+ancia+ 'n 9"' +' ('ali0a(

('ali0a( l$+ l$+ %+'(aci%n'+ %+'(aci%n'+ ... ... ('ali0a(1n ('ali0a(1n la+la+ %+'(aci%n'+.

%+'(aci%n'+. E

El l aann11lli+i+ii+ + ' ' iinn'('())((''aacci*i*n n &&'' LL%%+ + <<'c'c<<%+ %+ %%++'('(aa&&%%++: : l%l%+ + &&aa%%+ + # # llaa inB%($aci*n

inB%($aci*n Di

Dia(a(i%i%. L. L%+ %+ inin++("("$'$'nn%+ %+ )a)a(a (a 'l 'l (('!'!i+i+((%% C"C"a&a&'$'$% &% &' n' n%%a+a+.. &' la+ %+'(aci%n'+ ...C"a&(%+ &' %+'(aci*n.

&' la+ %+'(aci%n'+ ...C"a&(%+ &' %+'(aci*n. Di+)%+ii%+ $'c1nic%+'l'c(*nic%+ &'

Di+)%+ii%+ $'c1nic%+'l'c(*nic%+ &' ('!i+(%.('!i+(%.

l%+ <'c<%+ %+'(a&%+ .('c%!i&a +%n anali0a&%+ ' in'()('a&%+. l%+ <'c<%+ %+'(a&%+ .('c%!i&a +%n anali0a&%+ ' in'()('a&%+.

/. Al!"na+ n%($a+ # ('ca"&%+ )a(a ('ali0a( "na %+'(aci*n

/. Al!"na+ n%($a+ # ('ca"&%+ )a(a ('ali0a( "na %+'(aci*n +i+'$1ica #+i+'$1ica # c%n(%la&a

c%n(%la&a

O+'(a( '+ "n )(%c'+% 9"' ('9"i'(' a'nci*n %l"na(ia: +'l'cia: O+'(a( '+ "n )(%c'+% 9"' ('9"i'(' a'nci*n %l"na(ia: +'l'cia: in'li!'n': %(i'na&% )%(

in'li!'n': %(i'na&% )%( "n )(%)*+i% '($inal " %(!ani0a&%(."n )(%)*+i% '($inal " %(!ani0a&%(. D' K''l'

D' K''l'

Pa(a 9"' "na %+'(aci*n 'n c"an% )(%c'&i$i'n% &' ('c%!i&a &'

Pa(a 9"' "na %+'(aci*n 'n c"an% )(%c'&i$i'n% &' ('c%!i&a &' &a%+&a%+ 'n!a ali&'0 ci'n87ca: n% )"'&' ('&"ci(+' a

'n!a ali&'0 ci'n87ca: n% )"'&' ('&"ci(+' a "n +i$)l' $i(a( la+ "n +i$)l' $i(a( la+ c%+a+: nic%+a+: ni a "n "l!a( #

a "n "l!a( # c%((i'n' ('!i+(% &' <'c<%+ # ac%n'ci-c%((i'n' ('!i+(% &' <'c<%+ #

ac%n'ci-$i'n%+ 'n 'l $%$'n% 'n 9"' +"c'&'n. a# 9"' %$a( ci'(%+ ('ca"&%+ $i'n%+ 'n 'l $%$'n% 'n 9"' +"c'&'n. a# 9"' %$a( ci'(%+ ('ca"&%+ )a(a !a(ani0a(: 'n la $'&i&a &' l% )%+il': la 7aili&a& &' la+ %+'( )a(a !a(ani0a(: 'n la $'&i&a &' l% )%+il': la 7aili&a& &' la+ %+'( aci%n'+.

aci%n'+.

Ci'(a$'n': 'l %+'(a&%( '+ 'l )(inci)al Bac%( % 'l'$'n%. Di!1$%+% Ci'(a$'n': 'l %+'(a&%( '+ 'l )(inci)al Bac%( % 'l'$'n%. Di!1$%+% c%$% "na )'(%!("lla&a 9"i'n a a "ili0a( '+' )(%c'&i$i'n% &'

c%$% "na )'(%!("lla&a 9"i'n a a "ili0a( '+' )(%c'&i$i'n% &' ('c%)ilaci*n &'' c%$ina( ci'(a+ c"ali&a&'+ )'(+%nal'+

('c%)ilaci*n &'' c%$ina( ci'(a+ c"ali&a&'+ )'(+%nal'+ c%n al!"na+c%n al!"na+ <aili&a&'+ écnica+: a 7n &' &'+a((%lla( la ca)aci&a&

<aili&a&'+ écnica+: a 7n &' &'+a((%lla( la ca)aci&a& )a(a %+'(a()a(a %+'(a(.. /

A<%(a i'n: X9"é ('ca"&%+ +' <an &' %$a( )a(a $'5%(a( la ca)aci&a& &' A<%(a i'n: X9"é ('ca"&%+ +' <an &' %$a( )a(a $'5%(a( la ca)aci&a& &' %+'(aci*n % i'n )a(a !a(ani0a(: 'n la $'&i&a &' l% )%+il': la ali&'0 &' %+'(aci*n % i'n )a(a !a(ani0a(: 'n la $'&i&a &' l% )%+il': la ali&'0 &' la+ %+'(aci%n'+: X9"é +"!'('ncia+ )(1cica+ +' )"'&'n <ac'(

la+ %+'(aci%n'+: X9"é +"!'('ncia+ )(1cica+ +' )"'&'n <ac'( 'n "n c"(+%'n "n c"(+% % li(% &' iniciaci*n a la+ écnica+ &' in'+i!aci*n

% li(% &' iniciaci*n a la+ écnica+ &' in'+i!aci*n E0'9"i'l An&'(-E!!

E0'9"i'l An&'(-E!!

+%cial )a(a &'+a((%lla( &ic<a ca)aci&a&... Un% &' l%+

+%cial )a(a &'+a((%lla( &ic<a ca)aci&a&... Un% &' l%+ )7nci)al'+ )(%l'$a+)7nci)al'+ )(%l'$a+ &' '+a écnica '+ 'l )'+% &' la 'c"aci*n )'(+%nal &'l %+'(a&%( )%( l% &' '+a écnica '+ 'l )'+% &' la 'c"aci*n )'(+%nal &'l %+'(a&%( )%( l% an%: ('i+' !(an i$)%(ancia %&% a9"'ll% 9"' a#"&' a a"$'na( la an%: ('i+' !(an i$)%(ancia %&% a9"'ll% 9"' a#"&' a a"$'na( la ali&'0 # c%n7aili&a& &'l %+'(a&%(: n% 'n 'l +'ni&% éic%: +in% 'n 'l ali&'0 # c%n7aili&a& &'l %+'(a&%(: n% 'n 'l +'ni&% éic%: +in% 'n 'l écnic%-ci'n87c%.

écnic%-ci'n87c%.

Si i'n la ca)aci&a& )a(a %+'(a( '+ na"(al 'n la in$'n+a $a#%(8a &' l%+ Si i'n la ca)aci&a& )a(a %+'(a( '+ na"(al 'n la in$'n+a $a#%(8a &' l%+ +'('+ <"$an%+: n% <'$%+ &' c%ncl"i( )%( 'll% 9"' %&a )'(+%na )"'&' +'('+ <"$an%+: n% <'$%+ &' c%ncl"i( )%( 'll% 9"' %&a )'(+%na )"'&' <ac'( %+'(aci%n'+ c%n "n ci'(% !(a&% &' ali&'0 # 7aili&a& ci'n87ca: <ac'( %+'(aci%n'+ c%n "n ci'(% !(a&% &' ali&'0 # 7aili&a& ci'n87ca: c%$% +i B"'+' "na c"ali&a& innaa. La '?)'(i'ncia ac"$"la&a ac'(ca &' la c%$% +i B"'+' "na c"ali&a& innaa. La '?)'(i'ncia ac"$"la&a ac'(ca &' la "ili0aci*n &' '+a écnica )a(a

"ili0aci*n &' '+a écnica )a(a la ('c%!i&a &' &a%+ ' inB%($aci*n: <ala ('c%!i&a &' &a%+ ' inB%($aci*n: <a

)"'+% &' ('li'' la n'c'+i&a& &' %$a( ci'(a+ )('ca"ci%n'+ # &' 'n'( 'n )"'+% &' ('li'' la n'c'+i&a& &' %$a( ci'(a+ )('ca"ci%n'+ # &' 'n'( 'n c"'na al!"na+ n%($a+ )(1cica+ )a(a ('ali0a( "na %+'(aci*n

c"'na al!"na+ n%($a+ )(1cica+ )a(a ('ali0a( "na %+'(aci*n +i+'$1ica+i+'$1ica # c%n(%la&a. 'la+ a9"8 ('+"$i&a+ 'n &%+ i)%+ &'

# c%n(%la&a. 'la+ a9"8 ('+"$i&a+ 'n &%+ i)%+ &' ('9"i+i%+ l%+ 9"'('9"i+i%+ l%+ 9"' c%nci'(n'n al "+% &' la+ écnica+ 'n +8 $i+$a+ # l%+ 9"' <ac'n al c%nci'(n'n al "+% &' la+ écnica+ 'n +8 $i+$a+ # l%+ 9"' <ac'n al c%$)%(a$i'n% &'l

c%$)%(a$i'n% &'l %+'(a&%(%+'(a&%(..

R'9"i+i%+ 9"' <ac'n al "+% &' la écnica 'n

R'9"i+i%+ 9"' <ac'n al "+% &' la écnica 'n +8 $i+$a+8 $i+$a a.

a. UUilili0i0a( a( la la %%+'+'(a(acici*n *n c%c%n "n "n %n %55''ii% % i'n i'n &'&'''($($inina&a&% &% &'n'n((% &% &'l'l )(%c'+% &' la in'+i!aci*n 9"' +' 

)(%c'+% &' la in'+i!aci*n 9"' +' a a ('ali0a(a a ('ali0a(. N% +' (aa +*l% &' . N% +' (aa +*l% &' %+'(a(%+'(a( +in% &' "+ca(

+in% &' "+ca(. An'+ &' inicia( 'l . An'+ &' inicia( 'l (aa5% +%(' 'l '(('n%: '+ $'n'+'((aa5% +%(' 'l '(('n%: '+ $'n'+'( <a'( '+al'ci&% 'l 9"é # 'l )a(a 9"é &' la %+'(aci*n 'n c"an% a l%+ <a'( '+al'ci&% 'l 9"é # 'l )a(a 9"é &' la %+'(aci*n 'n c"an% a l%+ &a%+ ' inB%($aci*n 9"' +' <an &' ('c%!'(: '+ &'ci(: 9"' +'a ;il #

&a%+ ' inB%($aci*n 9"' +' <an &' ('c%!'(: '+ &'ci(: 9"' +'a ;il #

)'(in'n' al 9"é # al )a(a 9"é &' la in'+i!aci*n. En %(a+ )ala(a+: <a# )'(in'n' al 9"é # al )a(a 9"é &' la in'+i!aci*n. En %(a+ )ala(a+: <a# 9"' &''($ina( c%n la $a#%( )('ci+i*n )%+il' 9"é '+ l% 9"' +' "+ca. 9"' &''($ina( c%n la $a#%( )('ci+i*n )%+il' 9"é '+ l% 9"' +' "+ca. .

. D' D' acac"'"'(&(&% c% c%n %n l% l% anan''(i%(i%(: (: '+ '+ n'n'c'c'+a+a(i(i% '% 'lala%%(a(a( "( "na na lili++a 9a 9"'"': a: a $%&% &' !"8a " %(i

$%&% &' !"8a " %(i'naci*n: '+al'c' l%+ a+)'c%+ 9"' +' 9"i'('n %+'(a(.'naci*n: '+al'c' l%+ a+)'c%+ 9"' +' 9"i'('n %+'(a(. E+a +'(1 +i'$)(' "na li+a ai'(a '

E+a +'(1 +i'$)(' "na li+a ai'(a 'n %&a+ la+ &i('cci%n'+: )"'+: "na '0n %&a+ la+ &i('cci%n'+: )"'+: "na '0 'n 'l '(('n%: a)a('c'n 'l'$'n%+ 9"' n% +'

'n 'l '(('n%: a)a('c'n 'l'$'n%+ 9"' n% +' <a8an )('i+% inicial$'n'.<a8an )('i+% inicial$'n'. E+a !"8a &' %+'(aci*n +'(1 $"# a(ial' +'!;n 'l !(a&% &'

E+a !"8a &' %+'(aci*n +'(1 $"# a(ial' +'!;n 'l !(a&% &' '+("c"(aci*n &' la in'+i!aci*n 'n

'+("c"(aci*n &' la in'+i!aci*n 'n l%+ '+"&i%+ '?)l%(a%(i%+ '+ n'c'+a(i%l%+ '+"&i%+ '?)l%(a%(i%+ '+ n'c'+a(i% 9"' la !"8a +'a $1+ '?il'.

9"' la !"8a +'a $1+ '?il'. /2

/2

c.

c. LL%+ %+ a+a+)'c)'c%%+ % + % c"c"'+'+ii%n%n'+ '+ '+'+)')'c8c87c7ca+ a+ 9"9"' +' +' %' %++'('(an an ''n ln l%+ %+ 9"9"'' +' c'n(a +'l'cia$'n' la

+' c'n(a +'l'cia$'n' la a'nci*n &''n +'( c%n'?"ali0a&%+: '+ &'ci(:a'nci*n &''n +'( c%n'?"ali0a&%+: '+ &'ci(: c%n+i&'(a&%+: c%$)('n&i&%+: in'()('a&%+ # al%(a&%+ &'n(% &'l c%n'?% c%n+i&'(a&%+: c%$)('n&i&%+: in'()('a&%+ # al%(a&%+ &'n(% &'l c%n'?% 'n 'l 9"' '+1n in+'(%+.

'n 'l 9"' '+1n in+'(%+. &.

&. NiNin!n!;n ;n inin'+'+ii!a!a&%&%( +( +%c%cial ial 9"9"' "' "iilili0a 0a '+'+a a éécncnicica a a aa al l (a(aaa5% 5% &'&' ca$)% c%(n% "na >a"la (a+a> 'n la c"al +' an an%an&% la+

ca$)% c%(n% "na >a"la (a+a> 'n la c"al +' an an%an&% la+

%+'(aci%n'+ &' "na $an'(a $1+ % $'n%+ $'c1nica. N'c'+ia 'n'( %+'(aci%n'+ &' "na $an'(a $1+ % $'n%+ $'c1nica. N'c'+ia 'n'(

('laia$'n' cla(% "n $a(c% '*(ic% ('B'('ncial 9"' l'

('laia$'n' cla(% "n $a(c% '*(ic% ('B'('ncial 9"' l' +'(i(1 )a(a "n (i)l'+'(i(1 )a(a "n (i)l' )(%)*+i%

)(%)*+i% 

 )a)a(a (a %(%(i'i'nna( a( la la (('a'alili0a0acici*n *n &' &' %%+'+'((acaci%i%n'n'+ ++ +%%((' 'l ' 'l ''(((('n'n%% 

 )a)a(a (a &a&a( +( +i!i!nini7c7cacaci*i*n a n a l%l%+ + &a&a%%+ + ' i' inBnB%(%($a$acici*n *n (('c'c%!%!i&i&a: a: ## 

 )a)a(a (a +i+i""a( a( l%l%+ &+ &aa%+ %+ &'&'nn(% (% &' &' "n"na a '%'%(8(8a &a &' (' ('B'B'('('n'ncicia 9a 9"' "' l'l'++ )(%)%(ci%n' +'ni&% # c%<'('ncia.

)(%)%(ci%n' +'ni&% # c%<'('ncia.

A&'(i$%+ 9"' 'n al!"n%+ ca+%+ 'l $a

A&'(i$%+ 9"' 'n al!"n%+ ca+%+ 'l $a(c% '*(ic% n% +i'$)(' a#"&a 'n la(c% '*(ic% n% +i'$)(' a#"&a 'n la %+'(aci*n. N% '+ '?(aH% 9"' $"c<%+ +'

%+'(aci*n. N% '+ '?(aH% 9"' $"c<%+ +' '+B"'(c'n )%( >in(%&"ci(> la'+B"'(c'n )%( >in(%&"ci(> la ('ali&a& 'n +"+ '+9"'$a+ % n% 'an $1+ all1 &' l%+ c%nc')%+ % ca'!%(8a+ ('ali&a& 'n +"+ '+9"'$a+ % n% 'an $1+ all1 &' l%+ c%nc')%+ % ca'!%(8a+ &' +" ci'ncia- En '+a+ ci(c"n+ancia+: la+ '%(8a+: c%nc')%+ # ca'!%(8a+ &' +" ci'ncia- En '+a+ ci(c"n+ancia+: la+ '%(8a+: c%nc')%+ # ca'!%(8a+ "ili0a&a+ '($inan )%( i$)%n'(+' 'n(' 'l %+'(a&%( # la ('ali&a&.

"ili0a&a+ '($inan )%( i$)%n'(+' 'n(' 'l %+'(a&%( # la ('ali&a&. '.

'. D'D'''($($inina( a( l%l%+ i+ in+n+(("$"$'n'n%+ %+ 9"9"' +' +' <a' <an &' n &' ""iliili0a0a( )a( )a(a '(a 'l (l ('!'!i+i+((% &% &'' inB%($aci%n'+ # &a%+ ='+%+ $'&i%+ )%&(1n a(ia( % a5"+a(+' "na '0 'n 'l inB%($aci%n'+ # &a%+ ='+%+ $'&i%+ )%&(1n a(ia( % a5"+a(+' "na '0 'n 'l '(('n%@.

'(('n%@.

BB.. RR'+'+%l%l'( '( l%l%+ + )()(%%l'l'$a$a+ + )()(1c1ciic%c%+: +: aal'+ l'+ c%c%$% $% 'l 'l ((a+a+lala&% &% al al l"l"!a!a( ( 'n'n &%n&' +' ('ali0a(1n la+ %+'(aci%n'+ =+i '+%

&%n&' +' ('ali0a(1n la+ %+'(aci%n'+ =+i '+% B"'(a n'c'+a(i%@: 'l'$'n%+B"'(a n'c'+a(i%@: 'l'$'n%+ 9"' +' &''n ll'a(: $a'(ial &' (aa5% #: c"an&% B"'(' n'c'+a(i%: )(''( 9"' +' &''n ll'a(: $a'(ial &' (aa5% #: c"an&% B"'(' n'c'+a(i%: )(''( %&% l% ('B'('n' al al%5a$i'n% #

%&% l% ('B'('n' al al%5a$i'n% # c%$i&a-/3

/3

R'9"i+i%+ 9"' <ac'n al c%$)%(a$i'n% &'l %+'(a&%( R'9"i+i%+ 9"' <ac'n al c%$)%(a$i'n% &'l %+'(a&%(

C%$% #a l% <'$%+ in&ica&%: 'l "+% &' '+a écnica )('+")%n' "na !(an C%$% #a l% <'$%+ in&ica&%: 'l "+% &' '+a écnica )('+")%n' "na !(an a!"&'0a # "na '+)'ci' &' >%lBa%> )a(a ca)a( <'c<%+ +i!ni7cai%+. a!"&'0a # "na '+)'ci' &' >%lBa%> )a(a ca)a( <'c<%+ +i!ni7cai%+. Al!"n%+ ('ca"&%+ )"'&'n a#"&a( a 'll%.

Al!"n%+ ('ca"&%+ )"'&'n a#"&a( a 'll%. !.

!. RR'al'ali0ai0a( 'l ( 'l (a(aaa5% &5% &' $a' $an'n'(a ((a ('+)'+)%n%n+a+al' l' # +i# +i++'$'$11icaica +i  +i la+ la+ aa('('a+a+ &' %+'(aci*n +' %$an c%$% "n B%($"li+$%: % +' <ac'n &' $an'(a

&' %+'(aci*n +' %$an c%$% "n B%($"li+$%: % +' <ac'n &' $an'(a B(a!$'na(ia # ("ina(ia: +' ('+a ali&'0 a l%+ ('+"la&%+. El (aa5% &' B(a!$'na(ia # ("ina(ia: +' ('+a ali&'0 a l%+ ('+"la&%+. El (aa5% &' %+'(aci*n '?i!' "n ci'(% ni'l &' 'n+i*n ial # &' 'n'(!8a )a(a '+a( %+'(aci*n '?i!' "n ci'(% ni'l &' 'n+i*n ial # &' 'n'(!8a )a(a '+a( a'n% a la %+'(aci*n: # )a(a c('a( # $an'n'( la+ in'(acci%n'+ +%cial'+ a'n% a la %+'(aci*n: # )a(a c('a( # $an'n'( la+ in'(acci%n'+ +%cial'+ 9"' '?i!' 'l (aa5% &' ca$)%.

9"' '?i!' 'l (aa5% &' ca$)%. <.

<. C%C%$% a$% accii"& B"& B"n"n&a&a$'$'nnalal: 'l %: 'l %++'('(aa&%&%( &'( &'' ' (a(a+c+c'n'n&'&'( +"( +"

)(%inciani+$% c"l"(al %: )a(a &'ci(l% c%n "n l'n!"a5' $1+ ci'n87c%: &'' )(%inciani+$% c"l"(al %: )a(a &'ci(l% c%n "n l'n!"a5' $1+ ci'n87c%: &'' +")'(a( +" 'n%c'n(i+$% c"l"(al =$i(a(

+")'(a( +" 'n%c'n(i+$% c"l"(al =$i(a( a l%+ %(%+: +"+ c%+"$('+: $%&%+a l%+ %(%+: +"+ c%+"$('+: $%&%+ &' +'( # &'

&' +'( # &' <ac'(: &'+&' la $i(illa <ac'(: &'+&' la $i(illa &' +" )(%)ia c"l"(a@. E+% +")%n' 'n('&' +" )(%)ia c"l"(a@. E+% +")%n' 'n(' %(a+ c%+a+ &'+a((%lla( la ca)aci&a& &' >c%$)('n+i*n '$)1ica> )a(a

%(a+ c%+a+ &'+a((%lla( la ca)aci&a& &' >c%$)('n+i*n '$)1ica> )a(a 'n'n&'( &'i&a$'n' a %(a+

'n'n&'( &'i&a$'n' a %(a+ )'(+%na+: +"+ +'ni$i'n%+: ('acci%n'+:)'(+%na+: +"+ +'ni$i'n%+: ('acci%n'+: '$%ci%n'+ % '?)'(i'ncia+ in'l'c"al'+ % ('li!i%+a+ 9"' 'l in'+i!a&%( '$%ci%n'+ % '?)'(i'ncia+ in'l'c"al'+ % ('li!i%+a+ 9"' 'l in'+i!a&%( +%cial n% <a '?)'(i$'na&% %

+%cial n% <a '?)'(i$'na&% % +'ni&%. E+ 'i&'n' 9"' "n '+)8(i" +'n+il':+'ni&%. E+ 'i&'n' 9"' "n '+)8(i" +'n+il': "n ca"&al &' a$)lia +i$)a8a # "n +'ni$i'n% &' B(a'(ni&a& <"$ana: "n ca"&al &' a$)lia +i$)a8a # "n +'ni$i'n% &' B(a'(ni&a& <"$ana: "ni&%+ a la &i$'n+i*n # a(i'&a& &' la '?)'(i'ncia: B%($an )a(' &' "n "ni&%+ a la &i$'n+i*n # a(i'&a& &' la '?)'(i'ncia: B%($an )a(' &' "n "'n %+'(a&%(.

"'n %+'(a&%(. i.

i. El %El %++'('(aa&%&%( )(( )(%c%c"("(a(a(1 in1 inc%c%()()%(%(a(a(+' ++' +in lin llala$a$a( la a( la a''ncnci*i*n: cn: c%n "%n "nana $an'(a na"(al &' ac"a(: 'ian&% +"+)icacia+ # aci"&'+ &' +")'(i%(i&a& $an'(a na"(al &' ac"a(: 'ian&% +"+)icacia+ # aci"&'+ &' +")'(i%(i&a&

<a &' ('+)'a(: a+i$i+$%: la+ c%n'nci%n'+ +%cial'+ &'l

<a &' ('+)'a(: a+i$i+$%: la+ c%n'nci%n'+ +%cial'+ &'l !(")% % c%$"ni&a&!(")% % c%$"ni&a& c%n la 9"'

c%n la 9"' <a &' (aa5a(.<a &' (aa5a(.  5: En al!"na+ ci(c"n

 5: En al!"na+ ci(c"n+ancia+: c"an&% 'l in'+i!a&%( '+ +ancia+: c"an&% 'l in'+i!a&%( '+ '?(aH% al !(")% %'?(aH% al !(")% % c%$"ni&a& 'n &%n&' ('ali0a(1 +"+ %+'(aci%n'+: <a(1

c%$"ni&a& 'n &%n&' ('ali0a(1 +"+ %+'(aci%n'+: <a(1 9"' "+ca( al!"na+9"' "+ca( al!"na+ )'(+%na+ cla'+ 9"' +'(1n c%$%

)'(+%na+ cla'+ 9"' +'(1n c%$% >)"'n'+> % >in(%&"c%('+> <acia 'l ('+%>)"'n'+> % >in(%&"c%('+> <acia 'l ('+% &'l !(")%: in+i"ci*n % c%$"ni&a&. C"an&% +'

&'l !(")%: in+i"ci*n % c%$"ni&a&. C"an&% +' "ili0an"ili0an in'($'&ia(i%+in(%&"c%(

in'($'&ia(i%+in(%&"c%('+: <a# 9"' 'n'( '+: <a# 9"' 'n'( )a(ic"la( c"i&a&% &')a(ic"la( c"i&a&% &' /4

/4

9"' é+%+ n% )(%&"0can &i+%(+i%n'+ 'n l% 9"'

9"' é+%+ n% )(%&"0can &i+%(+i%n'+ 'n l% 9"' +' a a %+'(a(: al +' a a %+'(a(: al $a(!'n$a(!'n &' la "'na %l"na& 9"' 'n!an 9"i'n'+ in(%&"c'n al in'+i!a&%( 'n "n &' la "'na %l"na& 9"' 'n!an 9"i'n'+ in(%&"c'n al in'+i!a&%( 'n "n 1$i% '((i%(ial % a "na

1$i% '((i%(ial % a "na in+i"ci*n )a(a 9"' ('alic' +" (aa5%.in+i"ci*n )a(a 9"' ('alic' +" (aa5%. .

. C"C"anan&% +&% +'a n'a n'c'c'+'+aHaH%: %: +' +' &a&a(1 (1 a la a la !'!'nn' "' "na 'na '?)?)lilicacacici*n *n &' &' lala++ a('a+ 9"' +' an a ('ali0a( #

a('a+ 9"' +' an a ('ali0a( # &' l%+ )(%)*+i%+ &' la in'+i!aci*n. E+%&' l%+ )(%)*+i%+ &' la in'+i!aci*n. E+% )"'&' 'ia( +"+)icacia+ % $al%+ '

)"'&' 'ia( +"+)icacia+ % $al%+ 'n'n&i&%+.n'n&i&%+. l.

l. S' S' <a <a &' &' &'&'+a+a((((%ll%lla( a( la la caca)a)acici&a&a& )& )a(a(a "a "iilili0a0a( i( in&n&icici%i%+ % + % )')'(c(c')c')ci%i%n'+n'+ a )a(i( &' >)'9"'H%+ &'all'+> c%$% n% +' )"'&' (')a(a( 'n >%&%>: '+ a )a(i( &' >)'9"'H%+ &'all'+> c%$% n% +' )"'&' (')a(a( 'n >%&%>: '+ i$)%(an' ('!i+(a( la+ >i$)('+i%n'+ $;li)l'+> %'ni&a+ )%( '

i$)%(an' ('!i+(a( la+ >i$)('+i%n'+ $;li)l'+> %'ni&a+ )%( 'll

in'+i!a&%( &' ca$)% 'n +"+ %+'(aci%n'+: '+)'cial$'n' )a(a 9"' in'+i!a&%( &' ca$)% 'n +"+ %+'(aci%n'+: '+)'cial$'n' )a(a 9"' +"+ in'()('aci%n'+ +'an )'(in'n'+. Ca&a "na &' '+a+ >i$

+"+ in'()('aci%n'+ +'an )'(in'n'+. Ca&a "na &' '+a+ >i$)('+i%n'+ &'l)('+i%n'+ &'l >%&%>., : l''+: i$)a(cial'+: i$)('ci+a+: a#"&an a la

>%&%>., : l''+: i$)a(cial'+: i$)('ci+a+: a#"&an a la c%$)('n+i*nc%$)('n+i*n $.

$. LaLa+ %+ %+'+'(a(acici%n%n'+ +'+ +' &'' &'''n (n ('!i'!i++(a(a( '( 'n la $n la $'&i'&i&a &&a &' l% )' l% )%+%+iil'l' &' in$'&ia%. C"an&% '+% n% +' )"'&'

&' in$'&ia%. C"an&% '+% n% +' )"'&' <ac'( =#a 9"' n% +i'$)(' +'<ac'( =#a 9"' n% +i'$)(' +'

)"'&'n %$a( la+ n%a+ 'n 'l $%$'n% 'n 9"' +' ('ali0a "na %+'(aci*n@: )"'&'n %$a( la+ n%a+ 'n 'l $%$'n% 'n 9"' +' ('ali0a "na %+'(aci*n@: <a# 9"' <ac'(l% l%

<a# 9"' <ac'(l% l% an'+ )%+il'. L%+ ('!i+(%+ &iB'(i&%+ )"'&'n )'(&'(an'+ )%+il'. L%+ ('!i+(%+ &iB'(i&%+ )"'&'n )'(&'( &'all'+ i$)%(an'+ % i'n +'( &i+%(+i%na&%+ )%( 'l %+'(a&%( c"an&% &'all'+ i$)%(an'+ % i'n +'( &i+%(+i%na&%+ )%( 'l %+'(a&%( c"an&% )(%c'&' a '+c(ii( l% )'(cii&% a+1n&%+' 'n

)(%c'&' a '+c(ii( l% )'(cii&% a+1n&%+' 'n +" $'$%(ia.+" $'$%(ia. n.

n. PP%( %( ;l;lii$%$%: ": "n an a+)+)'c'c% % i$i$)%)%((anan' ' 'n 'n 'l 'l "+"+% &% &' l' la %a %++'('(acaci*i*n:n:

c%nB%($' la ('ali0an l%+ an(%)*l%!%+: '+ 'l &' ll'a( a ca% l%+ $'&i%+ &' c%nB%($' la ('ali0an l%+ an(%)*l%!%+: '+ 'l &' ll'a( a ca% l%+ $'&i%+ &' c%n(%l )a(a a+'!"(a( la ali&'0

c%n(%l )a(a a+'!"(a( la ali&'0 # la 7aili&a& &' # la 7aili&a& &' l%+ &a%+ ('!i+(a&%+. N%l%+ &a%+ ('!i+(a&%+. N% '+ "na a('a B1cil.

'+ "na a('a B1cil. /6

/6

C"ali&a&'+ # c%n&ici%n'+ )a(a la %+'(aci*n C"ali&a&'+ # c%n&ici%n'+ )a(a la %+'(aci*n 

 OO(i(i'n'nacaci*i*n # n # c%c%n%n%cici$i$i'n'n% % &' &' II% 9% 9"' "' ++' 9' 9"i"i'('(' ' '('(.. 

 E+E+aa( li( li((' &' ' &' ininclclininacaci%i%n'n'+ &+ &' la' la+ n+ n%c%ci%i%n'n'+ )+ )(('c'c%n%nc'c'ii&a&a+ # &+ # &' ' %&%&aa +'(i' &' )'(5"ici%+.

+'(i' &' )'(5"ici%+.

Li(' &' '?ciaci%n'+: )(i+a+: 'n"+ia+$%+ # a$ién &' 5"ici%+ $%(al'+. Li(' &' '?ciaci%n'+: )(i+a+: 'n"+ia+$%+ # a$ién &' 5"ici%+ $%(al'+. 

 MaMa&"&"(('0 $'0 $'n'naal: l: &&i+i+c(c('c'ci*i*n ' i$n ' i$a!a!ininacaci*i*n c%n c%nn((%l%la&a&a.a. 

 E+E+aa( l( lii((' &' &' ' %&%&a Ba Baai!i!a. a. AcAcii""& a& al'l'nana: i: inn'('('+'+a&a&a # a # acaciiaa.. 

 aaiilili&a&a& )& )a(a(a )a )a+a+a( a( &'&'+a+a)')'((ciciii&%&%: +: +in in lllla$a$a( a( la la aa'n'ncici*n*n.. 



 CCaa))aaccii&&aa& & ))aa((a a ii!!iillaa( # ( # ''((.. 

 CaCa)a)acici&a&a& )& )a(a(a 'a '++c%c%!'!'( l( la+ a+ )%)%++icici%i%n'n'+ + 'n'naa5%5%++a+a+.. 

 CaCa)a)acici&a&a& )& )a(a(a <a <acac'( '( c1c1lclc"l"l%+ %+ (a(a0%0%nanall'+ '+ # '# '?a?acc%+ %+ +i+in an a#"#"&a &a &'&' in+("$'n%+ &' $'&i&a.

in+("$'n%+ &' $'&i&a. 

 aaiilili&a&a& )a& )a(a c(a c%n%n+i+i&'&'(a(a( la( la+ in+ in''(((('l'lacaci%i%n'n'+ &+ &' la' la+ 'n+ 'nii&a&a&'&'+ c%+ c%n 'ln 'l c%n'?% c"l"(al.

c%n'?% c"l"(al. Pa"lin'

Pa"lin' YY%"n!%"n!

2. M%&ali&a&'+ &' la %+'(aci*n 2. M%&ali&a&'+ &' la %+'(aci*n

S'!;n +'an l%+ $'&i%+ "ili0a&%+ )a(a la +i+'$ai0aci*n &' l% %+'(a&%: 'l S'!;n +'an l%+ $'&i%+ "ili0a&%+ )a(a la +i+'$ai0aci*n &' l% %+'(a&%: 'l !(a&% &' )a(ici)aci*n &'l %+'(a&%(: 'l n;$'(% &' %+'(a&%('+ # 'l l"!a( !(a&% &' )a(ici)aci*n &'l %+'(a&%(: 'l n;$'(% &' %+'(a&%('+ # 'l l"!a( &%n&' +' ('ali0a: la %+'(aci*n )"'&'

&%n&' +' ('ali0a: la %+'(aci*n )"'&' a&%)a( &iB'('n'+ $%&ali&a&'+a&%)a( &iB'('n'+ $%&ali&a&'+ 

 SS''!!;;n ln l%%+ + $$''&&ii%%+ "+ "iillii00aa&&%%++  %+'(aci*n n% '+("c"(a&a % li

 %+'(aci*n n% '+("c"(a&a % li(': %+'(aci*n '+("c"(a&a %(': %+'(aci*n '+("c"(a&a % '+an&a(i0a&a.

'+an&a(i0a&a. 

 SS'!'!;n ;n ''l )l )a)a)'l 'l % $% $%%&% &% &' &' )a)annicici)i)acaci*i*n &n &'l 'l %%++'('(aa&%&%((   %+'(aci*n n% )a(ici)an':  %+'(aci*n )a(ici)an'.

%+'(aci*n n% )a(ici)an':  %+'(aci*n )a(ici)an'. /

/ 

 SS''!!;;n 'n 'l nl n;;$$''((% % &&' %' %++''((aa&&%%((''++  %+'(aci*n in&ii&"al:  %+'(aci*n 'n

 %+'(aci*n in&ii&"al:  %+'(aci*n 'n '9"i)%.'9"i)%. 

 SS''!!;;n n ''l l ll""!!aa( ( &&%%nn&&' ' ++' ' ((''aallii00aa

 %+'(aci*n 'B'c"a&a 'n +i"aci%n'+ na"(al'+ &' la i&a ('al:  %+'(aci*n 'B'c"a&a 'n +i"aci%n'+ na"(al'+ &' la i&a ('al:  %+'(aci*n 'B'c"a&a 'n la%(a%(i%.

 %+'(aci*n 'B'c"a&a 'n la%(a%(i%.

a. S'!;n l%+ $'&i%+ "ili0a&%+ )a(a ('c%!'( # +i+'$ai0a( l% 9"' +' a. S'!;n l%+ $'&i%+ "ili0a&%+ )a(a ('c%!'( # +i+'$ai0a( l% 9"' +' %+'(a &' la %+'(aci*n li(' a la %+'(aci*n '+an&a(i0a&a %+'(a &' la %+'(aci*n li(' a la %+'(aci*n '+an&a(i0a&a

S%n $"# a(ia&%+ l%+ $'&i%+ # )(%c'&i$i'n%+ &' %+'(aci*n >)"'&'n i( S%n $"# a(ia&%+ l%+ $'&i%+ # )(%c'&i$i'n%+ &' %+'(aci*n >)"'&'n i( &'+&' la '?iili&a& %al: !"ia&a +%la$'n' )%( la B%($"laci*n &'l )(%l'$a &'+&' la '?iili&a& %al: !"ia&a +%la$'n' )%( la B%($"laci*n &'l )(%l'$a a +'( '+"&ia&% # al!"na+ i&'a+ !'n'(al'+ ac'(ca &' l%+ a+)'c%+ &'

a +'( '+"&ia&% # al!"na+ i&'a+ !'n'(al'+ ac'(ca &' l%+ a+)'c%+ &' i$)%(ancia )(%al': <a+a 'l "+% $in"ci%+% &'

i$)%(ancia )(%al': <a+a 'l "+% $in"ci%+% &' in+("$'n%+ B%($al'+ #ain+("$'n%+ B%($al'+ #a )(')a(a&%+ )%( a&'lana&%>. / E+a a(i'&a& i'n' &a&a )(inci)al$'n' )%( )(')a(a&%+ )%( a&'lana&%>. / E+a a(i'&a& i'n' &a&a )(inci)al$'n' )%( 'l !(a&% &' '+("c"(aci*n &' la %+'(aci*n. En '+' a+)'c% la &i+inci*n 'l !(a&% &' '+("c"(aci*n &' la %+'(aci*n. En '+' a+)'c% la &i+inci*n 9"' +"'l' <ac'(+' '+ 'n(' la

9"' +"'l' <ac'(+' '+ 'n(' la %+'(aci*n li(': n% '+("c"(a&a: # la%+'(aci*n li(': n% '+("c"(a&a: # la %+'(aci*n '+("c"(a&a % '+an&a(i0a&a.

%+'(aci*n '+("c"(a&a % '+an&a(i0a&a.

P%( 'l +%l% <'c<% &' '+a( 'n 'l $"n&% ' in+'(a+ 'n "na &''($ina&a P%( 'l +%l% <'c<% &' '+a( 'n 'l $"n&% ' in+'(a+ 'n "na &''($ina&a ('ali&a&: la %+'(aci*n '+ >al!%>

('ali&a&: la %+'(aci*n '+ >al!%> 9"' ('ali0an %&a+ la+ )'(+%na+ 'n +" i&a9"' ('ali0an %&a+ la+ )'(+%na+ 'n +" i&a c%i&iana. S%n B%($a+ li('+ % n% '+("c"(a&a+ &' %+'(

c%i&iana. S%n B%($a+ li('+ % n% '+("c"(a&a+ &' %+'(aci*n. Sinaci*n. Sin '$a(!%: a$ién '?i+'n B%($a+ &' %+'(aci*n li(' %

'$a(!%: a$ién '?i+'n B%($a+ &' %+'(aci*n li(' % n% '+("c"(a&an% '+("c"(a&a c%$% écnica+ &' ('c%!i&a &' &a%+. D'n%$ina&a

c%$% écnica+ &' ('c%!i&a &' &a%+. D'n%$ina&a a$ién %+'(aci*na$ién %+'(aci*n a+i+'$1ica: %(&ina(ia % +i$)l': c%n+i+' 'n ('c%n%c'( #

+in &'li$iaci*n )('ia % c%n

+in &'li$iaci*n )('ia % c%n !"8a+ &' %+'(aci*n )%c% '+("c"(a&a+. En!"8a+ &' %+'(aci*n )%c% '+("c"(a&a+. En !'n'(al: %&% in'+i!a&%( % (aa5a&%( &' ca$)% '+1 'B'c"an&%

!'n'(al: %&% in'+i!a&%( % (aa5a&%( &' ca$)% '+1 'B'c"an&% c%nin"a$'n' "na %+'(aci*n n% '+("c"(a&a: &' a<8 9"' )%&(8a c%nin"a$'n' "na %+'(aci*n n% '+("c"(a&a: &' a<8 9"' )%&(8a

c%n+i&'(a(+' c%$% 'l )"n% &' )a(i&a &' la in'+i!aci*n +%cial: #a 9"' 'l c%n+i&'(a(+' c%$% 'l )"n% &' )a(i&a &' la in'+i!aci*n +%cial: #a 9"' 'l c%nac% # la i$)('!naci*n c%n la

c%nac% # la i$)('!naci*n c%n la ('ali&a& )lan'an )(%l'$a+: +"!i'('n('ali&a& )lan'an )(%l'$a+: +"!i'('n <i)*'+i+ # )'($i'n "n ci'(% c%n%ci$i'n% &' la ('ali&a&.

<i)*'+i+ # )'($i'n "n ci'(% c%n%ci$i'n% &' la ('ali&a&. /J

/J

E+' i)% &' %+'(aci*n )"'&' +'( a$ién 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% a&'c"a&% E+' i)% &' %+'(aci*n )"'&' +'( a$ién 'l )(%c'&i$i'n% a&'c"a&% )a(a ci'(% i)% &' in'+i!aci%n'+: c%$% 'l '+"&i% <'c<% )%( E. C. "!<'+: )a(a ci'(% i)% &' in'+i!aci%n'+: c%$% 'l '+"&i% <'c<% )%( E. C. "!<'+: R'nc%n(

R'nc%n(' &'+ ' &'+ &'"? $%n&'+: +%(' 'l &'"? $%n&'+: +%(' 'l c%nac% 'n(' cana&i'n+'+-B(anc'+'+c%nac% 'n(' cana&i'n+'+-B(anc'+'+ # cana&i'n+'+-in!l'+'+. E+ "n $'&i% (1)i&%

# cana&i'n+'+-in!l'+'+. E+ "n $'&i% (1)i&% &' ca)aci*n &' la ('ali&a&:&' ca)aci*n &' la ('ali&a&: a$)lia$'n' "ili0a&% 'n ci'(a+

a$)lia$'n' "ili0a&% 'n ci'(a+ '$'(!'ncia+ +%cial'+: ci(c"n+ancia+ 'n la+'$'(!'ncia+ +%cial'+: ci(c"n+ancia+ 'n la+ 9"' +' 5"+i7ca a$)lia$'n'. P'(% la %+'(aci*n n% '

9"' +' 5"+i7ca a$)lia$'n'. P'(% la %+'(aci*n n% '+("c"(a&a i'n' "n+("c"(a&a i'n' "n )'li!(% &' i)% !'n'(al 9"' n%+ &é la +'n+aci*n &' 9"' +a'$%+ $1+ &' l% )'li!(% &' i)% !'n'(al 9"' n%+ &é la +'n+aci*n &' 9"' +a'$%+ $1+ &' l% 9"' 'n ('ali&a& <'$%+ i+%: L%+ &a%+ +%n an ('al'+

9"' 'n ('ali&a& <'$%+ i+%: L%+ &a%+ +%n an ('al'+ # 8i&%+: # n"'+(%+# 8i&%+: # n"'+(%+ +'ni$i'n%+ ac'(ca &' l%+ $i+$%+ +%n an B

+'ni$i'n%+ ac'(ca &' l%+ $i+$%+ +%n an B"'('+: 9"' a 'c'+"'('+: 9"' a 'c'+ c%nB"n&i$%+ la B"'(0a &'

c%nB"n&i$%+ la B"'(0a &' n"'+(a+ '$%ci%n'+ c%n la '?'n+i*n &' n"'+(%+n"'+(a+ '$%ci%n'+ c%n la '?'n+i*n &' n"'+(%+ c%n%ci$i'n%+.2

c%n%ci$i'n%+.2

Ca' +'Hala( 9"' '+' i)% &' %+'(aci*n n% '+ %al$'n' '+)%n1n'% # Ca' +'Hala( 9"' '+' i)% &' %+'(aci*n n% '+ %al$'n' '+)%n1n'% # ca+"al &' a<8 9"' la &'n%$inaci*n &' %+'(aci*n n% c%n(%la&a n%+ ca+"al &' a<8 9"' la &'n%$inaci*n &' %+'(aci*n n% c%n(%la&a n%+

)a('0ca inc%(('ca: )"'+% 9"' "n $8ni$% &' in'nci*n: &' %(!ani0aci*n # )a('0ca inc%(('ca: )"'+% 9"' "n $8ni$% &' in'nci*n: &' %(!ani0aci*n # &' c%n(%l +' i$)%n' 'n %&%+

&' c%n(%l +' i$)%n' 'n %&%+ l%+ ca+%+ )a(a ll'!a( a l%+ ca+%+ )a(a ll'!a( a ('+"la&%+ al'&'(%+('+"la&%+ al'&'(%+ )%( l% $'n%+ <a# 9"' +a'(: 'n l8n'a+ !'n'(al'+: 9"é +' 9"i'(' %+'(a(: # )%( l% $'n%+ <a# 9"' +a'(: 'n l8n'a+ !'n'(al'+: 9"é +' 9"i'(' %+'(a(: # a )a(i( &' a<8 'l %+'(a&%( i'n' a$)lia li'(a& )a(a '+c%!'( l% 9"'

a )a(i( &' a<8 'l %+'(a&%( i'n' a$)lia li'(a& )a(a '+c%!'( l% 9"' '+i$a ('l'an' a l%+ 'B'c%+ &'

'+i$a ('l'an' a l%+ 'B'c%+ &' la in'+i!aci*n )(%)"'+a =%ia$'n':la in'+i!aci*n )(%)"'+a =%ia$'n': '+% )('+'na "na +'(ia &'+'na5a:. )%( la

'+% )('+'na "na +'(ia &'+'na5a:. )%( la &%+i+ &' +"5'ii&a& n%&%+i+ &' +"5'ii&a& n% c%n(%la&a 9"' ll'a c%n+i!%@.

c%n(%la&a 9"' ll'a c%n+i!%@.

La %+'(aci*n '+("c"(a&a: lla$a&a a$ién %+'(aci*n +i+'$1ica % La %+'(aci*n '+("c"(a&a: lla$a&a a$ién %+'(aci*n +i+'$1ica % '+an&a(i0a&a: a)'la a )(%c'&i$i'n%+ $1+ B%($ali0a&%+ )a(a l

'+an&a(i0a&a: a)'la a )(%c'&i$i'n%+ $1+ B%($ali0a&%+ )a(a laa ('c%)ilaci*n &' &a%+ % la %+'(aci*n

('c%)ilaci*n &' &a%+ % la %+'(aci*n &' <'c<%+: '+al'ci'n&% &'&' <'c<%+: '+al'ci'n&% &' an'$an% 9"é a+)'c%+ +' <an &' '+"&ia(: c*$% +%n: )%( '5'$)l%: 'n an'$an% 9"é a+)'c%+ +' <an &' '+"&ia(: c*$% +%n: )%( '5'$)l%: 'n (aa5%+ a '+cala $ic(%+%cial: l%+ c"a&(%+ % )lanilla+ &'

(aa5%+ a '+cala $ic(%+%cial: l%+ c"a&(%+ % )lanilla+ &' %+'(aci*n.%+'(aci*n. En "na %+'(aci*n n% '+("c"(a&a % li(': 'l in'+i!a&%( )"'&' &'ci&i( En "na %+'(aci*n n% '+("c"(a&a % li(': 'l in'+i!a&%( )"'&' &'ci&i( '+"&ia( "n !(")% #: $1+ c%nc('a$'n': +" &in1$ica

'+"&ia( "n !(")% #: $1+ c%nc('a$'n': +" &in1$ica in'(na 'n '+' ca+%:in'(na 'n '+' ca+%: 'l %+'(a&%( )"'&' 'n'( '+9"'$a+ $1+ % $'n%+ 'la%(a&%+ ac'(ca &' l% 'l %+'(a&%( )"'&' 'n'( '+9"'$a+ $1+ % $'n%+ 'la%(a&%+ ac'(ca &' l% 9"' l' <a &'

9"' l' <a &' $'('c'( )a(ic"la( in'(é+ )a(a +" %+'(aci*n: )'(% n%$'('c'( )a(ic"la( in'(é+ )a(a +" %+'(aci*n: )'(% n% &i+)%n' &' c"a&(%+ &' %+'(aci*n: n% <a#

&i+)%n' &' c"a&(%+ &' %+'(aci*n: n% <a# )a(ic"la( )('%c")aci*n )%()a(ic"la( )('%c")aci*n )%( '+al'c'( c%n !(an )('ci+i*n la+ ca'!%(8a+ &'

'+al'c'( c%n !(an )('ci+i*n la+ ca'!%(8a+ &' an1li+i+.an1li+i+.

D' l% 9"' +' (aa '+ &' ca)a( la ('ali&a& al c%$% +' &a in +i": '+ &'ci(: D' l% 9"' +' (aa '+ &' ca)a( la ('ali&a& al c%$% +' &a in +i": '+ &'ci(: 'n +" '+c'na(i% na"(al. Si i'n 'l in'+i!a&%( n% <a &' 'n'( )a(ic"la( 'n +" '+c'na(i% na"(al. Si i'n 'l in'+i!a&%( n% <a &' 'n'( )a(ic"la( )('%c")aci*n )%( )('ci+a( # &'li$ia( l%+ a+)'c%+ 9"'

)('%c")aci*n )%( )('ci+a( # &'li$ia( l%+ a+)'c%+ 9"' a aa a 2

2

%+'(a(: n% )%( 'll% n% <a &' &'5a( &' 'n'( cla(% c"1l'+ +%n la+ >c%+a+> %+'(a(: n% )%( 'll% n% <a &' &'5a( &' 'n'( cla(% c"1l'+ +%n la+ >c%+a+> 9"' l'