|üi îLh_ih èý33*i ú

(1)

Bh@ñð|) êð|ü Bh@ñð|@tG ú 5L*ý|ðL? |L

|üi îLh_ih èý33*i ^ú

a@4it ,ë ú?_ihtL?

îLt|L? çL**i}i @?_ ûî,+ ,hðU ñ@? `ð?ULLT

6i_ih@* +itihñi î@?! Lu ûiê vLh!

#iUi4Mih 2fff

WZh zrxog olnh wr wkdqn Fduro|q Hydqv/ Mlp Kduuljdq/ Mrkq Khoolzhoo/ Uxvvho Kloo0 ehuu|/ Gdylg Kxpphov/ Dqg| Urvh/ dqg Nhl0Px \l iru glvfxvvlrqv dqg khosixo frpphqwv rq hduolhu gudiwv1 Zh dovr olnh wr wkdqn vhplqdu sduwlflsdqwv dw Ervwrq Froohjh/ Eudqghlv Xqlyhuvlw|/ Wloexuj Xqlyhuvlw|/ Ydqghuelow Xqlyhuvlw|/ Xqlyhuvlw| ri Ylujlqld/ dqg wkh QEHU LWL Idoo phhwlqj iru khosixo frpphqwv1 Wkh ylhzv h{suhvvhg lq wkh sdshu duh wkrvh ri wkh dxwkruv dqg gr qrw qhfhvvdulo| uhðhfw wkh srvlwlrq ri wkh Ihghudo Uhvhuyh Edqn ri Qhz \run ru wkh Ihghudo Uhvhuyh V|vwhp1

(2)

úMt|h@U|

Aüi }h@ñð|) 4L_i* ü@t Mii? êð_i*) ýti_ |L ð?uih týMt|@?|ð@* |h@_i ãLê igiU|t Lu ð?t|ð|ý|ðL?t týUü @t Uýt|L4t ý?ðL?t @?_ i Uü@?}i h@|i 4iUü@?ðt4të •Uç@**ý4 d•bbDo uLý?_ |ü@| |üi N5íç@?@_@ MLh_ih *i_ |L |h@_i Mi|êii? ThLñð?Uit |ü@| ðt @ u@U|Lh 22 E2c2ffIä |ð4it |h@_i Mi|êii? t|@|it @?_ ThLñð?Uitc @ tTiU|@Uý*@h Tý33*i ð? *ð}ü| Lu |üi *Lê uLh4@* M@hhðiht L? |üðt MLh_ihë `i tüLê |ü@| |üi }h@ñð|) 4L_i*

ýtý@**) it|ð4@|i_ _Lit ?L| ULhhitTL?_ |L |üi |üiLh) Miüð?_ ð|ë `i tL*ñi |üi RMLhí _ih Tý33*iâ M) @TT*)ð?} |üi |üiLh) tihðLýt*)ë `i €?_ |ü@| ?@|ðL?@* MLh_iht hi_ýUi

|h@_i Mi|êii? |üi N5 @?_ ç@?@_@ M) @MLý| eeIc êüð*i hi_ýUð?} |h@_i @4L?}

?ý4Mih ðt |üi hitý*| Lu @ UL4Mð?@|ðL? Lu L4ð||i_ ñ@hð@M*it Mð@t @?_ |üi t4@** tð3i Lu |üi ç@?@_ð@? iUL?L4)ë `ð|üð?íç@?@_@ |h@_i hðtit M) @ u@U|Lh S _ýi |L |üi MLh_ihë W? UL?|h@t|c êð|üð?íN5 |h@_i hðtit 2DIë

(3)

W W?|hL_ýU|ðL?

Aüi }h@ñð|) 4L_i* ü@t Mii? êð_i*) ýti_ |L ð?uih týMt|@?|ð@* |h@_i ãLê igiU|t Lu ð?t|ð|ý|ðL?t týUü @t Uýt|L4t ý?ðL?tc i Uü@?}i h@|i 4iUü@?ðt4tc i|ü?ðU |ðitc

*ð?}ýðt|ðU ð_i?|ð|) @?_ ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* MLh_ihtë Aüi 4Lt| Ui*iMh@|i_ ð?uihi?Ui ðt

•Uç@**ý4<t d•bbDo €?_ð?} |ü@| |üi N5íç@?@_ð@? MLh_ih *i_ |L •bHH |h@_i Mi|êii?

ç@?@_ð@? ThLñð?Uit |ü@| ðt @ u@U|Lh 22 E2c2ffIä |ð4it |h@_i Mi|êii? N5 t|@|it @?_

ç@?@_ð@? ThLñð?Uitë ïMt|ui*_ @?_ +L}Lg d2fffo TLti ð| @t L?i Lu |üiðh tð Tý33*it Lu LTi? iUL?L4) 4@UhLíiUL?L4ðUtë Oi**ðêi** @?_ •Uç@**ý4 d•bbDo _LUý4i?| ð|t ñðL*@|ðL? Lu iUL?L4ðt|t< ThðLh Mi*ðiutë BhLtt4@? d•bbHo t@)t ð| ðt @? ý?i TiU|i_

hitý*|c iñi? 4Lhi týhThðtð?} |ü@? Ahiãih<t d•bbDo ø4)t|ih) Lu |üi 4ðttð?} |h@_i<ë W? UL?ti^ýi?Ui Lu |üðt @?_ MiU@ýti Lu |üi ð4TLh|@?Ui Lu |h@_i ULt|t uLh iUL?L4ðU }iL}h@Tü) @?_ 4@UhLiUL?L4ðUtc @ h@Tð_*) }hLêð?} *ð|ih@|ýhi ðt @ð4i_ @| 4i@týhð?}

@?_ ý?_iht|@?_ð?} |h@_i MLh_ih igiU|të^• 5L u@h ?L?i Lu |üi týMti^ýi?| hiti@hUü ü@t i T*@ð?i_ •Uç@**ý4<t €?_ð?}ë `i tL*ñi |üi MLh_ih Tý33*i ð? |üðt T@Tih M)

@TT*)ð?} |üi |üiLh) Lu |üi }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? tihðLýt*)ë

`üð*i }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?t ýti_ ð? i4TðhðU@* @TT*ðU@|ðL?t @hi !?Lê? uLh |üiðh t|hL?} €| |L |üi _@|@c |üi it|ð4@|i_ i^ý@|ðL?t _L ?L| ULhhitTL?_ |L |üLti _ihðñi_

|üiLhi|ðU@**)ë Aüi |üiLh)c €ht| _iñi*LTi_ M) ú?_ihtL? d•b.boc |i**t ýt |ü@| @u|ih UL?|hL**ð?} uLh tð3ic |h@_i Mi|êii? |êL hi}ðL?t ðt _iUhi@tð?} ð? |üiðh Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i M@hhðih hi*@|ðñi |L |üi @ñih@}i M@hhðih Lu |üi |êL hi}ðL?t |L |h@_i êð|ü @** |üiðh T@h|?ihtë W?|ýð|ðñi*)c |üi 4Lhi hitðt|@?| |L |h@_i êð|ü @** L|üiht @ hi}ðL? ðtc |üi 4Lhi ð| ðt Týtüi_ |L |h@_i êð|ü @ }ðñi? Mð*@|ih@* T@h|?ihë `i _i€?i @ |üiLhi|ðU@**)

@TThLThð@|i @ñih@}i M@hhðih Mi*Lê @?_ U@** ð| 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Uië •Uç@**ý4 _ð_ ?L| ð?U*ý_i 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*it ð? üðt @?@*)tðtë •Lt| Lu |üi týMí ti^ýi?| *ð|ih@|ýhi _Lit ð?U*ý_i @ uLh4 Lu 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ð? |üi uLh4 Lu @?

|üi hi4L|i?itt ð?_i _Lit ?L| ð?U*ý_i ?@|ðL?@* MLh_ih M@hhðihtc iñi? |üLý}ü |üiti

4Vhh Dqghuvrq dqg Vplwk ^4<<<d/e`/ Fkhq ^5333`/ Khdg dqg Ulhv ^4<<<`/ Hydqv ^5333d/e`/

Khoolzhoo ^4<<9/4<<:/4<<;`/ Khoolzhoo dqg PfFdooxp ^4<<8`/ Khoolzhoo dqg Yhuglhu ^5333`/ Klooehuu|

^4<<;/4<<<`/ Kxpphov ^4<<<`/ Phvvlqjhu ^4<<6`/ Zhl ^4<<9`/ dqg Zroi ^5333`1

5Ehujvwudqg ^4<;8/ 4<;<` dfnqrzohgjhv wkh pxowlodwhudo uhvlvwdqfh whup dqg ghdov zlwk lwv wlph vhulhv lpsolfdwlrqv/ exw lv xqdeoh wr ghdo zlwk wkh furvv vhfwlrq dvshfwv zklfk duh fuxfldo iru surshu wuhdwphqw ri elodwhudo wudgh eduulhuv1 Dqghuvrq dqg Pdufrxloohu ^4<<<` dssur{lpdwh wkh

•

(4)

`i êð** tüLê |ü@| M@tð?} |üi i4TðhðUt L? |üi |üiLhi|ðU@**) }hLý?_i_ }h@ñð|) i^ý@í

|ðL? ?L| L?*) @giU|t it|ð4@|it Lu |üi ð4T@U| Lu ?@|ðL?@* MLh_iht L? |h@_ic Mý| @*tL ThLñð_it @ 4ýUü 4Lhi ýtiuý* ð?|ihThi|@|ðL? Lu |üi €?_ð?}të

Aüi Thð4@h) UL?Uih? Lu TL*ðU) 4@!iht @?_ 4@UhLiUL?L4ðU @?@*)t|t ðt |üi ð4í T@U| Lu MLh_iht L? ð?|eo?@|ðL?@* |h@_ië •Uç@**ý4<t hi}hittðL? 4L_i* E@?_ |üi týMti^ýi?| *ð|ih@|ýhi uL**Lêð?} üð4ä U@??L| ñ@*ð_*) Mi ýti_ |L ð?uih týUü MLh_ih igiU|të W? UL?|h@t|c Lýh |üiLhi|ðU@**) }hLý?_i_ @TThL@Uü U@? Mi ýti_ |L UL4Tý|i

|üi ð4T@U| Lu MLh_iht ML|ü L? ð?|o@?@|ðL?@* |h@_i Eêð|üð? @ ULý?|h)ä @?_ ð?|ihí

?@|ðL?@* |h@_ië úTT*)ð?} Lýh @TThL@Uü |L •bbô _@|@c êi €?_ |ü@| MLh_iht hi_ýUi

|h@_i Mi|êii? |üi N5 @?_ ç@?@_@ M) eeIc êüð*i hi_ýUð?} |h@_i @4L?} L|üih ð?_ýt|hð@*ð3i_ ULý?|hðit M) 2bIë `üð*i ?L| ?i}*ð}ðM*ic êi UL?tð_ih |üiti |L Mi T*@ýtðM*) 4L_ih@|i ð4T@U|t Lu MLh_iht L? ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* |h@_ië

AêL u@U|Lht UL?|hðMý|i |L 4@!ð?} •Uç@**ý4<t Ui|ihðt T@hðMýt h@|ðL Lu ð?|ihí ThLñð?Uð@* |L ThLñð?Uiít|@|i |h@_i tL *@h}ië 6ðht|c üðt it|ð4@|i ðt M@ti_ L? @ hi}hití tðL? êð|ü L4ð||i_ ñ@hð@M*itc |üi 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui |ih4të ,t|ð4@|ð?} •Uç@*í

*ý4<t hi}hittðL? uLh •bbô _@|@ êi €?_ @ h@|ðL Lu •Sëec êüð*i @ UL?tðt|i?| it|ð4@|i M@ti_ L? |üi |üiLhi|ðU@* }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? ð4T*ðit @ h@|ðL Lu •fë.ë 5iUL?_c |üi 4@}í

?ð|ý_i Lu ML|ü h@|ðLt *@h}i*) hiãiU|t |üi t4@** tð3i Lu |üi ç@?@_ð@? iUL?L4)ë Wu êi it|ð4@|i •Uç@**ý4<t hi}hittðL? êð|ü N5 _@|@c êi €?_ |ü@| |h@_i Mi|êii? t|@|it ðt L?*) @ u@U|Lh •ëD |ð4it |h@_i Mi|êii? t|@|it @?_ ThLñð?Uitë Aüi ð?|ýð|ðL? ðt tð4T*i ð? |üi UL?|i | Lu |üi 4L_i*ë ,ñi? @ 4L_ih@|i M@hhðih Mi|êii? ç@?@_@ @?_ |üi hit| Lu |üi êLh*_ *i@_t |L üð}ü 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui uLh |üi ThLñð?Uit MiU@ýti ð|

@giU|t |h@_i M@hhðiht Mi|êii? @ ThLñð?Ui @?_ @*4Lt| @** Lu ð|t TL|i?|ð@* |h@_ð?}

T@h|?ihtë Aüðt tð}?ð€U@?|*) h@ðtit ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* |h@_ic M) @ u@U|Lh S M@ti_ L? Lýh it|ð4@|i_ 4L_i*ë W? UL?|h@t|c |üi 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui Lu N5 t|@|it ðt 4ýUü *itt

@giU|i_ M) @ MLh_ih M@hhðih tð?Ui ð| _Lit ?L| @giU| |üi M@hhðih Mi|êii? @ t|@|i @?_

|üi hit| Lu |üi *@h}i N5 iUL?L4)ë AüihiuLhi |h@_i Mi|êii? |üi t|@|it ðt ?L| 4ýUü ð?Uhi@ti_ M) MLh_ih M@hhðihtë

AL @ *@h}i i |i?| |üi UL?|hðMý|ðL? Lu |üðt T@Tih ðt 4i|üL_L*L}ðU@*ë ïýh tTiUí ð€U@|ðL? U@? Mi @TT*ði_ ð? 4@?) _ðgihi?| UL?|i |t ð? êüðUü ñ@hðLýt @tTiU|t Lu

sulfh lqgh{ whup iru lpsruwhuv lq furvv vhfwlrq yduldwlrq/ exw dyrlg wkh h{sruwhuv sulfh lqgh{ e|

hvwlpdwlqj d uhodwlyh lpsruw ghpdqg irup1 Lq frqwudvw/ zh xvh h{dfw lqgh{ qxpehu phdvxuhv iru erwk lpsruwhu dqg h{sruwhu sulfh lqgh{hv dqg xvh wkh xvxdo judylw| prgho ghshqghqw yduldeoh/

elodwhudo wudgh ðrzv1

2

(5)

ð4T*ðUð| |h@_i M@hhðiht @hi |üi uLUýtë Bh@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?t tð4ð*@h |L •Uç@**ý4<t ü@ñi Mii? it|ð4@|i_ |L _i|ih4ð?i |üi ð4T@U| Lu |h@_i ý?ðL?t ^ôc 4L?i|@h) ý?ðL?t^ec _ðgihi?| *@?}ý@}itc @_é@Ui?U)c @?_ @ ñ@hði|) Lu L|üih u@U|Lht( @** U@? Mi ð4ThLñi_

êð|ü Lýh 4i|üL_të Bh@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?t ü@ñi @*tL Mii? @TT*ði_ |L 4ð}h@|ðL? ãLêtc i^ýð|) ãLêt @?_ 6#W ãLêtë^D Oihi |üihi ðt ?L hiUiðñi_ |üiLh) |L @TT*)c UL?tðt|i?|*) Lh ?L|c Mý| Lýh hitý*|t tý}}it| |üi uhýð|uý*?itt Lu |üiLhi|ðU@* uLý?_@|ðL?të

Aüi hi4@ð?_ih Lu |üi T@Tih ðt Lh}@?ð3i_ @t uL**Lêtë W? 5iU|ðL? WW êi êð** ThLí ñð_i tL4i hitý*|t M@ti_ L? •Uç@**ý4<t }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?ë Aüi 4@ð? ?iê @tTiU| Lu

|üðt tiU|ðL? ðt |ü@| êi @*tL hiTLh| |üi hitý*|t uhL4 |üi Në5ë TihtTiU|ðñic UL4T@hð?}

ð?|iht|@|i |h@_i |L t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_ië W? tiU|ðL? WWW êi _ihðñi |üi |üiLhi|ðU@*

}h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?ë Aüi 4@ð? ð??Lñ@|ðL? üihi ðt |L hiêhð|i ð| ð? @ tð4T*i t)44i|hðU uLh4c hi*@|ð?} Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i |L tð3ic Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i M@hhðiht @?_ 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðtí

|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*itë 5iU|ðL? WV _ðtUýttit |üi ThLUi_ýhi uLh it|ð4@|ð?} |üi |üiLhi|ðU@*

}h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?c ML|ü uLh @ |êLíULý?|h) ñihtðL? Lu |üi 4L_i*c UL?tðt|ð?} Lu |üi Në5ë @?_ ç@?@_@c @?_ uLh @ 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) ñihtðL? |ü@| @*tL ð?U*ý_it @** L|üih ð?í _ýt|hð@*ð3i_ ULý?|hðitë Aüi hitý*|t @hi _ðtUýtti_ ð? tiU|ðL? Vë 5iU|ðL? VW TihuLh4t ti?tð|ðñð|) @?@*)tðt @?_ |üi €?@* tiU|ðL? UL?U*ý_itë

WW Aüi •Uç@**ý4 Bh@ñð|) ,^ý@|ðL?

•Uç@**ý4 d•bbDo it|ð4@|i_ |üi uL**Lêð?} i^ý@|ðL?G

,? %ðæ' k• n k2,? +ðn kô,? +æn ke,? _ðæn kDBðæn "ðæ E•ä Oihi %_ðæðt i TLh|t uhL4 hi}ðL? ð |L hi}ðL? æc +_ð @?_ +_æ@hi }hLtt _L4it|ðU ThL_ýU|ðL?

ð? hi}ðL?t ð @?_ æc __ðæ ðt |üi _ðt|@?Ui Mi|êii? hi}ðL?t ð @?_ æc @?_ B_ðæ ðt @ _ý44) ñ@hð@M*i i^ý@* |L L?i uLh ð?|ihíThLñð?Uð@* |h@_i @?_ 3ihL uLh t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_ië 6Lh |üi )i@h •bHH •Uç@**ý4 it|ð4@|i_ |üðt i^ý@|ðL? ýtð?} _@|@ uLh @** •f ThLñð?Uit

6Vhh Iudqnho/ Mhòuh|/ Huqhvwr Vwhlq dqg Vkdqj0Mlq Zhl ^4<<:`1

7Urvh ^5333` ñqgv wkdw wudgh dprqj frxqwulhv lq d prqhwdu| xqlrq lv wkuhh wlphv wkh vl}h ri wudgh dprqj frxqwulhv wkdw duh qrw lq d prqhwdu| xqlrq/ kroglqj rwkhu wudgh frvwv frqvwdqw1

8Wkh ñuvw dssolfdwlrq wr pljudwlrq ðrzv gdwhv iurp wkh qlqhwhhqwk fhqwxu| zulwlqjv e| Udyhq0 vwhlq ^4;;8/4;;<`1 Iru d pruh uhfhqw dssolfdwlrq vhh Khoolzhoo ^4<<:`1 Sruwhv dqg Uh| ^4<<;`

dssolhg d judylw| htxdwlrq wr elodwhudo htxlw| ðrzv1 Euhqwrq hw1 do1 ^4<<<` dqg Iudqnho dqg Zhl

^4<<9` kdyh dssolhg wkh judylw| htxdwlrq wr IGL ðrzv1

ô

(6)

@?_ uLh ôf t|@|it |ü@| @UULý?| uLh bfI Lu Në5ëíç@?@_@ |h@_ië W? |üðt tiU|ðL? êi êð** @*tL hiTLh| hitý*|t êüi? it|ð4@|ð?} E•ä uhL4 |üi Në5ë TihtTiU|ðñië W? |ü@| U@ti

|üi _ý44) ñ@hð@M*i ðt L?i uLh ð?|iht|@|i |h@_i @?_ 3ihL uLh t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_ië

`i @*tL hiTLh| hitý*|t êüi? TLL*ð?} @** _@|@c ð? êüðUü U@ti |üihi @hi |êL _ý44) ñ@hð@M*itë Aüi €ht| ðt L?i uLh ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* |h@_i @?_ 3ihL L|üihêðtic êüð*i |üi tiUL?_ ðt L?i uLh ð?|iht|@|i |h@_i @?_ 3ihL L|üihêðtië

Aüi _@|@ @hi _ðtUýtti_ ð? |üi #@|@ úTTi?_ð ë `ð|üLý| }Lð?} ð?|L _i|@ð* üihic

@ ULýT*i Lu UL44i?|t @hi ýtiuý*ë Aüi ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* @?_ t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_i _@|@

@hi uhL4 _ðgihi?| _ðñðtðL?t Lu 5|@|ðt|ðUt ç@?@_@c êüð*i |üi ð?|iht|@|i |h@_i _@|@

`i uL**Lê •Uç@**ý4 M) @TT*)ð?} @_éýt|4i?| u@U|Lht |L |üi Lhð}ð?@* _@|@ ð? Lh_ih

|L 4@!i |üi4 @t U*Lti*) UL4T@h@M*i @t TLttðM*ië ú** hitý*|t hiTLh|i_ Mi*Lê @hi uLh

|üi )i@h •bbôc uLh êüðUü |üi ð?|iht|@|i _@|@ @hi @ñ@ð*@M*ië `i uL**Lê •Uç@**ý4

@?_ L|üiht M) L?*) ýtð?} _@|@ uLh ôf t|@|itë

Aüi hitý*|t uhL4 it|ð4@|ð?} E•ä @hi hiTLh|i_ ð? A@M*i •ë Aüi €ht| |ühii UL*ý4?t hiTLh| hitý*|t uLh hitTiU|ðñi*) Eðä t|@|iíThLñð?Ui @?_ ð?|ihíThLñð?Uð@* |h@_ic Eððä t|@|iíThLñð?Ui @?_ ð?|ihít|@|i |h@_ic Eðððä t|@|iíThLñð?Uic ð?|ihíThLñð?Uð@* @?_ ð?|ihí t|@|i |h@_ië W? |üi *@||ih U@ti |üihi @hi tiT@h@|i MLh_ih _ý44ðit uLh êð|üð?íNë5ë

@u|ih ð4TLtð?} ý?ð|@h) ULiæUði?|t L? |üi B#è ñ@hð@M*itë Aüðt 4@!it UL4T@hðtL?

êð|ü Lýh |üiLhi|ðU@**) M@ti_ }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? hitý*|t i@tðih MiU@ýti |üi |üiLh) ð4TLtit ý?ð|@h) ULiæUði?|të

îJo_eo ý ä@?@_@ ðt |üi i TL?i?|ð@* Lu |üi ç@?@_ð@? _ý44) ñ@hð@M*i ULiæí Uði?|c k_Dc êüðUü }ðñit ýt |üi igiU| Lu |üi MLh_ih L? |üi h@|ðL Lu ð?|ihíThLñð?Uð@*

|h@_i |L t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_i @u|ih UL?|hL**ð?} uLh _ðt|@?Ui @?_ tð3ië 5ð4ð*@h*)c îJo_eoýL7 ðt |üi i TL?i?|ð@* Lu |üi ULiæUði?| L? |üi N5 _ý44) ñ@hð@M*ic êüðUü }ðñit |üi igiU| Lu |üi MLh_ih L? |üi h@|ðL Lu ð?|ihít|@|i |h@_i |L t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_i

@u|ih UL?|hL**ð?} uLh _ðt|@?Ui @?_ tð3ië

6Lýh UL?U*ýtðL?t U@? Mi hi@Uüi_ uhL4 |üi |@M*ië 6ðht|c êi UL?€h4 @ ñih) *@h}i MLh_ih ULiæUði?| uLh ç@?@_@ë Aüi €ht| UL*ý4? tüLêt |ü@|c @u|ih UL?|hL**ð?} uLh _ðt|@?Ui @?_ tð3ic ð?|ihíThLñð?Uð@* |h@_i ðt •Sëe |ð4it t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_ië Aüðt ðt L?*) tL4iêü@| *Lêih |ü@? |üi MLh_ih igiU| Lu 22 |ü@| •Uç@**ý4 it|ð4@|i_

e

(7)

|h@_i @u|ih UL?|hL**ð?} uLh _ðt|@?Ui @?_ tð3ië `i êð** tüLê Mi*Lê |ü@| |üðt *@h}i _ðgihi?Ui Mi|êii? |üi ç@?@_ð@? @?_ Në5ë MLh_ih ULiæUði?|t ðt i @U|*) êü@| |üi

|üiLh) Thi_ðU|të Aüðh_c |üiti MLh_ih ULiæUði?|t @hi ñih) tð4ð*@h êüi? TLL*ð?} @**

UL*ý4?äc |üi ç@?@_ð@? MLh_ih ULiæUði?| ðt •eë2 @?_ |üi Në5ë MLh_ih ULiæUði?| ðt

•ëS2ë

Aüi ML||L4 Lu |üi |@M*i hiTLh|t hitý*|t êüi? @|üiLhi|ðU@* hi4L|i?itt ñ@hð@M*it

|üi *ð|ih@|ýhi uL**Lêð?} •Uç@**ý4<t T@Tihë Aüi hi}hittðL? |üi? MiUL4it

,? %ðæ ' k•nk2,? +ðnkô,? +ænke,? _ðænkD,? -.•ðnkS,? -.•ænk.Bðæn"ðæ E2ä êüihi |üi hi4L|i?itt Lu hi}ðL? ð ðt

-.•ð ' ^[

6õ'æ

_ð6*+6 Eôä

Aüðt ñ@hð@M*i ðt ð?|i?_i_ |L hiãiU| |üi @ñih@}i _ðt|@?Ui Lu hi}ðL? ð uhL4 @** |h@_ð?}

T@h|?iht L|üih |ü@? æë A@M*i • tüLêt |ü@| @__ð?} hi4L|i?itt ð?_ðUit uLh ML|ü hi}ðL?t Uü@?}it |üi MLh_ih ULiæUði?| it|ð4@|it ñih) *ð||*i @?_ @*tL ü@t ñih) *ð||*i

@__ð|ðL?@* i T*@?@|Lh) TLêih M@ti_ L? |üi @_éýt|i_ -²ë

WWW Aüi Bh@ñð|) •L_i*

éýt|ð€U@|ðL?ë `i tüLê ð? |üðt tiU|ðL? üLê |@!ð?} |üi |üiLh) tihðLýt*) ThLñð_it @ _ðgihi?| 4L_i* |L it|ð4@|i êð|ü @ 4ýUü 4Lhi ýtiuý* ð?|ihThi|@|ðL?ë

ú?_ihtL? d•b.bo Thiti?|i_ @ |üiLhi|ðU@* uLý?_@|ðL? uLh |üi }h@ñð|) 4L_i* M@ti_

L? UL?t|@?| i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? Eç,5ä Thiuihi?Uit @?_ }LL_t |ü@| @hi _ðgihí i?|ð@|i_ M) hi}ðL? Lu Lhð}ð?ë 5ýMti^ýi?| i |i?tðL?t Eîih}t|h@?_ d•bHbc•bbfoc #i@hí _Lhg d•bbHoä ü@ñi Thitihñi_ |üi ç,5 Thiuihi?Ui t|hýU|ýhi @?_ @__i_ 4L?LTL*ðt|ðU UL4Ti|ð|ðL? Lh @ OiU!tüihíïü*ð? t|hýU|ýhi |L i T*@ð? tTiUð@*ð3@|ðL?ë ú UL?|hðMýí

LTih@|ðL?@* }h@ñð|) 4L_i* êð|ü @? i*i}@?|*) tð4T*i uLh4ë ï? |üðt M@tðt êi _ihðñi @ _iUL4TLtð|ðL? Lu |h@_i hitðt|@?Ui ð?|L |ühii ð?|ýð|ðñi UL4TL?i?|tG Eðä |üi Mð*@|ih@*

D

(8)

|h@_i M@hhðih Mi|êii? hi}ðL? ð @?_ hi}ðL? æc Eððä ð^âr hitðt|@?Ui |L |h@_i êð|ü @**

hi}ðL?tc @?_ Eðððä æ^âr hitðt|@?Ui |L |h@_i êð|ü @** hi}ðL?të

Aüi €ht| Mýð*_ð?} M*LU! Lu |üi }h@ñð|) 4L_i* ðt |ü@| @** }LL_t @hi _ðgihi?|ð@|i_

M) T*@Ui Lu Lhð}ð?ë 6L**Lêð?} #i@h_Lhg d•bbHoc êi @ttý4i |ü@| i@Uü hi}ðL? ðt tTiUð@*ð3i_ ð? |üi ThL_ýU|ðL? Lu L?*) L?i }LL_ë^S Aüi týTT*) Lu i@Uü }LL_ ðt € i_ë Aüi tiUL?_ Mýð*_ð?} M*LU! ðt ð_i?|ðU@*c üL4L|üi|ðU Thiuihi?Uitc @TThL ð4@|i_

M) @ ç,5 ý|ð*ð|) uý?U|ðL?ë Wu S_ðæ ðt UL?tý4T|ðL? M) hi}ðL? æ UL?tý4iht Lu }LL_t uhL4 hi}ðL? ðc UL?tý4iht ð? hi}ðL? æ 4@ ð4ð3i

#[

ð

q_ð^•*jS^Ej3•ä*j_ðæ

$_j*Ej3•ä

Eeä týMéiU| |L |üi Mý_}i| UL?t|h@ð?|

[

ð

R_ðæS_ðæ ' +_æé EDä

Oihi j ðt |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? Mi|êii? @** }LL_tc qððt @ TLtð|ðñi _ðt|hðMý|ðL?

T@h@4i|ihc +æ ðt |üi ?L4ð?@* ð?UL4i Lu hi}ðL? æ hitð_i?|tc @?_ Rðæ ðt |üi ThðUi Lu hi}ðL? ð }LL_t uLh hi}ðL? æ UL?tý4ihtë èhðUit _ðgih Mi|êii? *LU@|ðL?t _ýi |L |h@_i ULt|t |ü@| @hi ?L| _ðhiU|*) LMtihñ@M*ic @?_ |üi 4@ð? LMéiU|ðñi Lu |üi i4TðhðU@* êLh!

ðt |L ð_i?|ðu) |üiti ULt|të wi| Rð _i?L|i |üi i TLh|ih<t týTT*) ThðUic ?i| Lu |h@_i ULt|tc @?_ *i| |ðæ Mi |üi |h@_i ULt| u@U|Lh Mi|êii? ð @?_ æë Aüi? Rðæ ' Rð|ðæë

ð?uLh4@|ðL? ULt|tc _itð}? ULt|t @?_ ñ@hðLýt *i}@* @?_ hi}ý*@|Lh) ULt|t @t êi** @t

|h@?tTLh| ULt|të Aüi ?iê i4TðhðU@* *ð|ih@|ýhi L? |üi i TLh| Miü@ñðLh Lu €h4t E+LMih|t @?_ A)MLý| d•bbDo( îih?@h_ @?_ `@}?ih d•bbHoä i4Tü@tð3it |üi *@h}i ULt|t u@Uð?} i TLh|ihtë 6Lh4@**)c êi @ttý4i |ü@| uLh i@Uü }LL_ tüðTTi_ uhL4 ð |L æ |üi i TLh|ih ð?Uýht i TLh| ULt|t i^ý@* |L |ðæý • Lu ULý?|h) ð }LL_të Aüi i TLh|ih T@ttit L? |üiti |h@_i ULt|t |L |üi ð4TLh|ihë Aüi ?L4ð?@* ñ@*ýi Lu i TLh|t uhL4 ð |L æ Eæ<t T@)4i?|t |L ðä ðt %ðæ ' RðæSðæc |üi tý4 Lu |üi ñ@*ýi Lu ThL_ýU|ðL? @|

|üi Lhð}ð?c RðSðæ @?_ |üi |h@_i ULt| E|ðæý •äRðSðæ |ü@| |üi i TLh|ih T@ttit L? |L |üi

9Zlwk wklv dvvxpswlrq zh vxssuhvv ñqhu fodvvlñfdwlrqv ri jrrgv1 Rxu sxusrvh lv wr uhyhdo uhvlvwdqfh wr wudgh rq dyhudjh/ zlwk vshfldo uhihuhqfh wr wkh surshu wuhdwphqw ri lqwhuqdwlrqdo erughuv1 Uhvlvwdqfh wr wudgh grhv glòhu dprqj jrrgv/ vr wkhuh lv vrphwklqj wr eh ohduqhg iurp glvdjjuhjdwlrq1

S

(9)

ð4TLh|ihë AL|@* ð?UL4i Lu hi}ðL? ð ðt |üihiuLhi +_ð '^S_æ%_ðæë^.

Aüi ?L4ð?@* _i4@?_ uLh hi}ðL? ð }LL_t M) hi}ðL? æ UL?tý4iht t@|ðtu)ð?} 4@ í ð4ð3@|ðL? Lu Eeä týMéiU| |L EDä ðt

%ðæ '

#qðRð|ðæ

å_æ

$_E•3jä

+æc ESä

êüihi åæ ðt |üi UL?tý4ih ThðUi ð?_i Lu æc }ðñi? M) åæ '

%[

ð EqðRð|ðæä^•3j

&_•*E•3jä

é E.ä

`i êð** hiuih |L |üðt ThðUi ð?_i @t 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* |h@_i hitðt|@?Ui @t ð| _iTi?_t TLtð|ðñi*) L? |h@_i M@hhðiht êð|ü @** |h@_ð?} T@h|?ihtë •@h!i| U*i@h@?Ui ð4T*ðitG

+ð '^[

æ %ðæ '^[

æ Eqð|ðæRð*åæä^•3j+æc ;ðé EHä ú |h@U|@M*i }h@ñð|) 4L_i* @TThL@Uü 4@) Mi M@ti_ L? it|ð4@|ð?} @ t|LUü@t|ðU ñihtðL? Lu ESä týMéiU| |L |üi UL?t|h@ð?|t E.ä @?_ E Häë Aüi ti| Lu tU@*i_ ThðUit iqðRðj @hi tL*ñi_c ýT |L @ u@U|Lh Lu ThLTLh|ðL?@*ð|)c @t ð4T*ðUð| uý?U|ðL?t Lu |üi +<t @?_ |<t uhL4 |üi t)t|i4 Lu 4@h!i| U*i@hð?} UL?t|h@ð?|të Bðñi? tL4i ThLUi_ýhi uLh ð_i?|ðu)ð?} |üi |h@_i M@hhðihtc it|ð4@|ðL? U@? ThLUii_ë îý| êi @Uüðiñi @ ñih) ýtiuý* tð4T*ð€U@|ðL? M) @ttý4ð?} |ü@| |üi |h@_i M@hhðiht @hi t)44i|hðUc |ü@| ðtc

|ðæ ' |æðë^H N?_ih t)44i|h) ð| U@? Mi tüLê? |ü@| |üi ð4T*ðUð| tL*ý|ðL? |L

qðRðåð ' w_ð^•*E•3jäc ;ð Ebä

:Wkh prgho lv hvvhqwldoo| wkh vdph zkhq dgrswlqj wkh clfhehuj phowlqj* vwuxfwxuh ri wkh hfrqrplf jhrjudsk| olwhudwxuh/ zkhuhe| d iudfwlrq wlmý 4 ri jrrgv vklsshg lv orvw lq wudqvsruw1 Wkh rqo| vpdoo glòhuhqfh lv wkdw revhuyhg i1r1e1 wudgh gdwd gr qrw lqfoxgh wudqvsruwdwlrq frvwv/

zkloh wkh| gr lqfoxgh frvwv wkdw duh eruqh e| wkh h{sruwhu dqg sdvvhg rq wr wkh lpsruwhu1 Zkhq wudqvsruwdwlrq frvwv duh wkh rqo| wudgh frvwv/ wkh revhuyhg i1r1e1 wudgh ðrzv duh htxdo wr slflm1 Wkh vdph lv wkh fdvh zkhq wkh frvwv duh eruqh e| wkh lpsruwhu1 Zkloh zh eholhyh wkdw prvw wudgh frvwv duh eruqh e| wkh h{sruwhu/ sduwlfxoduo| iru XV0Fdqdgd wudgh zkhuh irupdo lpsruw eduulhuv duh yhu| orz/ wklv lv qrw fulwlfdo wr wkh ñqglqjv ri wkh sdshu> wkh uhvxowv zrxog eh vlplodu zkhq dvvxplqj wkdw revhuyhg wudgh ðrzv duh htxdo wr slflm1

;Wkhuh duh pdq| htxloleuld zlwk dv|pphwulf eduulhuv wkdw ohdg wr wkh vdph htxloleulxp wudgh ðrzv dv zlwk v|pphwulf eduulhuv/ vr wkdw hpslulfdoo| wkh| duh lpsrvvleoh wr glvwlqjxlvk1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ li èl dqg èm duh uhjlrq vshflñf frqvwdqwv/ pxowlso|lqj wlm e| èm@èl ;l> m ohdgv wr wkh vdph htxloleulxp wudgh ðrzv ^sl lv pxowlsolhg e| èl dqg Sm lv pxowlsolhg e| èm lq +;,`1 Wkh surgxfw ri wkh wudgh eduulhuv lq glòhuhqw gluhfwlrqv uhpdlqv wkh vdph wkrxjk1 Li wkh è*v duh

.

(10)

êð|ü w_ð ' +_ð*+^` |üi ð|û hi}ðL?<t tü@hi ð? êLh*_ ð?UL4ic ðt @ tL*ý|ðL? |L E.äíEHäë^b Ebä ðt tL*ñi_ ?L| L?*) uLh hi*@|ðñi ThðUitc Mý| @*tL uLh @MtL*ý|i ThðUitc tL ð| ð4TLtit

@? ð4T*ðUð| ?Lh4@*ð3@|ðL?ë ,^ý@|ðL? Ebä ü@t @ tð4T*i ð?|ýð|ðL?ë 6ðht|c @ *@h}i w_ð ð4T*ðit @ *@h}i ñ@*ýi Lu t@*itc êüðUü uLh @ }ðñi? Thiuihi?Ui T@h@4i|ih q_ð ðt ð?_ýUi_

M) @ *Lê }LL_t ThðUi R_ðë 5iUL?_c üð}ü |h@_i M@hhðihtc hiãiU|i_ M) üð}ü 4ý*|ð*@|ih@*

hitðt|@?Ui å_ðc *Lêih _i4@?_ uLh hi}ðL? ð<t }LL_tc hi_ýUð?} ð|t týTT*) ThðUi R_ðë 5ýMt|ð|ý|ð?} Eb ä ð?|L |üi i TLh| _i4@?_ t)t|i4 ESä )ði*_t |üi }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?

%_ðæ ' +ð+æ

+^`

# |ðæ

å_ðå_æ

$_•3j

é E•fä

ú? ð4T*ðUð| tL*ý|ðL? uLh |üi ThðUi ð?_i it @t @ uý?U|ðL? Lu |h@_i M@hhðiht U@? Mi uLý?_ M) týMt|ð|ý|ð?} Ebä ð? E.äG

å_æ^•3j'^[

ð

å_ð^j3•wð|^•3j_ðæ ;æé E••ä ïýh M@tðU }h@ñð|) 4L_i* ðt E•fä týMéiU| |L E••äë

ïýh }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? E•fä tð}?ð€U@?|*) tð4T*ð€it i ThittðL?t _ihðñi_ M) ú?í _ihtL? d•b.bo @?_ #i@h_Lhg d•bbHoë Aüiti i@h*ðih T@Tiht UL?|@ð? @ UL4T*ðU@|i_

|L |üi }LL_t 4@h!i| i^ýð*ðMhðý4 UL?_ð|ðL?t @**Lêt ýt |L hiT*@Ui |ü@| |ih4 êð|ü

|üi i TLh|ih<t ThðUi ð?_i å_ðc êüðUü *i@_t |L |üi t)44i|hðU uLh4 Lu |üi }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? E•fäë

Aüi }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? |i**t ýt |ü@| Mð*@|ih@* |h@_ic @u|ih UL?|hL**ð?} uLh tð3ic _iTi?_t L? |üi Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i M@hhðih Mi|êii? ð @?_ æc _ðñð_i_ M) |üi ThL_ýU| Lu

|üiðh 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* |h@_i hitðt|@?Uië úttý4i |ü@| j : •c UL?tðt|i?| êð|ü i4TðhðU@*

hitý*|t ð? |üi *ð|ih@|ýhië W| ðt i@t) |L tii êü) üð}üih 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui Lu |üi ð4TLh|ih æ h@ðtit ð|t |h@_i êð|ü ð ë 6Lh @ }ðñi? Mð*@|ih@* M@hhðih Mi|êii? ð @?_ æc üð}üih M@hhðiht Mi|êii? æ @?_ ð|t L|üih |h@_ð?} T@h|?iht êð** hi_ýUi |üi hi*@|ðñi

frxqwu|0vshflñf/ exw glòhu dfurvv frxqwulhv/ zh kdyh lqwurgxfhg dv|pphwulf erughu eduulhuv dfurvv frxqwulhv/ zkloh wkh surgxfw ri erughu eduulhuv uhpdlqv wkh vdph1 Zh fdq wkhuhiruh lqwhusuhw wkh erughu eduulhuv zh hvwlpdwh lq wklv sdshu dv dq dyhudjh ri wkh eduulhuv lq erwk gluhfwlrqv1 Rxu dqdo|vlv vxjjhvwv wkdw lqihuhqwldo lghqwlñfdwlrq ri wkh dv|pphwu| lv sureohpdwlf1

<Ghqrwh rxu sduwlfxodu vroxwlrq +frpelqlqj +:, dqg +<,, zlwk d -1 Vxevwlwxwh +<, lqwr wkh sulfh lqgh{ ghñqlwlrq +:, wr rewdlq +S_m^ú,^4ýâ@S

lël+wlm@S_l^ú,^4ýâ= Wkh vdph lpsolflw h{suhvvlrq iru wkh sulfh lqglfhv lv rewdlqhg e| vxevwlwxwlqj rxu vroxwlrq +<, lqwr wkh pdunhw fohdulqj htxdwlrqv +;,1 Zh jhw |l @ ëlS

m|m+wlm@S_l^úS_m^ú,^4ýâ> lpso|lqj +S_l^ú,^4ýâ@S

mëm+wlm@S_m^ú,^4ýâ=

H

(11)

ThðUi Lu }LL_t uhL4 ð @?_ h@ðti ð4TLh|t uhL4 ðë Oð}üih 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui Lu

|üi i TLh|ih ð @*tL h@ðtit |h@_ië út _ðtUýtti_ @MLñic üð}üih 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui

*i@_t |L @ *Lêih týTT*) ThðUi R_ðë 6Lh @ }ðñi? Mð*@|ih@* M@hhðih Mi|êii? ð @?_ æc |üðt h@ðtit |üi |h@_i *iñi* Mi|êii? |üi4ë

Aüi }h@ñð|) 4L_i* E•fä týMéiU| |L E••ä ð4T*ðit |ü@| Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i ðt üL4L}ií

?iLýt Lu _i}hii 3ihL ð? |h@_i ULt|tc êüihi |üiti ð?U*ý_i |üi ULt|t Lu tüðTTð?} êð|üð?

@ hi}ðL?c |_ððë Aüðt uL**Lêt MiU@ýti |üi 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Uit å_ð @hi üL4L}i?iLýt Lu _i}hii •%2 ð? |üi |h@_i ULt|të Aüi iUL?L4ðUt Miüð?_ |üi uLh4@* hitý*| ðt |ü@|

|üi UL?t|@?| ñiU|Lh Lu hi@* ThL_ýU|t 4ýt| t|ð** Mi _ðt|hðMý|i_ë Aüi hðti ð? |h@_i ULt|t ðt Lgti| M) |üi u@** ð? týTT*) ThðUit E|üi) @hi üL4L}i?iLýt Lu _i}hii 4ð?ýt

•%2 ð? |h@_i ULt|tä |L Tih4ð| tüðT4i?| ð? |üi t@4i ñL*ý4ië ^•f

Aüi !i) ð4T*ðU@|ðL? Lu |üi |üiLhi|ðU@* }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? ðt |ü@| |h@_i Mi|êii? hií }ðL?t ðt _i|ih4ð?i_ M) oe,@|ðñe |h@_i M@hhðihtë Ah@_i Mi|êii? |êL hi}ðL?t _iTi?_t L? |üi Mð*@|ih@* M@hhðih Mi|êii? |üi4 hi*@|ðñi |L @ñih@}i |h@_i M@hhðiht |ü@| ML|ü hi}ðL?t u@Ui êð|ü @** |üiðh |h@_ð?} T@h|?ihtë Aüðt ð?tð}ü| ü@t 4@?) ð4T*ðU@|ðL?t uLh |üi ð4T@U| Lu |h@_i M@hhðiht L? |h@_i ãLêtë Oihi êi êð** uLUýt L? L?i ð4TLhí

|@?| ti| Lu ð4T*ðU@|ðL?t hi*@|i_ |L |üi tð3i Lu ULý?|hðit MiU@ýti |üi) @hi ýtiuý* ð?

ð?|ihThi|ð?} |üi €?_ð?}t ð? tiU|ðL? Vë çL?tð_ih |üi tð4T*i |üLý}ü| i Tihð4i?| Lu

@ ý?ðuLh4 hðti ð? MLh_ih M@hhðiht Mi|êii? @** ULý?|hðitë 6Lh tð4T*ðUð|) êi @ttý4i

|ü@| i@Uü hi}ðL? ð ðt @ uhðU|ðL?*itt ULý?|h)ë `i êð** _ðtUýtt |ühii ð4T*ðU@|ðL?t Lu

|üðt i Tihð4i?|c êüðUü @hi *ðt|i_ Mi*Lêë

W4T*ðU@|ðL? •

Ah@_i M@hhðiht hi_ýUi tð3ií@_éýt|i_ |h@_i Mi|êii? *@h}i ULý?|hðit 4Lhi |ü@? Mi|êii?

t4@** ULý?|hðitë

W4T*ðU@|ðL? 2

Ah@_i M@hhðiht h@ðti tð3ií@_éýt|i_ |h@_i êð|üð? t4@** ULý?|hðit 4Lhi |ü@? êð|üð?

*@h}i ULý?|hðitë

W4T*ðU@|ðL? ô

43Wkh lqyduldqfh ri wudgh wr xqlirup ghfuhdvhv lq wudgh frvwv pd| ròhu d foxh dv wr zk| wkh xvxdo judylw| prgho hvwlpdwlrq kdv qrw irxqg wudgh ehfrplqj ohvv vhqvlwlyh wr glvwdqfh ryhu wlph +Hlfkhqjuhhq dqg Luzlq ^4<<;`,1

b

(12)

|üi *@h}ih ðt ULý?|h) 2ë

Aüi i Tihð4i?| @4Lý?|t |L @ 4@h}ð?@* ð?Uhi@ti ð? |h@_i M@hhðiht @SoJrr @**

ULý?|hðitc tL _|ðæ ' _|c ð 9' æ( _|ðð ' fé 6hðU|ðL?*itt ð?ð|ð@* i^ýð*ðMhðý4 ð4T*ðit

|ðæ ' • ;ðc æë #ðgihi?|ð@|ð?} E•• ä @| |ðæ' • , åð ' •c ;ðc æ )ði*_t^••

_åð '

#•

2ý wð n• 2

[

&

w_&²

$

_|é E•2ä

Aüýt @ ý?ðuLh4 ð?Uhi@ti ð? |h@_i M@hhðiht h@ðtit 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui 4Lhi uLh @ t4@** ULý?|h) |ü@? @ *@h}i ULý?|h)ë Aüi hi@tL? ðt |ü@| |üi ð?Uhi@ti ð? |h@_i M@hhðiht L?*) @TT*ðit |L |h@_i @UhLtt ULý?|hðitë Ah@_i M@hhðiht êð|üð? ULý?|hðit ü@ñi ?L|

Uü@?}i_ë 6Lh @ ñih) *@h}i ULý?|h) 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* |h@_i hitðt|@?Ui ðt ?L| 4ýUü @giU|i_

MiU@ýti |üi ð?Uhi@ti_ |h@_i M@hhðiht _L ?L| @TT*) |L |h@_i êð|üð? |üi ULý?|h)ë ú ñih) t4@** ULý?|h)c L? |üi L|üih ü@?_c u@Uit ð?Uhi@ti_ |h@_i M@hhðiht êð|ü @*4Lt|

|üi êüL*i êLh*_c *i@_ð?} |L @ *@h}i ð?Uhi@ti ð? 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Uië

E•2ä ð4T*ðit |ü@| |üi *iñi* Lu |h@_i Mi|êii? ULý?|hðit ð @?_ æc @u|ih UL?|hL**ð?}

uLh tð3ic Uü@?}it M) _

#

%ðæ+^` +ð+æ

$

' ýEj ý •ädwðn wæ ý^[

&

w_&²o_|é E•ôä

Aüðt ð4T*ðit |ü@| |h@_i Mi|êii? *@h}i ULý?|hðit _hLTt 4Lhi |ü@? |h@_i Mi|êii?

t4@** ULý?|hðit EW4T*ðU@|ðL? •äë `üð*i |êL t4@** ULý?|hðit u@Ui @ *@h}ih Mð*@|í ih@* |h@_i M@hhðihc |üi) u@Ui |üi t@4i ð?Uhi@ti ð? |h@_i M@hhðiht êð|ü @*4Lt| |üi i?|ðhi êLh*_ë îð*@|ih@* |h@_i _iTi?_t L? |üi hi*@|ðñi |h@_i hitðt|@?Ui |_ðæ*å_ðå_æë 5ð?Ui 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* |h@_i hitðt|@?Ui hðtit 4ýUü 4Lhi uLh t4@** ULý?|hðit |ü@? uLh

*@h}i ULý?|hðitc hi*@|ðñi |h@_i hitðt|@?Ui hðtit *itt uLh t4@** ULý?|hðitc tL |ü@| |üiðh

44Wr rewdlq wklv h{suhvvlrq zh glòhuhqwldwh wrwdoo| dw wlm @ 4 @ Sl@ sl wr rewdlq gSm @[

l

ëlgwlmý[

l

ëlgSl. 4 4 ý â

[

l

gël= S

lgël @ 3/ vlqfh wkh vxp ri wkh vkduhv lv htxdo wr rqh1 Pxowlso|lqj hdfk htxdwlrq e| ëm dqg vxpplqj xvlqj gwlm @ gw> l 9@ m> gwll @ 3/ zh vroyh iru S

ëmgSm @ +4 ýS

ë⁵_m,gw@5 dqg wkxv gSl@ +4@5 ý ël.S

ë⁵_m@5,gw=

•f

(13)

Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i _hLTt *ittë^•2

E•2ä @*tL ð4T*ðit |ü@| |h@_i êð|üð? @ ULý?|h) ðc @u|ih UL?|hL**ð?} uLh tð3ic ð?í Uhi@tit M)

_

#

%_ðð+^` +_ð+_ð

$

' Ej ý •äd• ý 2w_ðn^[

&

w_&²o_|é E•eä

AüihiuLhi |h@_i êð|üð? @ t4@** ULý?|h) ð?Uhi@tit 4Lhi |ü@? |h@_i êð|üð? @ *@h}i ULý?|h) EW4T*ðU@|ðL? 2äë ú hðti ð? 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* |h@_i hitðt|@?Ui ð4T*ðit @ _hLT ð?

hi*@|ðñi hitðt|@?Ui |ðð*åðåð uLh ð?|h@?@|ðL?@* |h@_ië Aüi _hLT ðt *@h}ih uLh t4@**

ULý?|hðit |ü@| u@Ui @ Mð}}ih ð?Uhi@ti ð? 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* |h@_i hitðt|@?Uië

W4T*ðU@|ðL? ô uL**Lêt uhL4 |üi ThiñðLýt |êLë úu|ih UL?|hL**ð?} uLh tð3ic |h@_i êð|üð? ULý?|h) ð hi*@|ðñi |L |h@_i Mi|êii? ULý?|hðit ð @?_ æ hðtit M)

_

#%_ðð*+_ð+_ð

%ðæ*+ð+æ

$

' Ej ý •äd• ý w_ðn w_æo_|é E•Dä Aüi ð?Uhi@ti ðt *@h}ih |üi t4@**ih ð @?_ |üi Mð}}ih æë `i @*hi@_) !?iê uhL4 W4T*ðí U@|ðL? 2 |ü@| ð?|h@?@|ðL?@* |h@_i hðtit 4Lt| uLh t4@** ULý?|hðitë 6hL4 W4T*ðU@|ðL?

• êi @*tL !?Lê |ü@| uLh @ }ðñi? t4@** ULý?|h) ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* |h@_i _hLTt 4Lt| êð|ü

*@h}i ULý?|hðitë

Aüi ð4T*ðU@|ðL?t hi*@|ð?} |L tð3i @hi 4ýUü 4Lhi }i?ih@* |ü@? |üi tTiUð€Ut Lu

|üi 4L_i* 4ð}ü| tý}}it|ë çL?tð_ih |üi uL**Lêð?} i @4T*i êð|üLý| @?) hiuihi?Ui

|L }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?t @?_ 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*itë ú t4@** iUL?L4) êð|ü

|êL hi}ðL?t @?_ @ *@h}i iUL?L4) êð|ü •ff hi}ðL?t i?}@}i ð? ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* |h@_ië ú** hi}ðL?t ü@ñi |üi t@4i B#èë `ü@| 4@||iht üihi ðt ?L| |üi ?ý4Mih Lu hi}ðL?tc Mý| |üi hi*@|ðñi tð3i Lu |üi |êL iUL?L4ðit @t 4i@týhi_ M) |L|@* B#èë `i L?*) ð?|hL_ýUi hi}ðL?t ð? |üðt i @4T*i MiU@ýti ð| ðt ð**ýt|h@|ðñi ð? |üi UL?|i | Lu |üi N5 t|@|it @?_ ç@?@_ð@? ThLñð?Uit |ü@| @hi |üi uLUýt Lu |üi i4TðhðU@* @?@*)tðtë N?_ih MLh_ih*itt |h@_ic @** hi}ðL?t ti** L?i ý?ð| Lu L?i }LL_ |L @** •f2 hi}ðL?t Eð?U*ý_ð?} |üi4ti*ñitäë ûLê ð4TLti @ M@hhðih Mi|êii? |üi t4@** @?_ |üi *@h}i ULý?|h)c hi_ýUð?} |h@_i Mi|êii? |üi |êL ULý?|hðit M) 2fIë +i}ðL? • ð? |üi t4@**

ULý?|h) |üi? hi_ýUit ð|t i TLh|t |L |üi *@h}i ULý?|h) M) 2fë W| ti**t •f 4Lhi }LL_t

45Dv lv lpphgldwho| fohdu iurp +46,/ wudgh ehwzhhq wzr vpdoo frxqwulhv fdq hyhq ulvh diwhu d xqlirup lqfuhdvh lq wudgh eduulhuv1 Wklv lv ehfdxvh wkh suh0eduulhu sulfhv sl gurs pruh lq vpdoo frxqwulhv wkdq lq odujh frxqwulhv dv vpdoo frxqwulhv duh pruh dòhfwhg e| d gurs lq iruhljq ghpdqg1 Wklv pdnhv lw pruh dwwudfwlyh iru vpdoo frxqwulhv wr wudgh zlwk hdfk rwkhu wkdq zlwk odujh frxqwulhv1

••

(14)

|L ð|ti*u @?_ •f 4Lhi }LL_t |L hi}ðL? 2 ð? |üi t4@** ULý?|h)ë Ah@_i Mi|êii? |üi |êL hi}ðL?t ð? |üi t4@** ULý?|h) hðtit M) @ u@U|Lh ••c êüð*i |h@_i Mi|êii? |êL hi}ðL?t ð? |üi *@h}i ULý?|h) hðtit M) @ u@U|Lh Lu L?*) •ëffe E@? ð**ýt|h@|ðL? Lu W4T*ðU@|ðL?

2 @MLñiäë Aüðt tüLêt |ü@| iñi? @ t4@** _hLT ð? ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* |h@_i U@? *i@_ |L @ ñih) *@h}i ð?Uhi@ti ð? |h@_i êð|üð? @ t4@** ULý?|h)ë Ah@_i Mi|êii? |üi |êL hi}ðL?t ð? |üi t4@** ULý?|h) ðt ?Lê •ôë.D |ð4it |h@_i Mi|êii? hi}ðL?t ð? ML|ü ULý?|hðitc êüð*i |h@_i Mi|êii? |êL hi}ðL?t ð? |üi *@h}i ULý?|h) ðt L?*) •ë2DD |ð4it |h@_i Mi|êii? hi}ðL?t ð? |üi |êL ULý?|hðit E@? ð**ýt|h@|ðL? Lu W4T*ðU@|ðL? ôäë

Aüi €?@* t|iT ð? Lýh |üiLhi|ðU@* _iñi*LT4i?| Lu |üi }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? ðt |L 4L_i*

|üi ý?LMtihñ@M*i |h@_i ULt| u@U|Lh |_ðæé `i uL**Lê L|üih @ý|üLht ð? ü)TL|üitð3ð?}

|ü@| |_ðæ ðt @ *L}*ð?i@h uý?U|ðL? Lu LMtihñ@M*itG Mð*@|ih@* _ðt|@?Ui __ðæ @?_ êüi|üih

|üihi ðt @? ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* MLh_ih Mi|êii? ð @?_ æ G

|_ðæ ' K_ðæ_⁴_ðæé E•Sä

Kðæ ' • ðu hi}ðL?t ð @?_ æ @hi *LU@|i_ ð? |üi t@4i ULý?|h)ë ï|üihêðti Kðæ ðt i^ý@* |L L?i T*ýt |üi |@hðgíi^ýðñ@*i?| Lu |üi MLh_ih M@hhðih Mi|êii? |üi ULý?|hðit ð? êüðUü

|üi hi}ðL?t @hi *LU@|i_ë ï|üih ð?ñit|ð}@|Lht ü@ñi @__i_ @_é@Ui?U) @?_ *ð?}ýðt|ðU ð_i?|ð|) _ý44) ñ@hð@M*it |L |üi _i|ih4ð?@?|t Lu |h@_i ULt|t( êi týTThitt |üiti uLh tð4T*ðUð|)ë

`i U@? ?Lê UL4T@hi |üi |üiLhi|ðU@* }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? êð|ü |ü@| it|ð4@|i_ ð?

,? %ðæ ' &n,? +ðn,? +ænE•ýjä4,? _ðænE•ýjä,? KðæýE•ýjä,? åðýE•ýjä,? åæ E•.ä êüihi & ðt @ UL?t|@?|ë Aüi !i) _ðgihi?Ui Mi|êii? E•.ä @?_ i^ý@|ðL? E•ä it|ð4@|i_

M) •Uç@**ý4 ðt |üi |êL ThðUi ð?_i |ih4të Aüi L4ð||i_ 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*it @hi ?L| Lh|üL}L?@* |L |üi _ðæ @?_ Kðæ|ih4tc tL |üi) Uhi@|i L4ð||i_ ñ@hð@M*i Mð@t êüi? |üi ULiæUði?| Lu |üi _ðt|@?Ui @?_ MLh_ih ñ@hð@M*it ðt ð?|ihThi|i_ @t E•ý jä4 @?_ E• ý jä *? Kðæé ïýh 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*it Mi@h tL4i hiti4M*@?Ui

|L Rhi4L|i?ittâ ð?_i it týUü @t Eôä |ü@| ü@ñi Mii? ð?U*ý_i_ ð? }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?

it|ð4@|it týMti^ýi?| |L •Uç@**ý4<t T@Tihë îý| |üi *@||ih _L ?L| ð?U*ý_i MLh_ih M@hhðiht @?_ iñi? êð|üLý| MLh_ih M@hhðiht |üi uý?U|ðL?@* uLh4 ðt ^ýð|i _ðgihi?|ë

ú t4@** _ðgihi?Ui Mi|êii? |üi |üiLh) @?_ |üi i4TðhðU@* *ð|ih@|ýhi ðt |ü@| |üi

|üiLhi|ðU@* }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? ð4TLtit ý?ð|@h) ð?UL4i i*@t|ðUð|ðitë ú?_ihtL? d•b.bo

•2

(15)

ThLñð_i_ @ h@|ðL?@*i uLh i@h*ðih E@?_ týMti^ýi?|ä i4TðhðU@* }h@ñð|) êLh! |ü@| ití

|ð4@|it ?L?íý?ð|@h) ð?UL4i i*@t|ðUð|ðitë Oi @**Lêi_ uLh ?L?|h@_i_ }LL_t @?_ @tí tý4i_ @ hi_ýUi_ uLh4 uý?U|ðL? Lu |üi i Ti?_ð|ýhi tü@hi u@**ð?} L? |h@_i_ }LL_t @t

@ uý?U|ðL? Lu |L|@* ð?UL4ië `i @*hi@_) uLý?_ ð? tiU|ðL? WW |ü@| ð4TLtð?} ý?ð|@h) ð?UL4i i*@t|ðUð|ðit ü@t *ð||*i igiU| L? •Uç@**ý4<t MLh_ih it|ð4@|itë `i êð** |üihií uLhi ð4TLti ý?ð|@h) ð?UL4i i*@t|ðUð|ðit ð? 4Lt| Lu |üi @?@*)tðtc *i@ñð?} @? i |i?tðL?

|L ?L?íý?ð|@h) i*@t|ðUð|ðit |L ti?tð|ðñð|) @?@*)tðtë

WV ,t|ð4@|ðL?

`i ð4T*i4i?| |üi |üiLh) ML|ü ð? |üi UL?|i | Lu @ |êLíULý?|h) 4L_i*c UL?tðt|ð?}

Lu |üi Në5ë @?_ ç@?@_@c @?_ @ 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) 4L_i* |ü@| @*tL ð?U*ý_it L|üih ð?í _ýt|hð@*ð3i_ ULý?|hðitë Aüi *@||ih @TThL@Uü ðt LMñðLýt*) 4Lhi hi@*ðt|ðU @t ð| |@!it ð?|L @UULý?| |ü@| |üi N5 @?_ ç@?@_@ @*tL |h@_i êð|ü L|üih ULý?|hðitë W| ü@t |üi

@__ð|ðL?@* @_ñ@?|@}i |ü@| ð| _i*ðñiht @? it|ð4@|i Lu |üi ð4T@U| Lu MLh_ih M@hhðiht L? |h@_i @4L?} |üi L|üih ð?_ýt|hð@*ð3i_ ULý?|hðitë `i €ht| _ðtUýtt |üi |êLíULý?|h) 4L_i* @?_ |üi? |üi 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) 4L_i*ë

WVë• AêLíçLý?|h) •L_i*

W? |üi |êLíULý?|h) 4L_i* êi it|ð4@|i |üi }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? uLh |h@_i ãLêt @4L?}

|üi t@4i ôf t|@|it @?_ •f ThLñð?Uit @t ð? •Uç@**ý4 d•bbDoë `i _L ?L| ð?U*ý_i ð? |üi t@4T*i |üi L|üih 2• hi}ðL?t E2f t|@|it T*ýt #çäc êüðUü @UULý?| uLh @MLý|

•DI Lu N5 B#èc @?_ |h@_i ãLêt ð?|ih?@* |L @ t|@|i Lh ThLñð?Uië OLêiñihc ð? Lh_ih

|L UL4Tý|i |üi 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*it uLh |üi hi}ðL?t ð? Lýh t@4T*ic êi _L ?ii_ |L ýti ð?uLh4@|ðL? L? tð3i @?_ _ðt|@?Ui @ttLUð@|i_ êð|ü |üi L|üih 2•

hi}ðL?t @?_ êi @*tL ?ii_ |L ýti ð?uLh4@|ðL? L? |üi _ðt|@?Uit êð|üð? hi}ðL?të `i tð4T*ðu) M) @}}hi}@|ð?} |üi L|üih 2• hi}ðL?t ð?|L L?i hi}ðL?c _i€?ð?} |üi _ðt|@?Ui Mi|êii? |üðt hi}ðL? @?_ hi}ðL? ð ð? Lýh t@4T*i @t |üi B#è êið}ü|i_ @ñih@}i Lu

|üi _ðt|@?Ui Mi|êii? ð @?_ i@Uü Lu |üi 2• hi}ðL?t |ü@| 4@!i ýT |üi ?iê hi}ðL?ë Aüihi ðt ?L tð4T*i ê@) |L UL4Tý|i _ðt|@?Uit ð?|ih?@* |L @ hi}ðL?ë 6Lh|ý?@|i*)c @t êi êð** tüLê ð? tiU|ðL? VWc Lýh hitý*|t @hi ?L| ñih) ti?tð|ðñi |L @ttý4T|ðL?t @MLý|

ð?|ih?@* _ðt|@?Uië `i ýti |üi ThL ) _iñi*LTi_ M) `ið d•bbSoc êüðUü ðt L?i uLýh|ü

•ô

(16)

|üi _ðt|@?Ui Lu @ hi}ðL?<t U@Tð|@* uhL4 |üi ?i@hit| U@Tð|@* Lu @?L|üih hi}ðL?ë^•ô W? |üi |êLíULý?|h) 4L_i* K_ðæ ' K^•3B^ðæc êüihi Ký• hiThiti?|t |üi |@hðgíi^ýðñ@*i?|

N5íç@?@_@ MLh_ih M@hhðih @?_ B_ðæðt |üi t@4i _ý44) ñ@hð@M*i @t ð? tiU|ðL? WWc i^ý@*

|L • ðu ð @?_ æ @hi ð? |üi t@4i ULý?|h) @?_ 3ihL L|üihêðtië

`i it|ð4@|i @ t|LUü@t|ðU uLh4 Lu E•fäë Aüi ihhLh |ih4 i?|iht @__ð|ðñi*) ð? |üi

*L}@hð|ü4ðU uLh4 Lu |üi }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?G

,? 5ðæ ì ,?^í₊^%_ð^ðæ₊_æ^ì' & n E• ý jä4 ,? _ðæn dE• ý jä,? Ko E• ý Bðæä

ý,? å_ð^•3jý ,? å_æ^•3jn 0_ðæé E•Hä ,t|ð4@|ðL? ðt týMéiU| |L |üi e• }LL_t 4@h!i| i^ýð*ðMhðý4 UL?_ð|ðL?tc Lhc i^ýðñí

@*i?|*)c |üi e• UL?_ð|ðL?t E••ä |ü@| _i€?i |üi ThðUi ð?_ðUit åð @t @ uý?U|ðL? Lu

|üi |h@_i M@hhðihtë Aüi T@h@4i|iht |L Mi it|ð4@|i_ @hi &c @• ' E• ý jä4c @?_

@2 ' E• ý jä,? Kë Aüýt êi ýti |üi ?L?í*ð?i@h *i@t| t^ý@hit it|ð4@|Lhc êüðUü tL*ñit

&c@4ð?•c@2

[

ð

[

æõ'ð

k,? 5ðæý & ý @•,? _ðæý @2E• ý Bðæä n ,? å_ð^•3jn ,? å_æ^•3j^l²

rüKæeS| |J å_æ^•3j '^[

ð

å_ð^j3•wðe^@^•^{,? _}^ðæ^n@²^E•3B^ðæ^ä ;æé

Aüi týMt|ð|ý|ðL? i*@t|ðUð|) j @*ê@)t i?|iht ð? 4ý*|ðT*ðU@|ðñi uLh4 êð|ü |üi |h@_i ULt| T@h@4i|iht 4 @?_ ,? K ð? @• @?_ @2c @?_ ðt |üihiuLhi ?L| ð_i?|ð€i_ë^•e

WVë2 •ý|ðíçLý?|h) •L_i

W? |üi 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) 4L_i* |üi êLh*_ UL?tðt|t Lu @** ð?_ýt|hð@*ð3i_ ULý?|hðitc @ |L|@*

Lu 22 ULý?|hðitë^•D W? |ü@| U@ti |üihi @hi S• hi}ðL?t ð? Lýh @?@*)tðtG ôf t|@|itc |üi hit| Lu |üi N5c •f ThLñð?Uitc @?_ 2f L|üih ULý?|hðitë `i êð** Lu|i? hiuih |L |üi 2f

@__ð|ðL?@* ULý?|hðit @t +ï` Ehit| Lu |üi êLh*_äë W? |üðt i T@?_i_ i?ñðhL?4i?| êi

@ttý4i |ü@| MLh_ih M@hhðiht Kðæ 4@) _ðgih uLh N5íç@?@_@ |h@_ic N5í+ï` |h@_ic

46Iru wkh uhjlrq rewdlqhg iurp wkh djjuhjdwlrq ri wkh 54 uhjlrqv/ zh frpsxwh lqwhuqdo glvwdqfh dv S₅₄

l@4S₅₄

m@4vlvmglm/ zkhuh vl lv wkh udwlr ri JGS lq uhjlrq l wr wrwdo JGS ri wkh 540uhjlrq duhd1

47Lghqwlñfdwlrq ri â lv srvvleoh lq dssolfdwlrqv zkhuh hohphqwv ri wlm duh gluhfwo| revhuydeoh/ dv zlwk wdulòv1

48Wkrvh duh wkh XV/ Fdqdgd/ Dxvwudold/ Mdsdq/ Qhz ]hdodqg/ Dxvwuld/ Ehojlxp0Ox{hperxuj/

Ghqpdun/ Ilqodqg/ Iudqfh/ Jhupdq|/ Juhhfh/ Luhodqg/ Lwdo|/ Qhwkhuodqgv/ Qruzd|/ Sruwxjdo/

Vsdlq/ Vzhghq/ Vzlw}huodqg/ XN1

•e

(17)

ç@?@_@í+ï` |h@_i @?_ +ï`í+ï` |h@_ië `i _i€?i |üiti hitTiU|ðñi*) @t K_L7cäøc K_L7c-ï`c K_äøc-ï` @?_ K_-ï`c-ï`ë

6Lh UL?tðt|i?U) êð|ü |üi it|ð4@|ðL? 4i|üL_ ð? |üi |êLíULý?|h) 4L_i*c @?_

}ðñi? Lýh uLUýt L? |üi N5íç@?@_@ MLh_ih igiU|c êi êð** UL?|ð?ýi |L it|ð4@|i

|üi T@h@4i|iht M) 4ð?ð4ð3ð?} |üi tý4 Lu |üi t^ý@hi_ hitð_ý@*t uLh |üi ôf t|@|it

@?_ •f ThLñð?Uitë îý| |üihi @hi ?Lê ô @__ð|ðL?@* T@h@4i|iht |ü@| @giU| |üi 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*it Lu |üi t|@|it @?_ ThLñð?UitG E• ý jä,? K_L7c-ï`c E• ý jä,? K_äøc-ï` c @?_ E• ý jä,? K_-ï`c-ï`ë `i ð4TLti |ühii UL?t|h@ð?|t ð?

Lh_ih |L LM|@ð? it|ð4@|it uLh |üiti T@h@4i|ihtë Aüi UL?t|h@ð?|t ti| |üi @ñih@}i Lu

[

æM-ï`

E0_L7cæ n 0_æcL7ä ' f

[

æM-ï`E0äøcæ n 0æcäøä ' f

[

ðcæM-ï`

[

ðõ'æ

0ðæ ' f

|üi hitð_ý@*t 0L7cæ @?_ 0æcL7 @hi _i€?i_ @t |üi *L} Lu Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i Mi|êii? |üi N5 @?_ ULý?|h) æ 4ð?ýt |üi *L} Lu Thi_ðU|i_ |h@_ic êüihi |üi *@||ih ðt LM|@ð?i_

M) tý44ð?} Lñih |üi 4L_i*<t Thi_ðU|i_ |h@_i Mi|êii? æ @?_ @** N5 hi}ðL?të Aüi t@4i ðt _L?i uLh |h@_i Mi|êii? ç@?@_@ @?_ ULý?|hðit ð? +ï`ë^•.

49Dsduw iurp frqvlvwhqf| zlwk wkh wzr0frxqwu| hvwlpdwlrq phwkrg/ wkhuh duh wzr uhdvrqv zk|

zh suhihu wklv hvwlpdwlrq phwkrg dv rssrvhg wr plqlpl}lqj wkh vxp ri doo vtxduhg uhvlgxdov/

lqfoxglqj wkrvh ri wkh URZ frxqwulhv1 Iluvw/ erughu eduulhuv duh olnho| wr eh glòhuhqw dfurvv frxqwu| sdluv iru wkh 53 rwkhu lqgxvwuldol}hg frxqwulhv1 Qhlwkhu hvwlpdwlrq phwkrg doorzv xv wr lghqwli| doo wkhvh eduulhuv vhsdudwho|/ exw wkh phwkrg zh fkrvh lv ohvv vhqvlwlyh wr vxfk glòhuhqfhv dv zh rqo| xvh lqirupdwlrq rq wkh dyhudjh huuru whupv lqyroylqj wkh URZ frxqwulhv1 Vhfrqg/

wkh dowhuqdwlyh phwkrg ri plqlpl}lqj wkh vxp ri doo vtxduhg uhvlgxdov kdv zhdnhu ñqlwh vdpsoh surshuwlhv1 Wkh XV0URZ eduulhu kdv d pxfk juhdwhu lpsdfw rq XV0URZ wudgh wkdq rq wudgh dprqj wkh vwdwhv dqg surylqfhv/ exw XV0URZ revhuydwlrqv duh rqo| 5( ri wkh vdpsoh1 Li wkhuh lv rqo| zhdn vsxulrxv fruuhodwlrq ehwzhhq wkh 4844 huuru whupv iru wudgh dprqj vwdwhv dqg surylqfhv dqg wkh sduwldo ghulydwlyhv ri wkh fruuhvsrqglqj pxowlodwhudo uhvlvwdqfh whupv zlwk uhvshfw wr wkh XV0URZ eduulhu/ lw frxog vljqlñfdqwo| dòhfw wkh hvwlpdwh ri wkdw eduulhu1

4:Gdwd rq h{sruwv iurp lqglylgxdo vwdwhv wr URZ frxqwulhv gr h{lvw +vhh Ihhqvwud ^4<<:`,/ exw wklv lv edvhg rq lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh orfdwlrq ri wkh h{sruwhu/ zklfk lv riwhq qrw wkh orfdwlrq ri

•D

(18)

V +itý*|t

ïýh }L@* ð? |üðt tiU|ðL? ðt |ühiiíuL*_ë 6ðht|c êi hiTLh| hitý*|t uhL4 it|ð4@|ð?}

|üi |üiLhi|ðU@* }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL?ë 5iUL?_c êi ýti |üi it|ð4@|i_ }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? |L _i|ih4ð?i |üi ð4T@U| Lu ?@|ðL?@* MLh_iht L? |h@_i ãLêtë Aüðt ðt _L?i M) UL4Tý|ð?}

|üi Uü@?}i ð? Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i ãLêt @u|ih hi4Lñð?} |üi MLh_ih M@hhðihtë 6ð?@**)c êi ýti |üi it|ð4@|i_ }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? |L @UULý?| uLh |üi it|ð4@|i_ •Uç@**ý4 MLh_ih T@h@4i|ihtë Aüðt ThLUi_ýhi ð**ýt|h@|it |üi hL*i Lu |üi 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*it ð? }i?ih@|ð?} @ 4ýUü t4@**ih •Uç@**ý4 MLh_ih T@h@4i|ih uLh |üi N5

|ü@? uLh ç@?@_@ @t êi** @t |üi igiU| Lu |üi L4ð||i_ ñ@hð@M*i Mð@t ð? •Uç@**ý4<t ThLUi_ýhië

Vë• è@h@4i|ih ,t|ð4@|it

A@M*i 2 hiTLh|t |üi T@h@4i|ih it|ð4@|itë Aüi it|ð4@|i Lu |üi N5íç@?@_@ MLh_ih M@hhðih ðt ñih) tð4ð*@h ð? ML|ü |üi |êLíULý?|h) 4L_i* @?_ |üi 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) 4L_i*ë W? |üi 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) 4L_i* |üi MLh_ih M@hhðih it|ð4@|it @hi @*tL t|hð!ð?}*) tð4ð*@h

@UhLtt ULý?|h) T@ðhtë Aüi M@hhðih Mi|êii? |üi N5 @?_ ç@?@_@ ðt L?*) t*ð}ü|*)

*Lêih |ü@? Mi|êii? |üi L|üih 2f ð?_ýt|hð@*ð3i_ ULý?|hðitc |üi 4@éLhð|) Lu êüðUü ðt |h@_i @4L?} ,ýhLTi@? N?ðL? ULý?|hðitë Aüi L?*) MLh_ih M@hhðih |ü@| ðt @ Mð|

üð}üih |ü@? |üi L|üiht ðt Mi|êii? ç@?@_@ @?_ |üi +ï` ULý?|hðitë

út _ðtUýtti_ @MLñic êi U@? L?*) it|ð4@|i E• ý jä,? Kë ï?i êLý*_ ?ii_ |L 4@!i @? @ttý4T|ðL? @MLý| |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL? j ð? Lh_ih |L LM|@ð? @?

it|ð4@|i Lu Ký•c |üi @_ ñ@*Lhi4 |@hðg i^ýðñ@*i?| Lu |üi MLh_ih M@hhðihë Aüi 4L_i*

ðt Lu ULýhti üð}ü*) t|)*ð3i_ ð? |ü@| |üihi ðt L?*) L?i i*@t|ðUð|)ë W? hi@*ð|) tL4i }LL_t 4@) Mi TihuiU| týMt|ð|ý|itc êð|ü @? ð?€?ð|i i*@t|ðUð|)c êüð*i L|üiht @hi êi@!

týMt|ð|ý|itë Oý44i*t d•bbbo LM|@ð?t it|ð4@|it uLh |üi i*@t|ðUð|) Lu týMt|ð|ý|ðL?

êð|üð? ð?_ýt|hðitë Aüi hitý*|t _iTi?_ L? |üi _ðt@}}hi}@|ðL? Lu |üi ð?_ýt|hðitë Aüi @ñih@}i i*@t|ðUð|) ðt hitTiU|ðñi*) eëHc DëS @?_ Sëb uLh •í_ð}ð|c 2í_ð}ð| @?_ ôí

wkh sodqw zkhuh wkh jrrgv duh surgxfhg1 Wkh Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Wudgh Glylvlrq dqg wkh Lqsxw Rxwsxw Glylvlrqv ri Vwdwlvwlfv Fdqdgd erwk uhsruw gdwd rq wudgh ehwzhhq surylqfhv dqg wkh uhvw ri wkh zruog1 Wkh gdwd iurp wkh LR Glylvlrq duh frqvlghuhg pruh uholdeoh/ exw rqo| wkh LW glylvlrq uhsruwv wudgh zlwk lqglylgxdo frxqwulhv1 Wkh glòhuhqfhv ehwzhhq wkh wrwdo h{sruw dqg lpsruw qxpehuv uhsruwhg e| erwk glylvlrqv duh riwhq yhu| odujh +doprvw d idfwru ; glòhuhqfh iru lpsruwv e| Sulqfh Hgzdug Lvodqg,1

•S

(19)

_ð}ð| ð?_ýt|hðitë 6Lh uýh|üih *iñi*t Lu _ðt@}}hi}@|ðL? |üi i*@t|ðUð|ðit ULý*_ Mi 4ýUü üð}üihc êð|ü tL4i }LL_t U*Lti |L TihuiU| týMt|ð|ý|itë^•H W| ðt |üihiuLhi ü@h_ |L UL4i ýT êð|ü @? @TThLThð@|i @ñih@}i i*@t|ðUð|)ë AL }ðñi @ ti?ti Lu |üi ?ý4Miht |üLý}üc

|@hðg i^ýðñ@*i?| Lu hitTiU|ðñi*) eHIc •bI @?_ bI ðu |üi @ñih@}i i*@t|ðUð|) ðt Dc •f

@?_ 2fë

W| ðt @*tL ?L|iêLh|ü) |ü@| |üi it|ð4@|i_ _ðt|@?Ui i*@t|ðUð|) E• ý jä4c i^ý@* |L

@MLý| ýféH uLh ML|ü |üi |êLíULý?|h) @?_ 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) 4L_i*tc ðt týMt|@?|ð@**)

*Lêih |ü@? |üi ý•éôD ULiæUði?| M@ti_ L? it|ð4@|ð?} •Uç@**ý4<t hi}hittðL? uLh

•bbô _@|@ E€ht| UL*ý4? A@M*i •äë BhLtt4@? d•bbHo ü@t Uhð|ðUð3i_ @t ý?hi@*ðt|ðí U@**) *@h}i |üi ý•ée2 _ðt|@?Ui ULiæUði?| |ü@| •Uç@**ý4 it|ð4@|i_ uLh •bHH _@|@ë ú__ð?} @|üiLhi|ðU@* hi4L|i?itt ñ@hð@M*it |L •Uç@**ý4<t hi}hittðL?c @t ð? Oi**ðêi**

d•bbHoc *i@_t |L @? iñi? *@h}ih _ðt|@?Ui ULiæUði?| Lu ý•éDbë W? UL?|h@t|c @__ð?}

|üi 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*it hi_ýUit |üi _ðt|@?Ui i*@t|ðUð|) týMt|@?|ð@**)ë Aüi *@t| |ühii hLêt Lu A@M*i 2 hiTLh| |üi @ñih@}i ihhLh |ih4t uLh ð?|iht|@|ic ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* @?_ t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_ië è@h|ðUý*@h*) uLh |üi 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) 4L_i*

|üi) @hi U*Lti |L 3ihLë Aüi @ñih@}i TihUi?|@}i _ðgihi?Ui Mi|êii? @U|ý@* |h@_i @?_

Thi_ðU|i_ |h@_i ð? |üi 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) 4L_i* ðt hitTiU|ðñi*) SIc í2I @?_ íeI uLh ð?|iht|@|ic ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* @?_ t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_ië Aüi *@h}it| ihhLh |ih4 ð? |üi

|êLíULý?|h) 4L_i* ðt uLh ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* |h@_ic êüihi L? @ñih@}i @U|ý@* |h@_i ðt

•.I *Lêih |ü@? Thi_ðU|i_ |h@_ië^•b

Vë2 W4T@U| Lu |üi îLh_ih L? îð@|ih@ Ah@_i

`i ?Lê |ýh? |L |üi ð4T*ðU@|ðL?t Lu |üi it|ð4@|i_ MLh_ih M@hhðiht uLh Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i ãLêtë `i êð** UL?tð_ih |üi h@|ðL Lu |h@_i ãLêt êð|ü MLh_ih M@hhðiht |L |ü@| ý?_ih

4;Iru h{dpsoh/ iru d kljko| krprjhqhrxv frpprglw| vxfk d vloyhu exoolrq/ Ihhqvwud ^4<<7`

hvwlpdwhv d 751< hodvwlflw| ri vxevwlwxwlrq dprqj ydulhwlhv lpsruwhg iurp 48 glòhuhqw frxqwulhv1

4<Wkh çU⁵lv uhvshfwlyho| 3176 dqg 3178 iru wkh wzr0frxqwu| dqg pxowl0frxqwu| prgho/ zklfk lv vrphzkdw orzhu wkdq wkh 3188 iru wkh PfFdooxp htxdwlrq zlwk xqlwdu| hodvwlflwlhv +odvw froxpq Wdeoh 4,1 Wklv lv qrw d whvw ri wkh wkhru| wkrxjk ehfdxvh PfFdooxp*v htxdwlrq lv qrw wkhruhwlfdoo|

jurxqghg1 Lw dovr grhv qrw lpso| wkdw pxowlodwhudo uhvlvwdqfh grhv qrw pdwwhu> wkh gxpplhv lq PfFdooxp*v htxdwlrq fdswxuh wkh dyhudjh glòhuhqfh lq pxowlodwhudo uhvlvwdqfh ri vwdwhv dqg surylqfhv1 Zlwk d kljkhu hvwlpdwh ri lqwhuqdo glvwdqfh/ wkh çU⁵iurp wkh vwuxfwxudo prgho ehfrphv txlwh forvh wr wkdw lq wkh PfFdooxp htxdwlrq1 Lw wxuqv rxw wkrxjk wkdw lqwhuqdo glvwdqfh kdv olwwoh hòhfw rq rxu nh| uhvxowv +vhfwlrq YL,1

•.

(20)

MLh_ih*itt |h@_ië úTTi?_ð î _ðtUýttit üLê êi UL4Tý|i |üi i^ýð*ðMhðý4 @u|ih hi4Lñð?} @** MLh_ih M@hhðihtë W| |ýh?t Lý| |ü@| êi ?ii_ |L !?Lê |üi i*@t|ðUð|) j ð? Lh_ih |L tL*ñi uLh |üi uhii |h@_i i^ýð*ðMhðý4ë Aüðt ðt MiU@ýti |üi ?iê ð?UL4i tü@hit w_ð _iTi?_ L? hi*@|ðñi ThðUitc êüðUü _iTi?_ L? jë `i ti| j ' Dc Mý| êi êð**

tüLê ð? |üi ti?tð|ðñð|) @?@*)tðt tiU|ðL? |ü@| hitý*|t @hi @*4Lt| ð_i?|ðU@* uLh L|üih i*@t|ðUð|ðitë Aüi i*@t|ðUð|) j T*@)t ?L hL*i L|üih |ü@? |L @giU| |üi i^ýð*ðMhðý4 ð?UL4i tü@hit @ *ð||*ië

W? êü@| uL**Lêt êi _i€?i |üi R@ñih@}iâ Lu |h@_i ñ@hð@M*it @?_ 4ý*|ð*@|ih@*

hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*it @t |üi i TL?i?|ð@* Lu |üi @ñih@}i *L}@hð|ü4 Lu |üiti ñ@hð@M*itc UL?tðt|i?| êð|ü •Uç@**ý4 d•bbDoë^2f

Aüi 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ñ@hð@M*it @hi Uhð|ðU@* |L ý?_iht|@?_ð?} |üi ð4T@U|

Lu MLh_ih M@hhðiht L? Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i @?_ ý?_iht|@?_ð?} êü@| @UULý?|t uLh |üi

•Uç@**ý4 MLh_ih T@h@4i|ihtë #i€?ð?} hi}ðL?t ð? |üi N5c ç@?@_@ @?_ +ï` @t

|ühii ti|tc A@M*i ô hiTLh|t |üi @ñih@}i å^j3• uLh hi}ðL?t ð? i@Uü Lu |üiti ti|të Aüi hitý*|t @hi tüLê? ML|ü êð|ü |üi it|ð4@|i_ MLh_ih M@hhðih @?_ ý?_ih MLh_ih*itt

|h@_ië út _ðtUýtti_ ð? tiU|ðL? WWWc M@ti_ L? |üi 4L_i* êi êLý*_ i TiU| MLh_ih M@hhðiht |L *i@_ |L @ *@h}ih ð?Uhi@ti Lu 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ð? t4@** ULý?|hðit

|ü@? ð? *@h}i ULý?|hðitë Aüðt ðt i @U|*) êü@| êi tii ð? A@M*i ôë å^j3• hðtit M)

•2I uLh N5 t|@|itc êüð*i ð| hðtit M) @ u@U|Lh 2ëee uLh ç@?@_ð@? ThLñð?Uitë Aüi

|h@_ð?} T@h|?ihtc êüð*i t|@|it u@Ui ?L MLh_ih M@hhðiht êð|ü |üi hit| Lu |üi *@h}i N5 iUL?L4)ë •ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui |üihiuLhi hðtit 4ýUü 4Lhi uLh ThLñð?Uit |ü@? uLh t|@|itë^2•

53PfFdooxp*v erughu hòhfw lv wkh glòhuhqfh ehwzhhq wkh dyhudjh orjdulwkp ri elodwhudo wudgh dprqj uhjlrqv lq wkh vdph frxqwu| dqg wkh dyhudjh orjdulwkp ri elodwhudo wudgh ri uhjlrqv lq glòhuhqw frxqwulhv1 Wklv lv frqyhuwhg edfn wr ohyhov e| wdnlqj wkh h{srqhqwldo1 Dprqj d vhw ri uhjlrqv/ elodwhudo wudgh ehwzhhq wzr uhjlrqv lv wkhuhiruh frqvlghuhg wr eh dyhudjh zkhq wkh orjdulwkp ri elodwhudo wudgh lv dyhudjh zlwklq wkh vhw1

54Zh ñqg wkdw wkhuh lv olwwoh uhodwlrqvkls ehwzhhq wkh wkhruhwlfdo pxowlodwhudo uhvlvwdqfh ydul0 deohv iru wkh 55 frxqwulhv dqg wkh frqvxphu sulfh lqglfhv iurp wkh Shqq Zruog Wdeohv1 Wklv pd|

eh ehfdxvh zh kdyh vhw wkh erughu eduulhuv wkh vdph iru doo URZ frxqwulhv1 Wkhuh duh dovr pdq|

idfwruv dòhfwlqj frqvxphu sulfh ohyhov wkdw duh qrw lq wkh prgho/ prvw lpsruwdqwo| qrq0wudghg jrrgv1 Ilqdoo|/ wudgh frvwv gr qrw qhfhvvdulo| kdyh wr vkrz xs lq frqvxphu sulfhv1 Iru h{dpsoh/

wkh vdph judylw| htxdwlrq fdq eh ghulyhg zkhq wudgh frvwv hqwhu wkurxjk wkh xwlolw| ixqfwlrq1

•H

(21)

,ñi? ý?_ih MLh_ih*itt |h@_i 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui ðt týMt|@?|ð@**) üð}üih uLh ThLñð?Uit |ü@? uLh t|@|itë #ðt|@?Uit @hi tL4iêü@| *@h}ih L? @ñih@}i Mi|êii? |üi N5 @?_ ç@?@_@ |ü@? êð|üð? |üi4ë Aüðt @giU|t 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui uLh ThLñð?Uit 4Lhi |ü@? uLh t|@|it @t 4Lt| TL|i?|ð@* |h@_ð?} T@h|?iht Lu |üi ThLñð?Uit @hi Lý|tð_i

|üiðh ULý?|h)c êüð*i uLh |üi t|@|it |üi) @hi ð?tð_i |üi ULý?|h)ë Aüðt ðt @}@ð? |üi hitý*| Lu |üi t4@** tð3i Lu |üi ç@?@_ð@? iUL?L4)ë

A@M*i e hiTLh|t |üi ð4T@U| Lu MLh_ih M@hhðiht L? Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i ãLêt @4L?}

@?_ êð|üð? i@Uü Lu |üi |ühii ti|t Lu hi}ðL?t EN5c çúc +ï`äë 5ð3i ðt UL?|hL**i_ uLh M) 4ý*|ðT*)ð?} |üi Mð*@|ih@* |h@_i ?ý4Miht M) +^`*E+_ð+_æäë wi||ð?} @ |ð*_i _i?L|i MLh_ih*itt |h@_ic |üi h@|ðL Lu @ñih@}i |h@_i Mi|êii? hi}ðL?t ð? ti|t û @?_ & Eûc & ' L7c äøc -ï` ä êð|ü @?_ êð|üLý| MLh_ih M@hhðiht ðt

K^•3j_û&

#å_û^j3•

åì_û^j3•

$ #å_&^j3•

åì_&^j3•

$

E•bä êüihi å_û^j3• hiuiht |L |üi @ñih@}i Lu hi}ðL?t ð? |ü@| ti|ë `i U@? |üihiuLhi Mhi@!

_Lê? |üi ð4T@U| Lu MLh_ih M@hhðiht L? |h@_i ð?|L |üi ð4T@U| Lu |üi Mð*@|ih@* MLh_ih M@hhðih @?_ |üi ð4T@U| Lu MLh_ih M@hhðiht L? 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui Lu hi}ðL?t ð?

ML|ü ti|të AL |üi i |i?| |ü@| MLh_ih M@hhðiht h@ðti @ñih@}i |h@_i M@hhðiht u@Ui_

M) @? ð4TLh|ih @?_ @? i TLh|ih E4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Uiäc ð| _@4Ti?t |üi ?i}@|ðñi ð4T@U| Lu |üi Mð*@|ih@* MLh_ih M@hhðih L? |h@_i Mi|êii? |üi |êL ULý?|hðitë W? êü@|

@ ULý?|h) 4Lhi uLh t4@** |ü@? uLh *@h}i ULý?|hðit ðt t|hL?}*) UL?€h4i_ ð? A@M*i eë Aüi |@M*i hiTLh|t @ tTiU|@Uý*@h u@U|Lh S ð?Uhi@ti ð? ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* |h@_i _ýi |L MLh_ihtc êüð*i ð?|iht|@|i |h@_i hðtit M) L?*) 2DIë Aüi *@h}ih ð?Uhi@ti ð? 4ý*|ð*@|í ih@* hitðt|@?Ui Lu |üi ThLñð?Uit *i@_t |L @ Mð}}ih _hLT ð? hi*@|ðñi |h@_i hitðt|@?Ui

|ðð*åðåð uLh |h@_i êð|üð? ç@?@_@ |ü@? êð|üð? |üi N5c i T*@ð?ð?} |üi *@h}i ð?Uhi@ti ð? ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* |h@_ië

A@M*i e @*tL hiTLh|t |ü@| MLh_iht hi_ýUi |h@_i Mi|êii? |üi N5 @?_ ç@?@_@

|L @ uh@U|ðL? fëDS Lu |ü@| ý?_ih MLh_ih*itt |h@_ic Lh M) eeIë Ah@_i @4L?} +ï`

ULý?|hðit ðt hi_ýUi_ M) 2bIë Aüi Mð*@|ih@* MLh_ih M@hhðih ð|ti*u ð4T*ðit @? HfI _hLT ð? |h@_i Mi|êii? t|@|it @?_ ThLñð?Uitc Mý| ð?Uhi@ti_ 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Uic T@h|ðUý*@h*) uLh ThLñð?Uitc h@ðtit t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_i M) @ u@U|Lh 2ë.2ë `üð*i N5 }LL_t ü@ñi MiUL4i 4Lhi i Ti?tðñi uLh ç@?@_@ _ýi |L |üi MLh_ih M@hhðihc |üi }LL_t

•b

(22)

Lu @*4Lt| @** |h@_ð?} T@h|?iht Lu |üi ThLñð?Uit ü@ñi MiUL4i 4Lhi i Ti?tðñië Aüðt tð}?ð€U@?|*) 4L_ih@|it |üi ?i}@|ðñi ð4T@U| L? N5íç@?@_@ |h@_ië

W| 4@) tii4 tL4iêü@| týhThðtð?} |ü@| |h@_i Mi|êii? |üi +ï` ULý?|hðit _hLTt tL4iêü@| *itt |ü@? Mi|êii? |üi N5 @?_ ç@?@_@c T@h|ðUý*@h*) MiU@ýti |üi it|ðí 4@|it ð? A@M*i 2 ð4T*) @ t*ð}ü|*) *Lêih N5íç@?@_@ MLh_ih M@hhðihë îý| ð| U@? Mi ý?_iht|LL_ ð? |üi UL?|i | Lu W4T*ðU@|ðL? • uhL4 |üi |üiLh) |ü@| MLh_ih M@hhðiht ü@ñi @ Mð}}ih igiU| L? |h@_i Mi|êii? ULý?|hðit |üi *@h}ih |üiðh tð3ië 6Lh |üi t@4i MLh_ih M@hhðiht N5íç@?@_@ |h@_i êLý*_ ü@ñi _hLTTi_ 4ýUü *itt ðu |üi N5 êihi

@ 4ýUü t4@**ih ULý?|h)ë Aüðt @*tL i T*@ð?t êü) |h@_i Mi|êii? |üi N5 @?_ |üi +ï` ULý?|hðit _hLTt tL4iêü@| 4Lhi |ü@? Mi|êii? |üi N5 @?_ ç@?@_@ë ç@?@_@

ðt iñi? t4@**ih |ü@? |üi @ñih@}i +ï` ULý?|h)ë î@ti_ L? tð3i @*L?i L?i êLý*_

ç@?@_@ @?_ |üi N5c Mý| |üðt ðt ?L| |üi U@ti @t @ hitý*| Lu |üi üð}üih |h@_i M@hhðih Mi|êii? ç@?@_@ @?_ |üi +ï` ULý?|hðitë

Vëô W?|h@?@|ðL?@* Ah@_i +i@|ðñi |L W?|ih?@|ðL?@ Ah@_i

ç@?@_@ä |L ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* |h@_i EMi|êii? N5 @?_ ç@?@_@äë W? |üðt tiU|ðL? êi êð**

tüLê |ü@| |üi *@h}i •Uç@**ý4 MLh_ih T@h@4i|ih uLh ç@?@_@ ðt _ýi |L @ UL4í Mð?@|ðL? Lu Eðä |üi hi*@|ðñi t4@** tð3i Lu |üi ç@?@_ð@? iUL?L4) @?_ Eððä L4ð||i_

ñ@hð@M*it Mð@të

Aüi ð4T@U| Lu MLh_ih M@hhðiht L? ð?|h@?@|ðL?@* hi*@|ðñi |L ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* |h@_i uL**Lêt ð44i_ð@|i*) uhL4 A@M*i e @?_ ðt hiTLh|i_ ð? |üi €ht| hLê Lu A@M*i Dë Aüi 4ý*|ðíULý?|h) 4L_i* ð4T*ðit |ü@| ?@|ðL?@* MLh_iht *i@_ |L |h@_i Mi|êii? ThLñð?Uit

|ü@| ðt @ u@U|Lh •fë. *@h}ih |ü@? Mi|êii? t|@|it @?_ ThLñð?Uitë W? UL?|h@t|c MLh_ih M@hhðiht h@ðti |h@_i Mi|êii? t|@|it M) L?*) @ u@U|Lh 2ë2e hi*@|ðñi |L |h@_i Mi|êii?

t|@|it @?_ ThLñð?Uitë Aüðt ðt i @U|*) @t @?|ðUðT@|i_ M) W4T*ðU@|ðL? ô Lu |üi |üiLh)ë W| ðt |üi hitý*| Lu |üi hi*@|ðñi*) t4@** tð3i Lu ç@?@_@c *i@_ð?} |L @ u@U|Lh S ð?Uhi@ti ð? |h@_i Mi|êii? |üi ThLñð?Uitë Aüi t4@** Uü@?}i ð? |h@_i Mi|êii? N5 t|@|it *i@_t

|L @ ULhhitTL?_ð?}*) 4ýUü t4@**ih ð?Uhi@ti ð? ð?|h@?@|ðL?@* |L ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* |h@_i uLh |üi N5ë

Aüðt ðt L?*) T@h| Lu |üi i T*@?@|ðL? uLh |üi *@h}i •Uç@**ý4 MLh_ih T@h@4i|ih uLh ç@?@_@ë Aüi L|üih T@h| ðt |üi hitý*| Lu L4ð||i_ ñ@hð@M*it Mð@të W? Lh_ih |L tii

2f

(23)

|üðtc hiêhð|i |üi |üiLhi|ðU@* }h@ñð|) i^ý@|ðL? @t

,? %ðæ ' & n ,? +ðn ,? +æn 4E• ý jä,? _ðæn -ðæn "ðæ E2fä êüihi

-ðæ' E• ý jä,? Kðæý E• ý jä,? åðý E• ý jä,? åæ

-_ðæ 4i@týhit |üi tý4 Lu @** |h@_i hitðt|@?Ui |ih4t êð|ü |üi i UiT|ðL? Lu |üi Mð*@|í ih@* _ðt|@?Ui |ih4ë ï|üih |ü@? @**Lêð?} uLh ?L?íý?ð|@h) ð?UL4i i*@t|ðUð|ðitc êüðUü êi @*hi@_) t@ê 4@!it *ð||*i _ðgihi?Uic •Uç@**ý4 it|ð4@|i_ E2fäc Mý| hiT*@Ui_ -_ðæ êð|ü @ _ý44) ñ@hð@M*i |ü@| ðt • uLh ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* |h@_i @?_ f uLh t|@|iíThLñð?Ui

|h@_ië W? |üi UL?|i | Lu |üi |üiLh) êi U@? |üihiuLhi ð?|ihThi| •Uç@**ý4<t MLh_ih T@h@4i|ih uLh ç@?@_@ @t |üi @ñih@}i Lu -_ðæ uLh ð?|ihThLñð?Uð@* |h@_i 4ð?ýt |üi @ñí ih@}i uLh t|@|iíThLñð?Ui |h@_ic @?_ tð4ð*@h*) uLh |üi N5ë²² A@!ð?} |üi i TL?i?|ð@*

uLh UL4T@hðtL? êð|ü •Uç@**ý4<t üi@_*ð?i ?ý4Mihc êi }i| EuL**Lêð?} |üi ?L|@|ðL?

Lu tiU|ðL? WWä

îJo_eoä@?@_@ ' EKL7cäøä^j3•å_äø^j3•

å_L7^j3• E2•ä

5ð4ð*@h*)c

îJo_eo_L7 ' EK_L7cäøä^j3•å_L7^j3•

å_äø^j3• E22ä

@?_ •ëSô uLh |üi N5ë Aüðt ULhhitTL?_t U*Lti*) |L |üi •eë2 @?_ •ëS2 T@h@4i|iht hiTLh|i_ ð? |üi *@t| UL*ý4? Lu A@M*i • êüi? it|ð4@|ð?} •Uç@**ý4<t hi}hittðL?

êð|ü ý?ð|@h) ð?UL4i ULiæUði?|të Aüi 4ýUü üð}üih ç@?@_ð@? 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui

|ih4c å_äø^j3•c |ü@? |üi N5 4ý*|ð*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui |ih4c å_L7^j3•c M*Lêt ýT |üi MLh_ih igiU| uLh ç@?@_@c êüð*i _@4Ti?ð?} ð| êð|ü |üi t@4i u@U|Lh uLh |üi N5ë

ú UL4T@hðtL? Lu hLêt • @?_ 2 Lu A@M*i D tüLêt |ü@| •Uç@**ý4<t 4i@týhi uLh ç@?@_@ Lñiht|@|it Lýh UL?tðt|i?| it|ð4@|i Lu |üi ð4T@U| Lu MLh_iht L? ð?|h@?@|ðL?@*

|h@_i hi*@|ðñi |L ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* |h@_ië Aüi hi@tL? ðt |ü@| ð? |üi ULhhiU| 4i@týhi Lu

|üi ð4T@U| Lu MLh_iht L? ð?|h@?@|ðL?@* hi*@|ðñi |L ð?|ih?@|ðL?@* |h@_ic |üi 4ý*|ðí

*@|ih@* hitðt|@?Ui |ih4t ð? E2•ä @?_ E22ä @hi hiT*@Ui_ M) |üi h@|ðL Lu 4ý*|ð*@|ih@*

55Zh zloo wdnh wkh dyhudjh ryhu doo wudgh sdluv/ hyhq wkrxjk iru d ihz vwdwh0surylqfh sdluv dqg vwdwh0vwdwh sdluv qr wudgh gdwd h{lvw1 Wdnlqj wkh dyhudjh rqo| ryhu sdluv iru zklfk wudgh gdwd h{lvw ohdgv wr doprvw lghqwlfdo qxpehuv1

2•

|üi îLh_ih èý33*i ú

Bh@ñð|) êð|ü Bh@ñð|@tG ú 5L*ý|ðL? |L